BOOK
Self-organized Motion
Satoshi Nakata | Véronique Pimienta | István Lagzi | Hiroyuki Kitahata | Nobuhiko J Suematsu
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Self-propelled objects (particles, droplets) are autonomous agents that can convert energy from the environment into motion. These motions include nonlinear behaviour such as oscillations, synchronization, bifurcation, and pattern formation. In recent years, there has been much interest in self-propelled objects for their potential role in mass transport or their use as carriers in confined spaces. An improved understanding of self-organized motion has even allowed researchers to design objects for specific motion.
This book gives an overview of the principles of self-propelled motion in chemical objects (particles, droplets) far from their thermodynamic equilibrium, at various spatial scales. Theoretical aspects, the characteristics of the motion and the design procedures of such systems are discussed from the viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics and examples of applications for these nonlinear systems are provided.
This book is suitable for researchers and graduate students interested in physical and theoretical chemistry as well as soft matter.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 Theoretical and Experimental Design of Self-propelled Objects Based on Nonlinearity | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Camphor Boat Driven by the Difference in Surface Tension | 2 | ||
| 1.2.1 Literature on the Research of Camphor Motion | 3 | ||
| 1.2.2 Oscillatory Motion of a Camphor Boat Based on the Diffusion of Camphor Molecules | 3 | ||
| 1.2.3 Oscillatory Motion and Mode Bifurcation with the Addition of Surfactants | 4 | ||
| 1.2.4 Hysteresis and Memory of Camphor Motion | 6 | ||
| 1.2.5 Characteristic Motion of a Camphor Disk Depending on the External Boundary | 7 | ||
| 1.2.6 Synchronized Sailing | 8 | ||
| 1.2.7 Characteristic Motion Depending on the Chemical Structures of Amphiphilic Molecules | 9 | ||
| 1.2.8 Self-propelled Motion Reflected by Marangoni Flow | 10 | ||
| 1.3 Self-propelled Objects Based on Nonlinearity Except for Camphor Systems | 10 | ||
| 1.3.1 Self-propelled Objects Coupled with Chemical Reactions | 11 | ||
| 1.3.2 Self-propelled Droplets | 12 | ||
| 1.3.3 Coupling with the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction | 13 | ||
| 1.4 Mathematical Modelling of Self-propelled Systems and Its Numerical Simulations | 13 | ||
| 1.4.1 Mathematical Model for the Self-motion of a Camphor Particle on Water | 14 | ||
| 1.4.2 Mathematical Model for Synchronized Swimming | 21 | ||
| 1.4.3 Mathematical Model for the Self-motion Coupled with a Chemical Reaction | 21 | ||
| 1.4.4 Mathematical Modelling for the Collective Motion of Camphor Boats and Camphor Disks | 24 | ||
| 1.5 Conclusion | 26 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 26 | ||
| References | 26 | ||
| Chapter 2 Mathematical Model and Analyses on Spontaneous Motion of Camphor Particle | 31 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 31 | ||
| 2.2 Modelling | 33 | ||
| 2.2.1 Dynamics of the Camphor Concentration Field | 33 | ||
| 2.2.2 Position Dynamics of the Camphor Particle | 35 | ||
| 2.3 Non-dimensionalization | 37 | ||
| 2.3.1 Detailed Calculation | 38 | ||
| 2.3.2 Summary of the Dimensionless Forms of our Model | 41 | ||
| 2.4 Analyses | 42 | ||
| 2.4.1 Expansion Using Green's Function | 42 | ||
| 2.4.2 Calculation Using Solution in Co-moving Frame | 49 | ||
| 2.5 One-dimensional Systems | 52 | ||
| 2.5.1 Finite-size Camphor Particle in 1D | 52 | ||
| 2.5.2 Infinitesimally Small Camphor Particle in 1D | 54 | ||
| 2.5.3 Camphor Boat in 1D | 55 | ||
| 2.6 Two-dimensional System | 56 | ||
| 2.6.1 Finite-size Circular Camphor Particle in 2D | 56 | ||
| 2.6.2 Infinitesimally Small Camphor Particle in 2D | 57 | ||
| 2.6.3 Anisotropic Camphor Particle in 2D | 58 | ||
| 2.7 Summary | 60 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 60 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| Chapter 3 Coupled Convective Instabilities: Autonomous Motion and Deformation of an Oil Drop on a Liquid Surface | 63 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 63 | ||
| 3.2 Spreading and Wetting | 65 | ||
| 3.2.1 Spreading Coefficients | 65 | ||
| 3.2.2 Characteristic Length Scales | 67 | ||
| 3.2.3 Wetting Regimes | 68 | ||
| 3.3 An Oil (DCM) Drop on a Surfactant (CTAB) Aqueous Phase: Surfactant Concentrationas a Control Parameter | 68 | ||
| 3.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of the Compounds Involved and the Main Processes at Play | 69 | ||
| 3.3.2 Drop Deposition and Initial Stage | 70 | ||
| 3.3.3 Succession of Hydrodynamic Regimes Controlled by the Surfactant Concentration | 73 | ||
| 3.3.3.1 Spreading and Translational Motion | 74 | ||
| 3.3.3.2 Pulsations | 75 | ||
| 3.3.3.3 Rotation | 75 | ||
| 3.3.3.4 Polygonal Regime | 77 | ||
| 3.4 Focus on the Pulsating Regime: A DCM Drop on a 0.5 mmol L-1 CTAB Solution | 77 | ||
| 3.4.1 Induction Period: Experiments | 77 | ||
| 3.4.2 Induction Period: Model | 81 | ||
| 3.4.3 Pulsating Regime: Experiments and Interpretation | 83 | ||
| 3.4.3.1 Experimental Observations | 83 | ||
| 3.4.3.2 Interpretation | 84 | ||
| 3.5 Conclusion | 86 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 86 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Chapter 4 Dynamical Deformation of Interfaces Induced by Aggregate Formation | 90 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 90 | ||
| 4.2 Experimental System | 91 | ||
| 4.3 Aggregate Formation at the Oil-Water Interface: Results of In Situ Measurement | 93 | ||
| 4.4 Blebbing Motion of Oil-Water Interface | 97 | ||
| 4.5 Droplet System | 98 | ||
| 4.6 Detailed Character of Blebbing Motion of an Oil Droplet | 102 | ||
| 4.7 Possible Mechanism for Interfacial Deformation | 106 | ||
| 4.8 Droplet Locomotion | 110 | ||
| 4.9 Conclusion | 112 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 113 | ||
| References | 113 | ||
| Chapter 5 Synthetic Approaches to Control Self-propelled Motion of Micrometre-sized Oil Droplets in Aqueous Solution | 116 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 116 | ||
| 5.2 Background of the Mechanism of Self-propelled Motion of Micrometre-sized Oil Droplets in Surfactant Aqueous Solutions | 118 | ||
| 5.2.1 Marangoni Effect | 118 | ||
| 5.2.2 Surfactant Dissolution Behaviour and Gradient Associated with Emulsification | 119 | ||
| 5.2.3 Phase Transition and Separation | 121 | ||
| 5.2.4 Recent Experiments on Self-propelled Oil Droplets | 121 | ||
| 5.3 Synthesized Surfactant and Oil Molecules for Controlling Self-propelled Oil Droplets | 123 | ||
| 5.3.1 Conversion of Oil Molecule to Surfactant | 123 | ||
| 5.3.2 Conversion of Surfactant | 127 | ||
| 5.3.3 Acetal-forming Oil Molecules | 130 | ||
| 5.3.4 Photo-activated Oil Molecules and Surfactant | 132 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusion | 135 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 135 | ||
| References | 135 | ||
| Chapter 6 Physical Chemistry of Energy Conversion in Self-propelled Droplets Induced by Dewetting Effect | 139 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 139 | ||
| 6.2 Steady-state Model for Self-propelled Droplet due to Dewetting Effect | 140 | ||
| 6.3 Dynamical Model for Self-propelled Droplet Due to Dewetting Effect | 145 | ||
| 6.4 Characterization of the Dynamics of Spontaneous Running Droplets | 153 | ||
| 6.4.1 Measurement of Droplet Motility | 154 | ||
| 6.4.2 Reaction Mechanism at Droplet Interface | 156 | ||
| 6.4.3 Contact Angle Variation | 158 | ||
| 6.4.4 Interfacial Tension Around the Droplet | 161 | ||
| References | 163 | ||
| Chapter 7 Tactic Droplets at the Liquid-Air Interface | 167 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 167 | ||
| 7.2 Marangoni Flow: Computational Fluid Dynamics | 168 | ||
| 7.3 Marangoni Flow: Dissipative Particle Dynamics | 169 | ||
| 7.3.1 Basics of the Dissipative Particle Dynamics | 169 | ||
| 7.3.2 Equation of Motion | 170 | ||
| 7.3.3 Internal Forces and Pairwise Interactions | 170 | ||
| 7.3.4 Weight Functions | 171 | ||
| 7.3.5 Fluid Simulation | 172 | ||
| 7.3.6 External Forces and Time Integration | 172 | ||
| 7.3.7 Boundary Conditions | 173 | ||
| 7.3.8 Simulation Results: Marangoni Flow at the Liquid-Air Interface | 173 | ||
| 7.3.8.1 Mixing Bulk Liquid Phases with Different Surface Tensions | 173 | ||
| 7.3.8.2 Marangoni Flow Due to Surface Tension Gradient at the Liquid-Air Interface | 175 | ||
| 7.4 Passive Particles at the Liquid-Air Interface | 177 | ||
| 7.5 Active Particles at the Liquid-Air Interface | 178 | ||
| 7.6 Conclusion | 180 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 180 | ||
| References | 180 | ||
| Chapter 8 Chemotactic Droplets Serving as ‘Chemo-Taxis' | 182 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 182 | ||
| 8.1.1 Artificial Cells and Liquid Robots | 182 | ||
| 8.1.2 Chemotaxis in Nature | 184 | ||
| 8.1.3 Artificial Chemotaxis of Droplets | 187 | ||
| 8.2 Experimental | 189 | ||
| 8.2.1 Chemicals | 189 | ||
| 8.2.2 Experimental Procedure | 190 | ||
| 8.3 Results and Discussion | 190 | ||
| 8.3.1 Chemotaxis of Decanol Droplets | 190 | ||
| 8.3.2 Decanol Droplets Serving as ‘Chemo-Taxis' | 193 | ||
| 8.3.3 Chemotaxis of Multiple Decanol Droplets | 197 | ||
| 8.4 Conclusion | 198 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 199 | ||
| References | 199 | ||
| Chapter 9 Collective Behaviour of Self-propelled Objects on a Water Surface | 204 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 204 | ||
| 9.2 Self-propelled Objects Moving on Water – Review of the Mechanism for a Single Object | 205 | ||
| 9.3 Asymmetrical Boats in an Annular Water Channel | 211 | ||
| 9.3.1 Experimental Set-up | 211 | ||
| 9.3.2 Two Camphor Boats | 211 | ||
| 9.3.3 Multiple Camphor Boats – Similar to a Traffic Jam | 212 | ||
| 9.3.4 Interaction Between Camphor Boats | 215 | ||
| 9.3.5 Mechanism for Mode Change in the Collective Motion of Camphor Boats | 216 | ||
| 9.4 Symmetrical Disks in an Annular Water Channel | 219 | ||
| 9.5 Spatial Pattern of Collective Camphor Disks on Circular Water Chamber | 220 | ||
| 9.6 Rhythmic Behaviour of Collective Camphor Disks | 221 | ||
| 9.7 Summary | 223 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 224 | ||
| References | 224 | ||
| Chapter 10 Chemo-mechanical Effects for Information Processing with Camphor Particles Moving on a Water Surface | 226 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 226 | ||
| 10.2 Materials and Experimental Conditions | 229 | ||
| 10.3 Chemo-mechanical Signal Diode | 230 | ||
| 10.3.1 The Experimental Realization of a Signal Diode | 231 | ||
| 10.3.2 Numerical Simulations of a Signal Diode | 235 | ||
| 10.3.3 The Chemo-mechanical Diode as an Element Forcing Specific Motion of Camphor Particles | 239 | ||
| 10.4 The XOR Gate for Information Coded Using Camphor Particles | 239 | ||
| 10.4.1 The Experimental Verification of XOR Gate Construction | 241 | ||
| 10.4.2 Numerical Simulations of the XOR Gate | 243 | ||
| 10.4.3 XOR Gate as a Signal Diode | 245 | ||
| 10.5 Conclusions | 246 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 248 | ||
| References | 248 | ||
| Chapter 11 Collective Behaviour of Artificial Microswimmers in Response to Environmental Conditions | 250 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 250 | ||
| 11.2 Motivation for Studying Collective Behaviour of Artificial Microswimmers | 251 | ||
| 11.2.1 Biological Inspiration | 251 | ||
| 11.2.2 Directed Self-assembly Applications | 253 | ||
| 11.3 Mechanisms of Individual Motion in Artificial Microswimmers | 254 | ||
| 11.3.1 Chemically Powered Synthetic Motors | 256 | ||
| 11.3.2 Substrate Turnover by Enzyme Motors | 258 | ||
| 11.3.3 Light-driven Motion of Artificial Microswimmers | 259 | ||
| 11.3.4 Acoustophoresis and Bubble Propulsion | 261 | ||
| 11.3.5 Magnetic Field Powered Motion | 263 | ||
| 11.4 Evolution of Collective Behaviour from Individual Artificial Microswimmer Motion | 265 | ||
| 11.4.1 Swarming, Exclusion and Aggregation in Ordered Patterns | 265 | ||
| 11.4.2 Hierarchical Assembly and Predator-Prey Interactions | 268 | ||
| 11.4.3 Bistable States and Oscillations | 272 | ||
| 11.4.4 Directed Motion (-taxis) | 276 | ||
| 11.5 Outlook for Studies of Collective Behaviour in Artificial Microswimmers | 278 | ||
| References | 280 | ||
| Chapter 12 Nonlinear Dynamics of Active Deformable Particles | 284 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 284 | ||
| 12.2 Modelling Based on Symmetry Consideration | 287 | ||
| 12.2.1 Active Velocity and Active Rotation | 287 | ||
| 12.2.2 Description of Shape Deformation | 289 | ||
| 12.3 Straight and Circular Motions | 291 | ||
| 12.3.1 Dynamics in Two-dimensional Space | 291 | ||
| 12.3.2 Dynamics in Three-dimensional Space | 296 | ||
| 12.3.3 Derivation from Continuous Models | 296 | ||
| 12.4 Reciprocating Motion | 297 | ||
| 12.5 Spinning Motion | 300 | ||
| 12.5.1 Spinning Motion Corresponding to Rigid Body Rotation | 300 | ||
| 12.5.2 Spinning Motion Due to Travelling Wave of Deformation | 303 | ||
| 12.6 Interplay Between Active and Passive Motions | 306 | ||
| 12.6.1 External Forcing | 306 | ||
| 12.6.2 External Flow Field | 309 | ||
| 12.7 Experimental Complementations | 309 | ||
| 12.8 Conclusion | 312 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 313 | ||
| References | 313 | ||
| Chapter 13 Active Particles Propelled by Chemical Reactions | 315 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 315 | ||
| 13.2 Propulsion by Self-diffusiophoresis | 316 | ||
| 13.2.1 Microscopic Description | 317 | ||
| 13.2.2 Continuum Description | 319 | ||
| 13.2.3 Motor Propulsion Velocity | 321 | ||
| 13.3 Dynamics of a Single Motor in Solution | 322 | ||
| 13.4 Dynamics of Systems with Many Motors | 324 | ||
| 13.4.1 Microscopic Description of Active Particle Collective Motion | 326 | ||
| 13.4.2 Microscopic Dynamics with Chemical Coupling Removed | 328 | ||
| 13.5 Dynamics of Motors in Crowded Media | 329 | ||
| 13.6 Conclusion | 333 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 333 | ||
| References | 333 | ||
| Chapter 14 Theory of Active Particles and Drops Driven by Chemical Reactions: The Role of Hydrodynamics on Self-propulsion and Collective Behaviours | 339 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 339 | ||
| 14.2 Phoretic Phenomena | 343 | ||
| 14.2.1 Self-phoresis | 344 | ||
| 14.3 Marangoni Effect and Self-propulsion by Chemical Reactions | 346 | ||
| 14.3.1 Spontaneous Motion of a Droplet Driven by Chemical Reactions | 347 | ||
| 14.3.2 Numerical Simulation of the Spontaneous Motion of a Droplet Driven by Chemical Reactions | 352 | ||
| 14.4 Collective Behaviours and Hydrodynamic Interactions | 354 | ||
| 14.5 Interaction Between Droplets Propelled by a Chemical Reaction | 357 | ||
| 14.6 Summary | 358 | ||
| 14.A Properties of the Oseen Tensor | 359 | ||
| 14.B Calculations of eqn (14.31) and (14.32) | 361 | ||
| 14.C Derivation of eqn (14.40) to (14.42) | 362 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 363 | ||
| References | 363 | ||
| Subject Index | 366 |