BOOK
Mesoscale Modelling for Meteorological and Air Pollution Applications
Ranjeet S. Sokhi | Alexander Baklanov | K. Heinke Schlünzen
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
‘Mesoscale Modelling for Meteorological and Air Pollution Applications’ combines the fundamental and practical aspects of mesoscale air pollution and meteorological modelling. Providing an overview of the fundamental concepts of air pollution and meteorological modelling, including parameterization of key atmospheric processes, the book also considers equally important aspects such as model integration, evaluation concepts, performance evaluation, policy relevance and user training.
Ranjeet S. Sokhi is director of the Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics Research, School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, UK. He was the coordinator of the COST 728 Action on Enhancing Mesoscale Meteorological Modelling for Air Pollution and Dispersion Applications and is a PI for the National Centre for Atmospheric Science, UK.
Alexander Baklanov is scientific officer of Research Department, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, and affiliated professor at the Niels Bohr Institute of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He was the vice coordinator for the COST 728 Action on Enhancing Mesoscale Meteorological Modelling for Air Pollution and Dispersion Applications.
K. Heinke Schlünzen is professor for meteorology, head of the Mesoscale and Microscale Modelling group at Meteorological Institute, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Germany. She was the vice coordinator for the COST 728 Action on Enhancing Mesoscale Meteorological Modelling for Air Pollution and Dispersion Applications. Since 2016 she has been a member of the review board on Atmospheric Science, Oceanography and Climate Research of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation).
‘Mesoscale Modelling for Meteorological and Air Pollution Applications’ combines the fundamental and practical aspects of mesoscale air pollution and meteorological modelling. Providing an overview of the fundamental concepts of air pollution and meteorological modelling, including parameterization of key atmospheric processes, the book also considers equally important aspects such as model integration, evaluation concepts, performance evaluation, policy relevance and user training. Based on research topics that are the most relevant to the development, with models for high resolution meteorology and air quality simulations, and also based on the experience of a large number of meteorological services and air pollution modelling research and user groups, mainly from Europe and North America, ‘Mesoscale Modelling for Meteorological and Air Pollution Applications’ encapsulates the basic concepts of numerical modelling of air quality, model structures, operational characteristics and applications of air pollution mesoscale models for research as well as operational tasks.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover1 | ||
| Front Matter | i | ||
| Half-title | iii | ||
| Title page | v | ||
| Copyright information | vi | ||
| Table of contents | vii | ||
| List of Illustrations | xi | ||
| Preface | xvii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xix | ||
| List of Abbreviations | xxi | ||
| List of Contributors | xxxiii | ||
| Chapter Int-9 | 1 | ||
| Chapter One Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Advent of Mesoscale Models for Air Pollution Applications | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Growth of Air Pollution Mesoscale Models | 2 | ||
| 1.3 Requirements for Air Pollution Applications | 3 | ||
| 1.4 Evaluation of Model Performance | 4 | ||
| 1.5 Policy Relevance of Mesoscale Models | 4 | ||
| 1.6 Scope of the Book | 5 | ||
| Chapter Two Basic Concepts of Mesoscale Modelling for Air Pollution Applications | 7 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 7 | ||
| 2.2 Main Components of an Air Pollution Modelling System | 8 | ||
| 2.3 Dynamical and Physical Processes in the Model | 9 | ||
| 2.3.1 Parameterization of Meteorological Processes | 10 | ||
| (i) Advection-Diffusion | 11 | ||
| (ii) Convection | 12 | ||
| (iii) Cloud Microphysics | 14 | ||
| (iv) Radiation Schemes | 15 | ||
| (v) Planetary Boundary Layer | 17 | ||
| (vi) Vertical Structure and Turbulence Processes | 17 | ||
| (vii) Turbulent Flux at the Surface | 19 | ||
| 2.3.2 Chemistry-Transport Processes | 20 | ||
| (i) Treatment of Atmospheric Chemistry in Mesoscale Models | 20 | ||
| (ii) Transport and Diffusion Algorithms | 22 | ||
| (iii) Aerosols and Clouds | 23 | ||
| (iv) Deposition | 25 | ||
| 2.4 Operational Aspects of Mesoscale Air Pollution \nModelling Systems | 26 | ||
| 2.4.1 Model Configuration | 26 | ||
| 2.4.2 Grid Size and Nesting | 27 | ||
| 2.4.3 Data Assimilation Methods | 28 | ||
| 2.4.4 Preprocessing of Input Data | 30 | ||
| 2.5 Visualization of Atmospheric Data | 31 | ||
| 2.6 Examples of Mesoscale Modelling Applications to Air Pollution | 31 | ||
| 2.7 Summary | 38 | ||
| Chapter Three Representation of Surface Processes in Mesoscale Models | 41 | ||
| 3.1 Parameterizations over Flat and Homogeneous Terrain | 41 | ||
| 3.2 Parameterizations over Water | 45 | ||
| 3.2.1 Waves | 45 | ||
| 3.2.2 Stability Functions over Sea | 46 | ||
| (i) Convective Conditions | 46 | ||
| (ii) Stable Conditions | 47 | ||
| 3.2.3 Roughness Length | 47 | ||
| 3.2.4 Roughness Length for Heat and Humidity | 49 | ||
| 3.2.5 Additional Processes | 49 | ||
| (i) Skin Temperature | 49 | ||
| (ii) Sea Spray | 50 | ||
| 3.3 Parameterization of Urban Areas | 50 | ||
| 3.3.1 Momentum and Turbulence Production/Destruction | 52 | ||
| 3.3.2 Radiation | 53 | ||
| 3.3.3 Heat Storage | 54 | ||
| 3.3.4 Anthropogenic Heat Flux | 55 | ||
| 3.3.5 Sensible and Latent Heat Flux | 55 | ||
| 3.4 Forest Parameterization | 56 | ||
| 3.4.1 Momentum Flux | 57 | ||
| 3.4.2 Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes | 59 | ||
| 3.4.3 Radiative Fluxes | 61 | ||
| 3.5 Subgrid-Scale Parameterization and Averaging | 62 | ||
| 3.5.1 Model Resolution | 62 | ||
| 3.5.2 Reynolds Number Similarity | 63 | ||
| 3.5.3 Example on Water-Phase Change | 65 | ||
| 3.6 Summary and Model Evaluation Challenges | 66 | ||
| Chapter Four Representation of Boundary-Layer, Radiation, Cloud and Aerosol Processes in Mesoscale Models | 69 | ||
| 4.1 Boundary-Layer Parameterizations | 69 | ||
| 4.1.1 Boundary-Layer over Homogeneous Terrain | 70 | ||
| 4.1.2 Boundary-Layer in Coastal Areas | 73 | ||
| (i) Performance of PBL Parameterizations in Coastal Areas | 74 | ||
| (ii) Urban Effects in Coastal Areas | 76 | ||
| 4.2 Radiation Parameterizations | 79 | ||
| 4.2.1 Offline and Noninteractive Online Air Quality Models | 79 | ||
| 4.2.2 Online Interactive Models | 82 | ||
| 4.3 Parameterization of Convection and Clouds | 83 | ||
| 4.3.1 Unresolved Precipitating Convection | 84 | ||
| 4.3.2 Parameterization of Shallow Non-precipitating Convection | 87 | ||
| 4.3.3 Resolved-Scale Clouds (Microphysical Parameterizations) | 92 | ||
| (i) Statistical Cloud Schemes | 92 | ||
| 4.4 Parameterization of Aerosol and Gas Forcing on Clouds \nand Radiation | 94 | ||
| 4.5 Deposition Processes | 95 | ||
| 4.5.1 Dry Deposition | 96 | ||
| 4.5.2 Gravitational Settling | 98 | ||
| 4.5.3 Material Flux from the Surface Layer to the Ground \nDue to Resistance | 99 | ||
| 4.5.4 Wet Deposition | 100 | ||
| 4.5.5 Washout | 101 | ||
| 4.5.6 Rainout | 104 | ||
| 4.5.7 Scavenging by Snow | 104 | ||
| 4.6 Summary and Future Challenges | 105 | ||
| Chapter Five Integration and Implementation of Models and Interfaces | 107 | ||
| 5.1 Structure of Mesoscale Models | 107 | ||
| 5.2 Model Classification | 107 | ||
| 5.3 Online and Offline Coupling of Meteorological and Air \nQuality Models: Advantages and Disadvantages | 114 | ||
| 5.3.1 One-way Integration (Offline Coupling) | 114 | ||
| 5.3.2 Two-way Integration | 114 | ||
| (1) Online coupling | 121 | ||
| (2) Offline coupling | 121 | ||
| 5.4 Implementation of Feedback Mechanisms, Direct \nand Indirect Effects of Aerosols | 122 | ||
| 5.4.1 Main Feedback Mechanisms | 122 | ||
| One-way integration (offline) | 124 | ||
| Two-way integration | 124 | ||
| 5.4.2 Parameterizations Allowing Physics and Chemistry Interactions | 124 | ||
| 5.4.3 Overview of Feedbacks Implementation in Online Models | 125 | ||
| 5.5 Advanced Interfaces between NWP and ACT Models | 130 | ||
| 5.5.1 Introduction to Model Interfaces | 130 | ||
| 5.5.2 Application: Offline-coupled Models and Interfaces | 132 | ||
| 5.5.3 Interface Functions and Capabilities | 133 | ||
| 5.5.4 Interface Problems | 134 | ||
| 5.5.5 Interface Effects on Results of AQ Models | 136 | ||
| 5.5.6 Advanced Interfaces: Towards Harmonization and Standardization | 140 | ||
| 5.5.7 Summary of Interfaces for Mesoscale Modelling | 142 | ||
| 5.6 Methods for the Model Down-Scaling and Nesting | 143 | ||
| 5.6.1 Introduction to Model Nesting | 143 | ||
| 5.6.2 Scale Interaction and Model Nesting from Meso- to Micro-Scales | 143 | ||
| 5.6.3 Issues of Macro-Meso-Scale Model Nesting | 146 | ||
| 5.6.4 Remarks on Nesting | 148 | ||
| 5.7 Data Assimilation Techniques in ACTM Systems | 149 | ||
| 5.7.1 Introduction to Data Assimilation | 149 | ||
| 5.7.2 Chemical Data Assimilation for Air Quality Modelling Systems | 150 | ||
| (i) Time Frequency for Assimilating Chemical Data into a Chemistry-transport Model | 150 | ||
| (ii) Error and Representativeness Issues | 150 | ||
| (iii) Boundary Conditions | 151 | ||
| (iv) Assimilation Methods | 151 | ||
| (v) Data Needs and Data Availability | 152 | ||
| 5.8 Summary and Recommendations | 153 | ||
| 5.8.1 Online and Offline Coupling of NWP and ACT Models | 154 | ||
| 5.8.2 Implementation of Feedback Mechanisms | 155 | ||
| 5.8.3 Advanced Interfaces between NWP and ACTM Models | 157 | ||
| 5.8.4 Challenges and Future Directions | 158 | ||
| (i) Scientific Questions to Be Addressed by Online Systems | 159 | ||
| (ii) Implementation Strategies and Milestones | 159 | ||
| (iii) Coordination Plan and Logistics | 159 | ||
| Chapter Six Applications of Mesoscale Models for Air Pollution Research | 161 | ||
| 6.1 High PM10 over Germany in Winter 2003: Stable Atmospheric Conditions Due to a High-Pressure System | 162 | ||
| 6.1.1 Background | 162 | ||
| 6.1.2 Case Study Description | 162 | ||
| 6.1.3 Results and Remarks | 163 | ||
| (i) Comparison to Ground-Based Observations of Aerosol Components | 164 | ||
| (ii) Vertical Distribution of Aerosol Components | 166 | ||
| (iii) Influence of Meteorological Parameters on the Model Results | 168 | ||
| 6.2 Anthropogenic and Fire-Induced Pollution over Europe \nin Spring 2006 – Stable Atmospheric... | 171 | ||
| 6.2.1 Background | 171 | ||
| 6.2.2 Case Study Description | 172 | ||
| (i) Participating Models | 172 | ||
| (ii) Fire Emission Outlook | 172 | ||
| (iii) Observations | 173 | ||
| 6.2.3 Results and Remarks | 174 | ||
| 6.2.3.1 Outlook and Comparison of the Main Patterns | 174 | ||
| 6.2.3.2 Comparison of Model Predictions with Observations | 174 | ||
| 6.3 The Case of Forest Fires in Portugal in 2003 – High \nMaximum Temperatures,... | 182 | ||
| 6.3.1 Background | 182 | ||
| 6.3.2 Case Study Description | 182 | ||
| 6.3.3 Results and Remarks | 182 | ||
| 6.4 The Po Valley Complex Terrain Case Study: The Role of \nSurface Wind Speed and Wind Direction | 191 | ||
| 6.4.1 Background | 191 | ||
| 6.4.2 Case Study Description | 191 | ||
| 6.4.3 Results and Remarks | 193 | ||
| 6.5 Summary and Areas of Model Improvement | 197 | ||
| Chapter Seven Evaluating the Performance of Mesoscale Meteorology Models Used for Air Quality Simulations | 199 | ||
| 7.1 Meteorological Parameters Relevant for Air Quality Modelling | 199 | ||
| 7.2 Comparison Data | 206 | ||
| 7.3 Model Ensembles for Evaluation | 212 | ||
| 7.4 Recommendations for Model Evaluation Guidelines for \nModel Developers and Model Users | 215 | ||
| 7.4.1 Objectives of Evaluation | 217 | ||
| 7.4.2 Part I: General Evaluation, Scientific Evaluation, \nBenchmark Tests, Evaluation Document | 218 | ||
| 7.4.3 Part II: Operational Evaluation | 221 | ||
| 7.5 Guidance for End Users and Non-experts to Evaluate Meteorological Model Results | 222 | ||
| 7.6 Future Developments in Model Evaluation | 224 | ||
| Chapter Eight Policy Relevance and Support Provided by Mesoscale Models | 227 | ||
| 8.1 Policy, Scientific and Regulatory Considerations | 227 | ||
| 8.2 Example of an Operational Evaluation | 230 | ||
| 8.3 Example of a Dynamic Evaluation | 231 | ||
| 8.4 Options and Requirements for Model Evaluation Including \nData Needs and Availability | 232 | ||
| 8.5 Policy Application to European Air Quality Legislation | 235 | ||
| 8.6 Example of a Power Station Footprint | 237 | ||
| 8.7 Urban Pollution Studies and Health | 238 | ||
| 8.8 Integrated Assessment Modelling | 241 | ||
| 8.9 Example of Mesoscale Modelling for Policy Applications | 242 | ||
| 8.10 Mesoscale Modelling of Transcontinental Transport | 246 | ||
| 8.11 Targets for Air Pollution for the Year 2050 and Climate Change | 246 | ||
| 8.12 Uncertainty and Ensemble Calculations | 247 | ||
| 8.13 Summary | 249 | ||
| Chapter Nine User Training for Mesoscale Modelling Applications to Air Pollution | 251 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction: Why Is User Training Important? | 251 | ||
| 9.2 Objectives of Training | 252 | ||
| 9.2.1 Trainees in Focus | 252 | ||
| (i) Users of Model Output | 252 | ||
| (ii) Users of Mesoscale Models | 253 | ||
| (iii) Developers of Mesoscale Models | 253 | ||
| 9.2.2 Model Applications for Which Training Is Required | 254 | ||
| 9.3 Approaches to Current Training | 254 | ||
| 9.3.1 Status of User Training | 254 | ||
| 9.3.2 Scope of Existing Training | 254 | ||
| 9.3.3 Target Audience | 255 | ||
| 9.3.4 Objectives of Existing Training Courses | 255 | ||
| 9.3.5 Requisite Knowledge for Existing Training Courses | 255 | ||
| 9.3.6 Contents of Existing Training Courses | 256 | ||
| 9.3.7 Format of Existing Training Courses and Teaching Methods | 256 | ||
| 9.3.8 Final Remarks on Provisions of User Training | 257 | ||
| 9.4 Guidelines for Mesoscale Model Training | 257 | ||
| 9.4.1 Model Aspects Relevant for Users of Model Output | 257 | ||
| (i) Objectives of the Training of Output Users | 257 | ||
| (ii) Content of the Training of Output Users | 258 | ||
| 9.4.2 Model Aspects Relevant for Model Users | 260 | ||
| 9.4.3 Model Aspects Relevant for Model Developers | 263 | ||
| 9.5 Specific Examples of Mesoscale Model Training Courses | 266 | ||
| 9.5.1 Developer and Modeller, University Course: METRAS | 267 | ||
| 9.5.2 Developer and Modeller, Community Course: Enviro-HIRLAM | 267 | ||
| 9.5.3 Output User, Model User and Developer Course: \nWMO GURME Project | 269 | ||
| 9.5.4 Developer and Modeller, Community Interaction Worldwide | 270 | ||
| 9.6 Future Developments: Next-Generation Training Methods | 270 | ||
| 9.6.1 E-learning | 270 | ||
| 9.6.2 Blended Learning | 271 | ||
| 9.6.3 Serious Gaming | 272 | ||
| 9.6.4 3D and 4D Visualization Tools | 272 | ||
| End Matter | 273 | ||
| References | 273 | ||
| Index | 325 |