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Rubber Recycling

BOOK

Rubber Recycling

Jin Kuk Kim | Prosenjit Saha | Sabu Thomas | Józef T Haponiuk | M K Aswathi

(2018)

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Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN
978-1-78801-348-2
Edition
1
Language
English
Pages
337
Subjects
Nanosciences
Polymer chemistry
Sustainability
Nanotechnology
Industrial chemistry & chemical engineering

Abstract

Rubber is used in a vast number of products, from tyres on vehicles to disposable surgical gloves. Increasingly both manufacturers and legislators are realising that recycling is essential for environmental sustainability and can improve the cost of manufacture. The volume of rubber waste produced globally makes it difficult to manage as accumulated waste rubber, especially in the form of tyres, can pose a significant fire risk. Recycling rubber not only prevents this problem but can produce new materials with desirable properties that virgin rubbers lack.

This book presents an up-to-date overview of the fundamental and applied aspects of renewability and recyclability of rubber materials, emphasising existing recycling technologies with significant potential for future applications along with a detailed outline of new technology based processing of rubber to reuse and recycle. This book will be of interest to researchers in both academia and industry as well as postgraduate students working in polymer chemistry, materials processing, materials science and engineering.


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Rubber Recycling: Challenges and Developments i
Preface vii
Contents ix
Chapter 1 - Grinding of Waste Rubber 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sources of Waste Rubbers 3
1.3 Waste Rubber Grinding Routes 3
1.4 Different Grinding Conditions 5
1.4.1 Ambient Grinding 6
1.4.2 Cryogenic Grinding 8
1.4.2.1 Comparative Property Evaluation Between Ambient Grinding and Cryogenic Grinding 9
1.4.3 Solution Grinding 10
1.4.4 Grinding by Ozone Cracking 10
1.4.5 Elastic Deformation Grinding 12
1.5 Devulcanization Methods of Rubber 17
1.5.1 Chemical 17
1.5.2 Ultrasonic Devulcanization 17
1.5.3 Microwave Devulcanization Method 18
1.5.4 Biological Devulcanization Technique 18
1.5.5 Other Devulcanization Techniques 19
1.6 Relationship Between Energy and Particle Size for Grinding Routes 19
1.7 Classification of Powdered Rubber 20
1.8 Conclusion 21
References 21
Chapter 2 - Surface Treatment of Rubber Waste 24
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Experimental 29
2.2.1 Materials 29
2.2.2 Equipment 30
2.2.2.1 Mechanical Testing 30
2.2.2.2 Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR Spectroscopy 30
2.2.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis 30
2.3 Surface Oxidation of the Rubber Waste Particles 30
2.3.1 Results and Discussion 33
2.3.1.1 Tensile Properties 33
2.3.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 36
2.3.1.3 Spectroscopy Study of Surface Treatment (FTIR-ATR) 37
2.3.2 Treatment of Gtr Using Oxidation Acids 38
2.4 Coupling Agent and Chlorination Treatment on Rubber Waste Particle Surface 39
2.4.1 Surface Treatment of GTR by TCI and Silane A-174 40
2.4.2 Results and Discussion 40
2.4.2.1 Tensile Properties 40
2.4.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 41
2.4.2.3 Spectroscopy Study of Surface Treatment (FTIR-ATR) 41
2.4.3 Treatment of GTR Using TCI and Silane 42
2.5 Effect of Surface Modification of Rubber Waste Grafted with EPDM 43
2.5.1 Results and Discussion 45
2.5.1.1 Tensile Properties 47
2.5.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 49
2.5.1.3 Atenuatted Total Reflectance-FTIR 50
2.5.2 Surface Modification of GTR Grafted with EPDM 51
2.6 Global Conclusions 52
References 53
Chapter 3 - Thermoplastic Elastomers Filled With GTR 56
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends Containing GTR 60
3.3 Preparation of Thermoplastics/GTR Blends in Variable Conditions 61
3.3.1 Statistical Methods Used in Extrusion 61
3.3.2 Importance of Extrusion Temperature 62
3.3.3 Effect of Extrusion Settings 64
3.3.4 Combined Impact of Thermoplastic Matrix Type and Screw Configuration 65
3.4 Routes for Compatibilization of Thermoplastics/GTR Blends 66
3.4.1 Cross-linking 67
3.4.2 Oxidization or Reclamation of GTR 68
3.4.3 Application of Additional Elastomer Phase 68
3.4.4 Grafted Polymers 70
3.4.5 Other Possibilities 72
3.5 Conclusions 73
References 73
Chapter 4 - Waste Rubber Based Composite Foams 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Processing of Rubber Foam Composites 85
4.2.1 Processing of Foamed Composites with GTR 85
4.3 Properties of Foamed/GTR Composites 87
4.3.1 Morphological Properties 87
4.3.2 Physical Properties 90
4.3.3 Mechanical Properties 90
4.3.4 Damping Properties 91
4.3.5 Thermal Properties 93
4.4 Studies of Waste Rubber Foams 93
4.5 Applications of Waste Rubber Foam Composites 96
4.5.1 Non-structural Applications 96
4.5.2 Lightweight Applications 97
4.5.3 Sound and Vibration Absorption 97
4.5.4 Insulation and Impact Isolation 97
4.5.5 Drainage Systems 97
4.6 Concluding Remarks 97
References 98
Chapter 5 - Recycling of Tire Rubbers and Their Re-usability 102
5.1 Introduction 102
5.2 Tire Composition, Tire Parts and End-of-life Tires 104
5.3 Why Recycle Tire Rubbers 106
5.4 Recycling of Waste/Used Tire Rubbers 107
5.4.1 Chemical De-vulcanization Method 109
5.4.2 Mechanical Method 111
5.4.2.1 Mechanochemical Method 112
5.4.2.2 Thermo-mechanical Method with De-vulcanizing Agents 113
5.4.3 Energy Recovery Method 114
5.4.3.1 Incineration 115
5.4.3.2 Gasification 115
5.4.3.3 Pyrolysis 115
5.4.4 Microwave Method 117
5.4.5 Ultrasonic Method 118
5.4.6 Biological Method 120
5.5 Reusability and Application of Tire Rubbers 121
5.5.1 Civil Engineering Applications 121
5.5.2 Commercial Application of De-vulcanized/Reclaimed Rubber 122
5.5.3 Energy Production and Zinc Fertilizer 122
5.5.4 Sound-proof Barriers 123
5.6 Advantages of Reclaimed/De-vulcanized Rubber 123
5.7 Disadvantages of Reclaimed/De-vulcanized Rubber 124
5.8 Conclusion 124
References 124
Chapter 6 - Testing and Industrial Characterization of Waste Rubber 128
6.1 Introduction 128
6.2 What is Rubber 130
6.2.1 Natural Rubber 130
6.2.2 Synthetic Rubber 130
6.2.3 Some Specific Elastomers 131
6.3 Rubber Testing and Techniques 131
6.3.1 Instrumentation 131
6.3.1.1 Mills and Internal Milling Machines 131
6.3.1.2 Extruders 132
6.3.1.3 Calendars 132
6.3.1.4 Curing Equipment 132
6.3.2 Physical Testing 133
6.3.2.1 Electrical 133
6.3.2.2 Thermal Properties 135
6.3.2.3 Permeability 136
6.3.2.4 Adhesion 136
6.4 Disposal of Waste Rubber: A Serious Threat to Ecology 137
6.5 Possible Explorations of Waste Rubber 139
6.5.1 Rubber–Rubber Blends 139
6.5.2 Concrete Modified by Waste Rubber 139
6.5.3 Asphalt Binders 139
6.6 Recycling of Rubber 139
6.6.1 Thermo-mechanical Recycling of Rubber 140
6.6.1.1 Characterization 141
6.6.2 Waste Rubber Recycling by Microwave Devulcanization 143
6.6.2.1 Characterization 143
6.6.3 Devulcanization of Natural Rubber by Mechanochemical Means 145
6.7 Characterizing Recycled Rubber Products 148
6.7.1 Characterizing Cross-link Density in Rubber–Rubber Blends 148
6.7.1.1 Swollen State NMR Spectroscopy 149
6.7.1.2 Solid State NMR Spectroscopy 149
6.7.2 Morphological Characterizations for Rubber–Rubber Composites 149
6.7.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 149
6.7.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy 150
6.7.2.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy 151
6.7.2.4 Chemical Staining 152
6.7.3 Characterizing the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Devulcanized Rubber/Polypropylene Blends 152
6.7.4 Concrete Modified by Waste Rubber 154
6.8 Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binders Modified with Devulcanized Rubber 155
6.8.1 Apparent Viscosity 155
6.8.2 Performance Grade Critical Temperature 156
6.8.3 Rutting Resistance Factor 156
6.8.4 Phase Angle 156
6.9 Conclusion 156
References 157
Chapter 7 - High Performance Flooring Materials from Recycled Rubber 160
7.1 Introduction 160
7.2 Types of Flooring Materials 162
7.3 Recycled Rubber as Flooring Materials 167
7.4 Recycling and Processing of Scrap Rubber 171
7.4.1 Mechanical Reclaiming Process 173
7.4.2 Thermo-mechanical Reclaiming Process 173
7.4.3 Cryomechanical Reclaiming Process 174
7.4.4 Wet or Solution Grinding 174
7.4.5 Microwave Method 174
7.4.6 Ultrasonic Method 174
7.4.7 Chemical Reclaiming Processes 174
7.5 High Performance Flooring Applications of Recycled Rubber 175
7.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rubber Flooring 178
7.6.1 Advantages 178
7.6.1.1 Durability 178
7.6.1.2 Water Resistance 178
7.6.1.3 Fire and Burn Resistance 178
7.6.1.4 Sound/Acoustic Properties 179
7.6.1.5 Colour Choices 179
7.6.1.6 Textures 179
7.6.1.7 Low Maintenance 179
7.6.1.8 Softness 179
7.6.2 Disadvantages of Rubber Tile Floorings 180
7.6.2.1 Expensive 180
7.6.2.2 Slippage 180
7.6.2.3 Above Grade 180
7.6.2.4 Staining 180
7.7 Conclusions 180
References 181
Chapter 8 - Recycling of Individual Waste Rubbers 186
8.1 Introduction 186
8.2 Theoretical Background 188
8.2.1 Agents for Selective Scission of Sulfur Crosslinks 188
8.2.2 Radical Scavengers 190
8.2.3 Model for Analysis of De-vulcanization Efficiency 194
8.2.3.1 Sol-Gel Analysis 194
8.2.3.1.1\rNetwork Formation by Crosslinking7.According to Charlesby polymers can be classified into two groups, according to their respons... 194
8.2.3.1.2\rNetwork Breakdown (Horikx).Assuming that network breakdown leads to a Poisson distribution of molecular fragments, Horikx used C... 197
8.2.3.1.3\rIntermediate Stages Between Crosslink Breakage and Main-chain Scission (Yashin and Isayev).The disadvantage of the Horikx treatm... 200
8.2.3.2 Chemorheology 201
8.3 De-vulcanization of SBR 203
8.3.1 Thermal De-vulcanization of SBR 203
8.3.2 Thermo-chemical De-vulcanization of SBR 206
8.3.3 Chemical De-vulcanization of SBR with the Aid of Stabilizers 211
8.4 De-vulcanization of BR 216
8.5 De-vulcanization of NR 218
8.6 De-vulcanization of CIIR 219
8.7 De-vulcanization of EPDM 223
8.7.1 Example of the Re-use of De-vulcanized Rubber: EPDM Roofing Foil 226
8.8 Concluding Remarks 229
References 230
Chapter 9 - Recycling of Latex Waste and Latex Products 233
9.1 Introduction 233
9.2 Latex Waste 234
9.3 Recycling of Liquid Latex Waste 235
9.3.1 Laminated Mould Cleaning 235
9.3.2 Outdoor Cleaning 242
9.3.3 Former Cleaning 246
9.3.4 Blending of Waste NR Latex 249
9.3.5 Recycling of Latex Paint 250
9.4 Recycling of Latex Products 251
9.4.1 Reclaiming of Latex Waste Products 251
9.4.2 Latex Waste Products as Filler 253
9.5 Conclusions 255
References 255
Chapter 10 - Recycling of Rubber Blends for Durable Construction 259
10.1 Introduction 259
10.2 Recycling of Rubber Based Blends for Durable Construction 261
10.3 Conclusion 271
References 271
Chapter 11 - Recycling of Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites 275
11.1 Introduction 275
11.2 Various Nanofillers 277
11.3 Recycling of Rubber Nanocomposites 278
11.4 Reclamation of Rubber Composites/Waste Tires 281
11.5 Application of Rubber in Construction 298
11.6 Conclusion 304
References 305
Chapter 12 - Hybrid Nano-filler for Value Added Rubber Compounds for Recycling 310
12.1 Introduction 310
12.2 Fabrication of Hybrid Nanofillers/Rubber Nanocomposites 314
12.2.1 Intercalation Method 315
12.2.2 In situ Polymerization 315
12.2.3 Mechanical Mixing Method 315
12.2.4 Sol–Gel Method 316
12.2.5 Melt Compounding Method 317
12.2.6 Solution Blending Method 318
12.2.7 Latex Compounding Method 318
12.3 Methods of Recycling 318
12.3.1 Biological Method 319
12.3.2 Ambient Mechanical Recycling Method 319
12.3.3 Thermal Process of Recycling 321
12.3.4 Pan Technique 321
12.3.5 Digester Technique 321
12.3.6 Alkaline Technique 321
12.3.7 High-pressure Steam Technique 322
12.3.8 Thermo-mechanical Recycling Process 322
12.3.9 Cryogenic Grinding Process 322
12.3.10 Pyrolysis Process 323
12.3.11 Microwave Recycling Technique 323
12.4 Effect of Nano-fillers on Rubber Recycling 324
12.5 Conclusion 325
References 326
Subject Index 330

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