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Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History

BOOK

Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History

Peter Vandenabeele | Howell Edwards

(2018)

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Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN
978-1-78801-347-5
Edition
1
Language
English
Pages
349
Subjects
Conservation, restoration & care of artworks
History of art
Archaeological science, methodology & techniques
Analytical chemistry
Spectrum analysis, spectrochemistry, mass spectrometry

Abstract

Ten years after the first volume, this book highlights the important contribution Raman spectroscopy makes as a non-destructive method for characterising the chemical composition of objects with archaeological and historical importance. The original book was ground-breaking in its concept, but the past ten years have seen some advancement into new areas, consolidation of some of the older ones and novel applications involving portable instrumentation, on site in museums and in the field.

This new volume maintains the topic at the cutting edge, the Editors have approached prominent contributors to provide case-studies sorted into themes. Starting with a Foreword from the British Museum Director of Scientific Research and an Introduction from the Editors, which offer general background information and theoretical context, the contributions then provide global perspectives on this powerful analytical tool.

Aimed at scientists involved in conservation, conservators and curators who want to better understand their collections at a material level and researchers of cultural heritage.


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History Volume 2 i
Foreword v
Preface vii
Contents xi
Chapter 1 - Analytical Raman Spectroscopy of Inks 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Detection of Ancient Inks 5
1.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy 6
1.3 Case Studies 8
1.3.1 The Vinland Map 8
1.3.2 The Voynich Manuscript 10
1.3.3 The Beato de Valcavado Manuscript 11
1.4 Conclusion 12
References 13
Chapter 2 - Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Romano-British Wall Paintings: A Comparison Between Geographically Different Sites at the Northern Fringe of the Roman Empire 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Experimental 20
2.2.1 Villa Sites and Samples 20
2.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy 21
2.3 Results and Discussion 24
2.4 Conclusions 27
References 28
Chapter 3 - Evidence of Pentimenti for the Authentication of Paintings: A Challenge for Analytical Science at the Interface with Art History 31
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 The de Brécy Tondo 35
3.3 Historical Provenancing 38
3.4 Scientific Analysis 40
3.5 Conclusions 42
References 43
Chapter 4 - Dancing on Eggshells: A Holistic Analytical Study of a Ballet Dancer on Regency Porcelain 46
4.1 Introduction 46
4.1.1 Ballet History 48
4.2 The Porcelain Connection 50
4.3 Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of the Spill Vase 52
4.3.1 Raman Spectroscopic Data and Discussion 53
4.4 Conclusions 57
References 59
Chapter 5 - Pigments and Colourants 61
Acknowledgements 66
References 66
Chapter 6 - Micro Raman Spectroscopy of Epipalaeolithic Decorated Pebbles from Arroyo Moreras 2 (Parque Darwin, Madrid) 68
6.1 Introduction 68
6.1.1 Initial Remarks 68
6.1.2 Archaeological Background 69
6.2 Experimental 69
6.3 Results and Discussion 73
6.3.1 Pebble C-AM-86 73
6.3.2 Pebble C-AM-245 74
6.3.3 Pebble C-AM-246 75
6.4 Conclusion 78
Acknowledgements 78
References 79
Chapter 7 - Raman Microscopy as a Primary Technique for Identifying Micro-residues Related to Tool-use on Prehistoric Stone Artefacts 81
7.1 Introduction 81
7.2 Archaeological Background 82
7.3 Experimental Methods 82
7.3.1 Sample Preparation 82
7.3.2 Raman Analysis 84
7.3.3 Cleaning and Analysis Procedures 84
7.3.4 Reference Material 84
7.4 Results and Discussion 85
7.4.1 Sediment 85
7.4.2 Experimental Tools 85
7.4.3 Archaeological Artefacts 90
7.5 Conclusions 95
Acknowledgements 95
References 95
Chapter 8 - Biological Materials of Significance to Cultural Heritage 97
8.1 Introduction 97
8.2 Human Tissue 98
8.2.1 Keratin Proteins 98
8.2.2 Morphological Structure 98
8.2.2.1 Hair Fibres 98
8.2.2.2 Skin 100
8.2.3 Characteristic Raman Spectra of Keratin Proteins 100
8.2.4 Mummified Remains 101
8.2.4.1 Ötzi 102
8.2.4.2 Qilakitsoq Mummies 103
8.2.4.3 Chiribayan Mummies 104
8.2.4.4 Khnum-Nakht and Nekht-Ankh 105
8.2.5 Hair 106
8.3 Skeletal Remains 108
8.3.1 A Comparison of Ancient and Modern Teeth 109
8.3.1.1 Diagenetic Alteration 110
8.3.1.1.1\rEvaluation of Apatite Diagenesis.Thomas et al.38 proposed that Raman spectroscopy could be used to non-destructively screen foss... 110
8.3.1.1.2\rPre-screening Collagen.Bone collagen, like its mineral counterpart, has been analysed by a variety of costly, time-consuming and... 112
8.3.1.2 Pigments and Discolouration 113
8.4 Brain Matter 115
8.4.1 The Heslington Brain 115
8.4.2 St John the Evangelist Church 116
8.5 Calculi 117
8.5.1 Gristhorpe Man 117
8.5.2 Oluz Höyük 118
8.6 Conclusion 118
Acknowledgements 119
References 119
Chapter 9 - Discrimination of Contraband Ivories Using Long Wavelength Portable Raman Instrumentation 123
9.1 Introduction 123
9.1.1 Previous Raman Spectroscopy Studies of Ivories 127
9.2 Experimental 130
9.2.1 Materials 130
9.2.2 Raman Portable Spectrometer 132
9.2.3 Spectral Analysis 132
9.3 Results 133
9.3.1 Spectral Analysis 133
9.3.2 Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) 133
9.4 Discussion and Conclusions 137
Acknowledgements 138
References 138
Chapter 10 - Micro-Raman and Provenance Studies: The Case of Levantine Ceramics 141
10.1 Introduction 141
10.2 Experimental 142
10.3 Results and Discussion 143
10.3.1 Technological Level 143
10.3.1.1 Raw Material Used 143
10.3.1.2 Surface Treatments 148
10.3.1.3 Firing Conditions 150
10.3.2 Provenance of the Raw Material 152
10.3.3 Burial Conditions 152
10.4 Concluding Remarks 153
References 154
Chapter 11 - Raman Spectroscopy for the Identification of Materials in Contemporary Painting 157
11.1 Introduction 157
11.2 Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Applied to Coloured Inks and Fluorescent Pigments 158
11.3 Portable Raman, Reflection FTIR and FT-Raman Non-invasive Study of 20th Century Household and Automotive Paints 162
11.4 Raman Analysis of Pigments in Contemporary Paintings by Portable Instrumentation 167
11.5 Conclusions 172
References 172
Chapter 12 - Application of Micro-spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy to Street Art Paintings 174
12.1 Introduction 174
12.2 Micro-spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy 175
12.3 Materials 176
12.4 Methods 176
12.4.1 Full Micro-SORS 177
12.4.2 Defocusing Micro-SORS 177
12.5 Results and Discussion 178
12.6 Conclusions 182
References 183
Chapter 13 - Raman Spectroscopy as a Cultural Heritage Forensic Tool 184
13.1 Unveiling the Authenticity of an Artwork Destroyed by a Fire 184
13.2 Authenticity Evaluation of an Artwork Intercepted in the Trade Markets 187
13.3 Unveiling the Placement's Authenticity of Early Brazilian Printed Stamps Through Raman Microscopy 189
13.4 Final Remarks 194
References 194
Chapter 14 - Outdoor Bronze and Its Protection 196
14.1 Introduction 196
14.2 Experimental 198
14.2.1 Sampling 198
14.2.2 Materials 200
14.2.3 Instrumentation 200
14.2.3.1 Raman Microscopy 200
14.2.3.2 XRF Analysis 200
14.2.3.3 Electrochemical Tests 201
14.3 Results and Discussion 201
14.3.1 Case Studies 201
14.3.1.1 Tartini Monument 201
14.3.1.2 Prešeren Monument 203
14.3.2 Protection Systems 205
14.3.2.1 Raman Investigation 205
14.3.2.2 Electrochemistry 207
14.4 Conclusion 209
References 210
Chapter 15 - Analysis of the Degradation of Medieval Mural Paintings in the Open Air Abandoned Church of Ribera, North of Spain 213
15.1 Introduction 213
15.2 Experimental 217
15.2.1 Instrumentation 217
15.2.2 In Situ Analysis 218
15.2.3 Micro-sampling and Laboratory Instrumental Setup 218
15.3 Results 220
15.3.1 Pigments and Paintings 220
15.3.2 Soluble and Insoluble Efflorescence Salts 222
15.3.3 Biopatinas 226
15.4 Discussion and Conclusions 228
Acknowledgements 230
References 230
Chapter 16 - Miniaturized Raman Spectrometers Applied to Gemstone Analyses on Works of Art 234
16.1 Introduction 234
16.2 Specifics of Portable Instrumentation 237
16.3 Loose Gemstones and Minerals and Their Spectroscopic Investigation Using Portable Instruments 239
16.4 Using a Miniaturized Raman Spectrometer for Fast Detection of Gemstones from an 18th Century Monstrance While Working in a M... 241
16.5 Using a Miniaturized Raman Spectrometer to Learn About Mounted Stones from a 19th Century Torah Shield: A Museum Repository ... 247
16.6 Summary 250
References 251
Chapter 17 - New Case Studies: Diamonds, Jades, Corundum and Spinel 254
17.1 Introduction 254
17.2 Case Studies 255
17.2.1 Diamonds 255
17.2.1.1 Introduction 255
17.2.1.2 Distinguishing Contamination During Raman Analysis on Diamonds 256
17.2.1.3 Identification of CVD Synthetic Diamonds 257
17.2.2 Jades 259
17.2.2.1 Introduction 259
17.2.2.2 Chemical Composition of Jade-type Pyroxenes 259
17.2.2.3 The Solid Solution Series Jadeite – Omphacite 260
17.2.3 Application of Raman Spectroscopy on Corundum Inclusions 262
17.2.3.1 Introduction 262
17.2.3.2 Raman Testing of Inclusions to Determine the Origin of Sapphire 262
17.2.3.3 Raman Testing of Zircon Inclusion to Determine Heat Treatment of Sapphire 264
17.2.4 Heat Treatment of Spinel 266
17.2.4.1 Introduction 266
17.2.4.2 Photoluminescence Analysis of Spinel Using a Raman Spectrometer 267
17.3 Summary 268
References 268
Chapter 18 - The Cultural Meanings of Color: Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Red, Pink, and Purple Dyes in Late Edo and Early Meiji Period Prints 271
18.1 Introduction 271
18.2 Experimental 273
18.2.1 Materials 273
18.2.2 Methods 274
18.2.2.1 Normal Raman Spectroscopy 274
18.2.2.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) 275
18.2.2.3 Sampling for SERS Analysis 275
18.3 Results and Discussion 276
18.3.1 Natural Red Dyes: From Safflower Red to Cochineal 276
18.3.2 The Introduction of Eosin and Detection of Binary Mixtures with Cochineal 279
18.3.3 From Natural to Synthetic Reds: Cochineal is Superseded by Acid Red Dyes 281
18.3.4 The Evolution of Purple: From Safflower Red to Aniline Dyes 283
18.4 Conclusion 285
Acknowledgements 286
References 286
Chapter 19 - Raman Spectroscopy Applied to the Analysis of Typomorphic Minerals in Various Provenance Investigations of Cultural Heritage Objects 289
19.1 Introduction 289
19.2 Typomorphic Minerals 291
19.3 Case Studies 293
19.3.1 Experimental 293
19.3.2 Ceramic. Provenance Investigation of Archaeological Ceramic from Giles (Poland) 294
19.3.2.1 Historical Background 294
19.3.2.2 Samples and Sampling Method 294
19.3.2.3 Results and Discussion 296
19.3.2.4 Conclusions 298
19.3.3 Archaeological Minerals 298
19.3.3.1 Rock Crystals 299
19.3.3.2 Historical Background 299
19.3.3.3 Samples and Method 300
19.3.3.4 Results and Discussion 300
19.3.3.5 Conclusions 305
19.3.4 Painting Materials 305
19.3.4.1 Historical Background 306
19.3.4.2 Samples and Methods 306
19.3.4.3 Results and Discussion 307
19.3.4.4 Conclusion 310
Acknowledgements 310
References 310
Chapter 20 - Pitfalls in Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Art and Archaeology: A Practical Survival Guide for Non-specialists 314
20.1 Introduction 314
20.2 The Pitfalls 316
20.2.1 Instrumentation 316
20.2.1.A Irradiance or Laser Intensity 316
20.2.1.B Microscopy, Sample Orientation and Depolarisation Measurements 319
20.2.1.C Spectral Slit (Spectral Resolution) 322
20.2.1.D Excitation Line (Resonance, Non-resonance and Photodegradation) 324
20.2.1.E Instrument Response (CCD, Slit, Grating, All Together) 326
20.2.1.F Notch and Edge Filter Ripples 327
20.2.1.G Spatial Resolution and Confocality 328
20.2.2 Samples and Sampling 330
20.2.2.A Matrix Contribution 330
20.2.2.B Markers 331
20.2.2.C Standards 331
20.2.2.D Fluorescence (Luminescence) 333
20.2.3 Data Interpretation 336
20.2.3.A Need for a Reasonable Knowledge of the Sample Spectroscopic Behaviour (Literature) 336
20.2.3.B Search for Spectrum in the Literature 337
20.2.3.C Solution versus Solid State 337
20.2.3.D Comparing and Complementing Raman Spectroscopy with other Techniques 338
20.2.3.E Fakes and Forgeries 338
20.3 Conclusions 340
Acknowledgements 341
References 341
Subject Index 344

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