Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This is a best practice manual for addressing water losses in water distribution networks worldwide. Systems and methodologies are presented for improving water loss and leakage management in a range of networks, from systems with a well-developed infrastructure to those in developing countries where the network may need to be upgraded. The key feature of the manual is a diagnostic approach to develop a water loss strategy - using the appropriate tools to find the right solutions - which can be applied to any network. The methods of assessing the scale and volume of water loss are outlined, together with the procedures for setting up leakage monitoring and detection systems. As well as real losses (leakage) procedures for addressing apparent losses, by introducing regulatory and customer metering policies are explained. Suggestions are made for demand management and water conservation programmes, to complement the water loss strategy. Recommendations are made for training workshops and operation and maintenance programmes to ensure skills transfer and sustainability. The manual is illustrated throughout with case studies. Losses in Water Distribution Networks will appeal to a wide range of practitioners responsible for designing and managing a water loss strategy. These include consultants, operations managers, engineers, technicians and operational staff. It will also be a valuable reference for senior managers and decision makers, who may require an overview of the principles and procedures for controlling losses. The book will also be suitable as a source document for courses in Water Engineering, Resource Management and Environmental Management.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Losses in Water Distribution Networks | ii | ||
| Contents | vi | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| The authors | xii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xiv | ||
| 1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Understanding the network | 1 | ||
| 1.2 A strategy for water loss | 2 | ||
| 2 Assessing losses | 6 | ||
| 2.1 Defining water loss and leakage | 6 | ||
| 2.2 Comparisons of water losses | 8 | ||
| 2.3 Experience of the UK water industry | 8 | ||
| 2.4 Water balance – UK methodology | 10 | ||
| 2.5 The IWA international standard | 10 | ||
| 2.6 An example water balance calculation | 18 | ||
| 2.7 Measuring or estimating the components of water balance | 20 | ||
| 2.8 Techniques for reviewing the network operating practices | 24 | ||
| 2.9 Techniques for quantifying leakage | 25 | ||
| 3 International comparisons | 35 | ||
| 3.1 Performance indicators and target setting | 35 | ||
| 3.2 The IWA performance measures structure | 36 | ||
| 3.3 Non-revenue water: financial performance indicators | 36 | ||
| 3.4 Apparent losses | 39 | ||
| 3.5 Real losses | 39 | ||
| 3.6 Performance indicators in England and Wales | 45 | ||
| 4 Developing a strategy | 48 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 48 | ||
| 4.2 Economics of water loss | 50 | ||
| 4.3 Economic level of leakage | 54 | ||
| 4.4 Setting targets for leakage | 59 | ||
| 4.5 The impact of regulation on the water industry | 61 | ||
| 4.6 A practical approach | 62 | ||
| 4.7 Computer models to assess lossess | 70 | ||
| 4.8 Designing and introducing a strategy | 78 | ||
| 5 Upgrading the network | 82 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 82 | ||
| 5.2 The zoning concept | 82 | ||
| 5.3 Flow metering | 84 | ||
| 5.4 Zonal metering | 86 | ||
| 5.5 Network records and recording systems | 90 | ||
| 5.6 Surveying the network | 91 | ||
| 5.7 Pilot study areas | 92 | ||
| 5.8 Mains renewal and rehabilitation to reduce leakage | 95 | ||
| 6 Leakage monitoring and control | 100 | ||
| 6.1 Criteria and choice of methodology | 100 | ||
| 6.2 Sectorisation and zonal monitoring | 102 | ||
| 6.3 Leak detection and location in DMAs | 109 | ||
| 6.4 Leak detection policies and procedures | 122 | ||
| 6.5 Choice of leak detection technique | 124 | ||
| 6.6 Types of contract | 130 | ||
| 6.7 Management of leakage detection operations | 134 | ||
| 6.8 Repair techniques | 137 | ||
| 6.9 Leak detection in networks with intermittent supply | 140 | ||
| 7 Pressure management | 145 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 145 | ||
| 7.2 Benefits of pressure management | 146 | ||
| 7.3 Potential problems | 151 | ||
| 7.4 The relative importance of pressure management | 151 | ||
| 7.5 Pressure/leakage relationships | 152 | ||
| 7.6 Economics and cost–benefit analysis | 155 | ||
| 7.7 Policy issues | 158 | ||
| 7.8 Design of pressure management schemes | 160 | ||
| 7.9 Operation of PRVs | 165 | ||
| 7.10 Flow modulation | 171 | ||
| 7.11 Factors restricting the scope for pressure reduction | 173 | ||
| 7.12 Cavitation | 174 | ||
| 7.13 PRV installation | 176 | ||
| 7.14 Predicting a pressure-managed regime | 179 | ||
| 7.15 Hour to day factors | 180 | ||
| 8 Changing policies | 183 | ||
| 8.1 Customer demand | 184 | ||
| 8.2 Options for meeting increasing demand | 185 | ||
| 8.3 Demand management policies | 187 | ||
| 8.4 Customer metering | 192 | ||
| 8.5 Case studies | 193 | ||
| 9 Ensuring sustainability | 206 | ||
| 9.1 Staffing levels | 207 | ||
| 9.2 Education and training | 209 | ||
| 9.3 Operation and maintenance | 214 | ||
| 9.4 Assessing and monitoring performance | 216 | ||
| Case study 1: An evaluation of the water distribution system for system losses in Sarina Shire Council, Australia | 221 | ||
| Case study 2: Leakage control in southern Europe (Italy) | 233 | ||
| Case Study 3: Leakage control and unaccounted-for water analysis – Water Works Corporation, Malta | 241 | ||
| Appendix A: Potential savings from leakage management | 254 | ||
| Appendix B: Meter installation design and schedule of materials for a zone/DMA meter | 257 | ||
| Appendix C: Network records | 259 | ||
| Appendix D: Conducting a water use audit | 265 | ||
| Appendix E: Example training programmes | 270 | ||
| Index | 273 |