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Book Details
Abstract
Biodegradable thermogels are a promising class of stimuli-responsive polymers. This book summarizes recent developments in thermogel research with a focus on synthesis and self-assembly mechanisms, gel biodegradability, and applications for drug delivery, cell encapsulation and tissue engineering. A closing chapter on commercialisation shows the challenges faced bringing this new material to market.
Edited by leading authorities on the subject, this book offers a comprehensive overview for academics and professionals across polymer science, materials science and biomedical and chemical engineering.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 Thermogelling Polymers and Their History | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Synthesis | 3 | ||
| 1.3 Micellization and Thermogelling Properties | 4 | ||
| 1.3.1 Gelation Mechanism | 4 | ||
| 1.3.2 Kinetics of Micellization | 7 | ||
| 1.3.3 Formation of Micelles with Different Morphologies | 7 | ||
| 1.4 Pluronic Systems in the Biomedical Sciences | 7 | ||
| 1.4.1 Early Uses | 7 | ||
| 1.4.2 Wound Healing | 8 | ||
| 1.4.3 Drug Delivery | 11 | ||
| 1.5 Disadvantages of Pluronic Systems | 13 | ||
| 1.6 Modifications of Pluronic Copolymers | 13 | ||
| 1.6.1 Modified Pluronic Copolymers for Improved Mechanical Properties | 13 | ||
| 1.6.2 Modified Pluronic Copolymers for Improved Biodegradability | 16 | ||
| 1.7 Modern Applications of Pluronics | 18 | ||
| 1.8 Future Perspectives | 18 | ||
| References | 20 | ||
| Chapter 2 Thermogelling PLGA-based Copolymers | 23 | ||
| 2.1 History and Structures | 23 | ||
| 2.2 Synthesis | 24 | ||
| 2.3 Properties | 25 | ||
| 2.3.1 Reversible Sol-to-gel Transition | 25 | ||
| 2.3.2 Degradation | 28 | ||
| 2.3.3 Biocompatibility | 29 | ||
| 2.4 Applications | 30 | ||
| 2.4.1 Drug Release | 30 | ||
| 2.4.2 Gene Delivery | 37 | ||
| 2.4.3 Postoperative Adhesion Prevention | 37 | ||
| 2.5 Areas for Future Research | 38 | ||
| 2.6 Conclusions | 38 | ||
| References | 39 | ||
| Chapter 3 Polyester-based Biodegradable Thermogelling Systems as Emerging Materials for Therapeutic Applications | 40 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 40 | ||
| 3.2 Polyester-based Thermogelling Systems | 42 | ||
| 3.2.1 The Poly(lactic acid)-based Thermogelling Systems | 42 | ||
| 3.2.2 Polycaprolactone-based Thermogelling Systems | 45 | ||
| 3.2.3 Poly([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate)-based Thermogelling System | 51 | ||
| 3.2.4 Poly(glycerol sebacate)-based Thermogelling Systems | 56 | ||
| 3.3 Application of Polyester-based Thermogelling Systems | 61 | ||
| 3.3.1 Therapeutic Delivery | 61 | ||
| 3.3.2 Tissue Engineering | 66 | ||
| 3.4 Conclusion | 69 | ||
| Abbreviations | 70 | ||
| References | 71 | ||
| Chapter 4 Biodegradable Thermogelling Polymers for Drug Delivery | 76 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 76 | ||
| 4.2 Thermogelling Mechanism | 77 | ||
| 4.3 Mechanism of Drug Release in Thermogels | 78 | ||
| 4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermogelling Polymeric Materials Compared to Other Drug-delivery Methods | 80 | ||
| 4.5 Delivery of Insulin and Protein Drugs in the Treatment of Diabetes | 81 | ||
| 4.6 Adaptation of Thermogels for Biomedical Applications | 82 | ||
| 4.6.1 Selenium-containing Thermogels | 83 | ||
| 4.6.2 Matrix Metalloproteinase-sensitive Thermogelling Polymers | 83 | ||
| 4.7 Towards Understanding In-vivo Effectiveness of Polymeric Thermogel Drug Delivery | 83 | ||
| 4.7.1 Toxicological Aspects of the Use of Dextran Microspheres and Thermogelling Ethyl(hydroxyethyl) Cellulose as Nasal Drug-delivery Systems | 84 | ||
| 4.7.2 In-vivo Pharmacological Evaluations of an Antioxidant-loaded Biodegradable Thermogel | 84 | ||
| 4.8 Conclusion | 84 | ||
| References | 85 | ||
| Chapter 5 Injectable Thermogelling Polymers for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering | 87 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 87 | ||
| 5.2 Scaffold Requirements for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering | 89 | ||
| 5.3 Chemistry and Properties of Selected Injectable Thermogelling Scaffolds | 90 | ||
| 5.3.1 Totally Non-degradable Polymers | 90 | ||
| 5.3.2 Enzymatically Degradable Polymers | 93 | ||
| 5.3.3 Hydrolytically Degradable Polymers | 95 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusions | 99 | ||
| References | 100 | ||
| Chapter 6 Thermogels for Stem Cell Culture | 102 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 102 | ||
| 6.2 Thermogel 3D Scaffolds for Proliferation and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells | 103 | ||
| 6.3 3D Thermogel Scaffold for Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells | 107 | ||
| 6.4 Thermogel 3D Scaffold for Proliferation and Adipogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells | 109 | ||
| 6.5 Conclusion | 110 | ||
| References | 112 | ||
| Chapter 7 Degradation Behaviour of Biodegradable Thermogels | 113 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 113 | ||
| 7.2 Relevance of Thermogels | 114 | ||
| 7.2.1 Drug Delivery | 114 | ||
| 7.2.2 Tissue Engineering | 115 | ||
| 7.3 Importance of Degradability | 115 | ||
| 7.4 Biodegradation | 116 | ||
| 7.4.1 Surface Erosion | 116 | ||
| 7.4.2 Bulk Erosion | 118 | ||
| 7.4.3 Enzymatic Degradation | 119 | ||
| 7.5 In Vivo Degradation | 120 | ||
| 7.6 Factors Affecting the Degradation Rate | 122 | ||
| 7.6.1 Material Properties | 122 | ||
| 7.6.2 Packing of Micelles | 122 | ||
| 7.6.3 Bond Type | 123 | ||
| 7.6.4 Ratio of Hydrophilic to Hydrophobic Sections | 123 | ||
| 7.6.5 Number of Sites for Enzymatic Action | 123 | ||
| 7.7 Techniques to Study the Degradable Behaviour of Thermogels | 124 | ||
| 7.7.1 Mass Loss | 124 | ||
| 7.7.2 Molecular Weight Comparison | 124 | ||
| 7.7.3 Surface Topography (Scanning Electron Microscopy) | 126 | ||
| 7.7.4 Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy | 127 | ||
| 7.7.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 127 | ||
| 7.7.6 Technique Comparison | 129 | ||
| 7.8 Future Perspective | 129 | ||
| References | 131 | ||
| Chapter 8 From Bench to Bedside – OncoGel™, an In Situ Hydrogel for In Vivo Applications | 133 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 133 | ||
| 8.2 Non-clinical Safety and Efficacy Evaluation | 134 | ||
| 8.2.1 Safety Studies | 135 | ||
| 8.2.2 Tissue Distribution Studies | 135 | ||
| 8.3 Development of OncoGel™ as a Potential Cancer Therapeutic Drug | 135 | ||
| 8.3.1 Rat Model Studies | 135 | ||
| 8.3.2 Pig Model Studies | 138 | ||
| 8.3.3 Human Clinical Trials | 140 | ||
| 8.4 Perspective | 142 | ||
| References | 144 | ||
| Chapter 9 Hydrogel-based 3D Scaffolds for Stem Cell Culturing and Differentiation | 145 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 145 | ||
| 9.2 Hydrogel-based 3D Culturing and Differentiation of Stem Cells | 148 | ||
| 9.3 Hydrogel-based 3D Scaffolds Induce Stem-cell-specific Differentiation | 151 | ||
| 9.3.1 Scaffold-induced Neuronal Differentiation | 151 | ||
| 9.3.2 Scaffold-induced Hepatogenic Differentiation | 151 | ||
| 9.3.3 Scaffold Induced Chondrogenesis Differentiation | 153 | ||
| 9.3.4 Scaffold-induced Osteogenic Differentiation | 155 | ||
| 9.3.5 Scaffold-induced Adipogenic Differentiation | 156 | ||
| 9.4 Conclusion | 158 | ||
| References | 159 | ||
| Chapter 10 Beyond Thermogels – Other Forms of Noncovalently Formed Polymeric Hydrogels | 162 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 162 | ||
| 10.2 Key Features of Noncovalent Polymeric Hydrogels | 163 | ||
| 10.3 Types of Noncovalent Polymeric Hydrogels | 165 | ||
| 10.3.1 Host–Guest-mediated Supramolecular Hydrogels | 165 | ||
| 10.3.2 Noncovalent Hydrogels through Hydrophobic Association | 168 | ||
| 10.3.3 Noncovalent Polymeric Hydrogels Through Forming Ionic Bonds | 172 | ||
| 10.3.4 Dynamic Covalent Bond-based Polymeric Hydrogels | 175 | ||
| 10.4 Summary and Outlook | 177 | ||
| References | 178 | ||
| Subject Index | 183 |