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Book Details
Abstract
Electrospinning is a technique used to produce nanofibres from a polymer solution using an electrostatic force. The technology is now being used to create materials for a wide variety of uses from tissue engineering and 3D printing to packaging materials and electronic sensors.
This new book focusses on the recent developments in their design, process parameters and polymers-selection to enable the commercial applications of electrospinning. The initial chapters introduce the technique and then specific chapters focus on the different application areas showing the various approaches for successful implementation of this fabrication process towards commercialization from basic research and development.
The book will be suitable for graduate students, academics and industrial entrepreneurs in materials science, polymer science and chemical engineering as well as those interested in the energy and health applications of the materials.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Electrospinning: From Basic Research to Commercialization | i | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 - Electrical Spinning to Electrospinning: a Brief History | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction to Early Concepts, Phenomena and Technology Related to Electrospinning | 1 | ||
| 1.1.1 Initial Identity of Triboelectric Charge and the Consequences for Electrohydrodynamic Processes | 1 | ||
| 1.1.2 The Development of Industrial Spinning Processes | 3 | ||
| 1.2 The Establishment of Electrospinning for Fiber Generation | 5 | ||
| 1.3 Current Status of the Electrospinning Process in Materials Science and Engineering | 12 | ||
| 1.4 Conclusion | 16 | ||
| References | 17 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Encroachment of Traditional Electrospinning | 24 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 24 | ||
| 2.2 Encroachment of Traditional Electrospinning Towards Commercialization | 26 | ||
| 2.2.1 Syringes Connected in Series | 27 | ||
| 2.2.2 Gas-assisted Electrospinning/Electroblowing | 30 | ||
| 2.2.3 Needleless Electrospinning | 31 | ||
| 2.3 Electrospinning Encroachment in Fiber Deposition, Morphology and 3D Structure Development | 36 | ||
| 2.3.1 Fiber Deposition | 36 | ||
| 2.3.2 Morphology | 43 | ||
| 2.3.2.1 Ribbon-like, Wrinkled, Helical, and Beads-on-a-string (Necklace-like) Primary Fiber Morphologies | 43 | ||
| 2.3.2.2 Coaxial and Multi-axial Fibers | 44 | ||
| 2.3.2.3 Hollow Fibers | 46 | ||
| 2.3.2.4 Helical Fibers | 46 | ||
| 2.3.2.5 Internally-structured Fibers | 47 | ||
| 2.3.3 3D Structure Development | 47 | ||
| 2.4 Conclusion | 49 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 49 | ||
| References | 49 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Biomimetic Electrospun Composites: from Fundamental Insights to Commercialization | 55 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 55 | ||
| 3.2 Liquid-repellent Electrospun Fibers | 58 | ||
| 3.2.1 Overview of Wetting Theories | 58 | ||
| 3.2.2 Surfaces and Membranes with Engineered Wettability | 60 | ||
| 3.2.3 Commercially-available Products | 65 | ||
| 3.3 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering | 66 | ||
| 3.3.1 Bone TE | 66 | ||
| 3.3.2 Skin TE | 71 | ||
| 3.3.3 Commercially-available Products | 74 | ||
| 3.4 Conclusions | 74 | ||
| References | 75 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Cell Electrospinning and Technology Transfer from Lab to Market Scale | 79 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 79 | ||
| 4.2 Tissue Engineering and the Construction of 3D Biological Architectures | 81 | ||
| 4.2.1 3D Printing/Biofabrication | 82 | ||
| 4.2.2 Aerodynamically-assisted Biojets and Threads | 82 | ||
| 4.2.3 Jet-based Techniques | 83 | ||
| 4.2.3.1 Inkjet Printing | 83 | ||
| 4.2.3.2 Electrospraying | 83 | ||
| 4.2.3.3 Electrospinning | 84 | ||
| 4.2.4 Is Cell Electrospinning Really the Answer | 84 | ||
| 4.3 Cell Electrospinning: from Concept to Lab | 85 | ||
| 4.4 Cell Electrospinning: from Lab to Market | 87 | ||
| 4.4.1 Further Technical Refinements | 88 | ||
| 4.4.1.1 Orientating Nanofiber Deposition | 88 | ||
| 4.4.1.2 Choice of Polymer | 88 | ||
| 4.4.2 Interrogation of Cell Electrospun Structures | 90 | ||
| 4.4.3 Getting to Market | 91 | ||
| 4.5 Future Developments and Conclusion | 92 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 92 | ||
| References | 92 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Electrospun Fibers for Advanced Wound Care: Moving from Novel Lab-scale Curiosities to Commercial Realities | 95 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction to Electrospun Fibers for Advanced Wound Care | 95 | ||
| 5.2 Advanced Wound Care and Nanomedicine: the Research | 98 | ||
| 5.2.1 Electrospun Fibers for Wound Care Dressings | 98 | ||
| 5.2.1.1 Classification of Wounds and Dressings | 98 | ||
| 5.2.1.2 Natural and Synthetic Electrospun Fibers | 99 | ||
| 5.2.1.3 Beneficial Properties of Electrospun Fibers for Wound Dressings | 103 | ||
| 5.2.1.4 Characterization of Physical Properties | 105 | ||
| 5.2.2 Electrospun Fibers for Nanomedicine | 106 | ||
| 5.2.2.1 Applications for Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery | 106 | ||
| 5.2.2.2 Methods for Incorporation of Additives in Electrospun Fibers | 107 | ||
| 5.2.2.3 Controlled Release of Actives from Electrospun Fibers | 108 | ||
| 5.2.2.4 Antimicrobial Electrospun Fibers | 109 | ||
| 5.2.2.5 Characterization of Drug Release from Electrospun Fibers | 111 | ||
| 5.2.3 Electrospun Fibers for Healthcare Diagnostics and Point-of-care | 111 | ||
| 5.2.4 Modulation and Characterization of Cell–Fiber Interactions | 113 | ||
| 5.2.4.1 Cytotoxicity/Cell Viability | 113 | ||
| 5.2.4.2 Adhesion and Migration | 114 | ||
| 5.2.4.3 Infiltration | 115 | ||
| 5.2.4.4 Interaction of Bacteria with Electrospun Fibers | 115 | ||
| 5.3 The Market: From Lab-scale Curiosities to Commercial Realities | 115 | ||
| 5.3.1 Overview | 115 | ||
| 5.3.2 Electrospun Fiber Product Development for Commercial Advanced Wound Care | 116 | ||
| 5.3.2.1 Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Webs for Wound Dressings | 116 | ||
| 5.3.2.2 Sterilization | 117 | ||
| 5.3.2.3 Packaging | 120 | ||
| 5.3.2.4 Shelf Life | 120 | ||
| 5.3.3 Regulatory Pathway for Electrospun Fiber-based Advanced Wound Care Products | 120 | ||
| 5.3.3.1 Requirements for Market Approval in the USA and Europe | 120 | ||
| 5.3.3.2 Comparison of FDA Approval and CE Marking | 121 | ||
| 5.3.3.3 Other Factors to Consider for Market Approval | 121 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusion: the Future | 122 | ||
| References | 123 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Electrospinning and 3D Printing: Prospects for Market Opportunity | 136 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 136 | ||
| 6.2 Materials for 3D Bioprinting | 137 | ||
| 6.2.1 Bioinks | 137 | ||
| 6.2.2 Cells | 139 | ||
| 6.3 Bioprinting Techniques | 139 | ||
| 6.3.1 Laser-assisted Printing | 140 | ||
| 6.3.2 Extrusion Printing | 141 | ||
| 6.3.3 Inkjet Printing | 141 | ||
| 6.3.4 Hybrid Bioprinting | 142 | ||
| 6.4 Combining 3D Printing with Electrospun Scaffolds | 142 | ||
| 6.5 Application Areas of 3D Bioprinting | 146 | ||
| 6.6 Potential Markets for 3D Bioprinting | 146 | ||
| 6.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives | 147 | ||
| References | 148 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Electrospinning: Large-scale Industrial Applications of Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Filtration/Sorbents Applications | 156 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 156 | ||
| 7.1.1 Principles of Electrospinning | 157 | ||
| 7.1.2 Factors Controlling Electrospinning | 157 | ||
| 7.1.3 Advantages of Electrospinning | 159 | ||
| 7.1.4 Applications of Electrospinning | 160 | ||
| 7.2 Electrospun Superhydrophobic Nanofibers | 161 | ||
| 7.3 Fabrication of Electrospun Superhydrophobic Porous Nanofibers | 164 | ||
| 7.4 Characterization of Electrospun Superhydrophobic Nanofibers | 165 | ||
| 7.4.1 Contact Angle and Sliding Angle Measurements | 165 | ||
| 7.4.2 Mechanical Robustness and Stability of Membrane | 165 | ||
| 7.4.3 Measurement of Oil Sorption Capacity | 165 | ||
| 7.4.4 Desorption and Reusability Test | 166 | ||
| 7.4.5 Assessment of Oil–Water Separation for Filtration Membranes | 166 | ||
| 7.4.6 The Evaluation of Porosity (P) of the Fibrous Membrane | 167 | ||
| 7.5 Literature on Electrospun Superhydrophobic Nanofibers for Sorption and Filtration Applications | 167 | ||
| 7.5.1 Electrospun Nanofibers as Sorbent Materials | 168 | ||
| 7.5.1.1 Polystyrene-based Electrospun Fibers | 169 | ||
| 7.5.2 Electrospun Nanofibers for Cross-flow Filtration | 173 | ||
| 7.6 Industrial Applications of Electrospun Superhydrophobic Nanofibers | 178 | ||
| 7.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects | 181 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 182 | ||
| References | 182 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Large-scale Production of Electrospun-based Mat to Explore in Electronics and Sensors | 187 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 187 | ||
| 8.1.1 Fabrication of Nanofibers Using Electrospinning | 188 | ||
| 8.1.2 Characteristics and Properties of Nanofibers | 189 | ||
| 8.2 Lab-scale Production | 191 | ||
| 8.2.1 Nanofiber-based Electronics | 191 | ||
| 8.2.2 Nanofiber-based Sensors | 192 | ||
| 8.2.3 Electrospinning Strategies | 194 | ||
| 8.2.4 Drawbacks in Lab-scale Production | 195 | ||
| 8.3 Methods of Large-scale Nanofiber Production | 196 | ||
| 8.3.1 Modified Electrospinning Process for Scalable Production of Nanofibers | 196 | ||
| 8.3.2 Melt Electrospinning | 198 | ||
| 8.3.3 Centrifugal Force-based Methods | 199 | ||
| 8.3.4 Shear Force-assisted Methods | 200 | ||
| 8.3.5 Magnetic Force-based Methods | 201 | ||
| 8.4 Concluding Remarks | 202 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 202 | ||
| References | 203 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Electrospun Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Water Electrolysis | 205 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 205 | ||
| 9.2 Nanocomposite Fibrous Ionomer Membranes | 207 | ||
| 9.2.1 Composite Membranes with Electrospun Inorganic Materials Embedded in a Polymer/Ionomer Matrix | 210 | ||
| 9.2.2 Composite Membranes with Electrospun Ionomer Materials Embedded in a Polymer/Ionomer Matrix | 211 | ||
| 9.2.3 Composite Membranes with Electrospun Polymer Materials Embedded in an Ionomer Matrix | 214 | ||
| 9.3 Electrospun Electrocatalyst Supports | 218 | ||
| 9.3.1 Carbon-based Nanofibrous Supports | 219 | ||
| 9.3.2 Metal Oxide-based Nanofibrous Support | 220 | ||
| 9.3.3 Nitride and Carbide Nanofibrous Supports | 222 | ||
| 9.4 Self-supported Electrocatalysts | 223 | ||
| 9.5 Electrospun Electrodes | 224 | ||
| 9.6 Conclusion | 225 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 226 | ||
| References | 226 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Electrospinning in the Packaging Industry | 238 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction to Electrohydrodynamic Processing | 238 | ||
| 10.2 Applications of Electrohydrodynamic Processing in Packaging | 243 | ||
| 10.2.1 Coatings | 243 | ||
| 10.2.2 Interlayers | 246 | ||
| 10.2.3 Active, Bioactive, and Smart Functionalities | 249 | ||
| 10.3 Industrial Upscaling | 251 | ||
| 10.4 Current Limitations and Future Scope | 255 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 256 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| Subject Index | 261 |