Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Chromic or colour related phenomena are produced in response to a chemical or physical stimulus. This new edition will update the information on all those areas where chemicals or materials interact with light to produce colour, a colour change, or luminescence especially in the imaging, analysis, lighting and display areas. The book has been restructured to show greater emphasis on applications where 'coloured' compounds are used to transfer energy or manipulate light in some way therefore reducing the details on classical dyes and pigments.
In the past eight years, since the previous edition, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of papers and reviews being produced reflecting the growth of interest in this area. This ongoing research interest is matched by a large number of new technological applications gaining commercial value covering e.g. biomedical areas, energy, data storage, physical colour, bio-inspired materials and photonics. This book appeals to industrial chemists, professionals, postgraduates and as high level recommended reading for colour technology courses.
Dr Peter Bamfield has been involved in colours research and development for over 50 years. Since retiring from full time management in the colour industry, he has maintained an up to date knowledge of the subject area, especially on the newer applications, whilst acting as a freelance consultant to international companies, publishing reviews and presenting papers at colour conferences. He is a Fellow of The Royal Society of Chemistry and a Member of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. He authored a book on Research and Development Management in the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry (Wiley-VCH) which has now been published in three editions.
Dr Mike Hutchings spent 34 years in research functions in the UK and German chemical industry, mainly in colour-related and computer chemistry areas. For the past 7 years he has been involved in various freelance consultancy roles, some involving colour chemistry and associated businesses, but especially with the Munich company InfoChem on computer aided synthesis developments. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. His latest applied chemistry interest concerns the cultivation and study of his freshly planted wood of about 2000 native British trees.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Preface to the Third Edition | v | ||
| Introduction | vii | ||
| References | xiv | ||
| Contents | xvii | ||
| Part 1: Colour Change Phenomena and their Applications | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 3 | ||
| References | 7 | ||
| Chapter 2 Photochromism | 8 | ||
| 2.1 Main Chemical Classes | 10 | ||
| 2.2 Spirobenzopyrans | 10 | ||
| 2.3 Spironaphthoxazines | 12 | ||
| 2.4 Benzo and Naphthopyrans (Chromenes) | 14 | ||
| 2.5 Fulgides | 18 | ||
| 2.6 Diarylethenes | 22 | ||
| 2.7 Miscellaneous Photochromic Systems | 28 | ||
| 2.7.1 Azobenzenes | 28 | ||
| 2.7.2 Anils and Other Organic Photochromes | 30 | ||
| 2.7.3 Multiphotochromic Molecular Systems | 34 | ||
| 2.7.4 Inorganic Photochromes | 36 | ||
| 2.7.5 Organic–Inorganic Hybrids, Transition Metal Complexes and Organometallics | 37 | ||
| 2.7.6 Polymers, Matrices and Amorphous Materials | 40 | ||
| 2.7.7 Couples with Carbon Nanomaterials | 41 | ||
| 2.7.8 Biological Photochromes | 43 | ||
| 2.8 Applications of Photochromic Materials | 46 | ||
| 2.8.1 Applications in Ophthalmics | 46 | ||
| 2.8.2 Novelty Items, Fashion, Cosmetics and Security | 49 | ||
| 2.8.3 Molecular Photoswitches | 50 | ||
| 2.8.4 Molecular Logic Gates, Circuits and Optical Computing | 51 | ||
| 2.8.5 Optical Data Storage | 54 | ||
| 2.8.6 Chemical Sensors | 60 | ||
| 2.8.7 Biological and Medical Applications | 63 | ||
| 2.8.8 Light-responsive Molecular Containers | 67 | ||
| References | 67 | ||
| Chapter 3 Thermochromism | 75 | ||
| 3.1 Inorganic Thermochromism: Transition Metal Complexes and Organometallic Materials | 75 | ||
| 3.2 Reversible Intrinsically Thermochromic Organic Systems | 77 | ||
| 3.2.1 Molecular Rearrangements | 77 | ||
| 3.2.2 Stereoisomerism | 78 | ||
| 3.2.3 Macromolecular Systems | 80 | ||
| 3.3 Reversible Indirect Thermochromic Systems | 84 | ||
| 3.3.1 Composite Thermochromic Pigments | 85 | ||
| 3.3.2 Chromogenic Gels | 87 | ||
| 3.4 Commercial Applications of Thermochromic Materials | 88 | ||
| 3.4.1 Paints, Plastics, Inks and Textiles | 88 | ||
| 3.4.2 Architectural Uses | 90 | ||
| References | 92 | ||
| Chapter 4 Ionochromism: Halochromism, Acidochromism and Metallochromism | 96 | ||
| 4.1 Halochromic and Acidochromic Compounds | 96 | ||
| 4.1.1 Phthalides | 97 | ||
| 4.1.2 Leuco Di- and Triarylmethanes | 98 | ||
| 4.1.3 Fluorans | 99 | ||
| 4.1.4 Azo and Styryl Dyes | 99 | ||
| 4.2 Metallochromic Materials | 100 | ||
| 4.2.1 Metallochromism in Chelates and Crown Ethers | 100 | ||
| 4.2.2 Chromogenic Anion Sensors and Metallochromism | 102 | ||
| 4.3 Applications of Ionochromism and Sub-chromisms | 106 | ||
| 4.3.1 Analytical Chemistry | 107 | ||
| 4.3.2 Absorbance Based Ion-selective Optical Sensors | 108 | ||
| 4.3.3 Carbonless Copying Paper | 111 | ||
| 4.3.4 Direct Thermal Printing | 112 | ||
| 4.3.5 Functional Textile Sensors | 114 | ||
| References | 114 | ||
| Chapter 5 Electrochromism | 117 | ||
| 5.1 Electrochromic Cells | 117 | ||
| 5.2 Electrochrome Types | 119 | ||
| 5.2.1 Solution Electrochromes (Type-I) | 119 | ||
| 5.2.2 Solution-solid Electrochromes (Type-II) | 119 | ||
| 5.2.3 Solid Electrochromes (Type-III) | 119 | ||
| 5.3 Electrochromic Chemicals | 120 | ||
| 5.3.1 Inorganic Oxides | 120 | ||
| 5.3.2 Prussian Blue and Metal Hexacyanometallates | 122 | ||
| 5.3.3 Metal Phthalocyanines | 122 | ||
| 5.3.4 Viologens (4,40-Bipyridylium Salts) | 123 | ||
| 5.3.5 Polymeric Electrochromes | 125 | ||
| 5.3.6 Other Organic Electrochromes | 130 | ||
| 5.3.7 Metal Oxide Nanocrystals – Plasmonic Electrochromism | 130 | ||
| 5.3.8 Graphene and Related Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | 131 | ||
| 5.4 Applications of Electrochromism | 132 | ||
| 5.4.1 Auto-dimming Rear-view Mirrors | 133 | ||
| 5.4.2 Dimmable Aircraft and Automobile Windows | 135 | ||
| 5.4.3 Smart Architectural Windows – Chromogenic Glazing | 135 | ||
| 5.4.4 Photoelectrochromic/Photovoltachromic Windows | 138 | ||
| 5.4.5 Flexible EC Devices in Solar Protection | 140 | ||
| 5.4.6 Flexible EC Displays | 141 | ||
| 5.4.7 Flexible ECs in Smart Textiles | 143 | ||
| 5.4.8 Bioelectrochromic Devices | 146 | ||
| References | 147 | ||
| Chapter 6 Gasochromism | 152 | ||
| 6.1 Windows and Reflective Mirrors | 152 | ||
| 6.2 Gasochromic Hydrogen Sensors | 154 | ||
| 6.3 Colorimetric Redox Based Gas Sensors | 155 | ||
| References | 158 | ||
| Chapter 7 Solvatochromism | 160 | ||
| 7.1 Solvent Polarity and Solvatochromic Shifts | 160 | ||
| 7.2 Solvatochromic Materials | 163 | ||
| 7.3 Applications of Solvatochromism | 164 | ||
| 7.3.1 Analysis of Liquids | 165 | ||
| 7.3.2 Solvatochromic Probes | 166 | ||
| References | 167 | ||
| Chapter 8 Vapochromism | 168 | ||
| 8.1 Vapochromic Materials | 168 | ||
| 8.2 Vapochromic Sensors for VOCs and Their Applications | 170 | ||
| References | 172 | ||
| Chapter 9 Mechanochromism | 174 | ||
| 9.1 Piezochromism | 174 | ||
| 9.2 Tribochromism | 176 | ||
| 9.3 Applications of Mechanochromism | 176 | ||
| References | 177 | ||
| Chapter 10 Chromic Phenomena via Aggregation | 179 | ||
| 10.1 Excitonic Coupling and Aggregation | 179 | ||
| 10.2 Aggregachromism | 180 | ||
| 10.3 Crystallochromism | 184 | ||
| 10.4 Excitonic Effects in Nature | 186 | ||
| References | 187 | ||
| Chapter 11 Miscellaneous Chromisms | 189 | ||
| 11.1 Amorphochromism | 189 | ||
| 11.2 Chronochromism | 190 | ||
| 11.3 Radiochromism | 192 | ||
| 11.4 Magnetochromism | 193 | ||
| 11.5 Biochromism | 196 | ||
| 11.6 Hydrochromism | 196 | ||
| 11.7 Cryochromism | 200 | ||
| References | 201 | ||
| Chapter 12 Colour Change and Nanoplasmonics | 203 | ||
| 12.1 Plasmonic Metallic Nanoparticles | 203 | ||
| 12.1.1 Properties of Noble Metal Nanoparticles | 206 | ||
| 12.2 Colour Change Applications of Metallic Nanoparticles | 209 | ||
| 12.2.1 Colorimetric Sensors Based on Metallic Nanoparticles | 209 | ||
| 12.2.2 Colorimetric Nanoparticle Biosensors | 209 | ||
| 12.2.3 Plasmonic Chromisms | 212 | ||
| 12.2.4 Other Applications of NMNPs | 218 | ||
| References | 218 | ||
| Chapter 13 Electrophoretic Displays | 221 | ||
| References | 224 | ||
| Part 2: Luminescent Materials and their Applications | 225 | ||
| Chapter 14 Introduction | 227 | ||
| Chapter 15 Photoluminescence | 229 | ||
| 15.1 Photoluminescent Chromophores – Organic Fluorophores | 231 | ||
| 15.1.1 Traditional Molecular Fluorophores | 233 | ||
| 15.1.2 Fluorescent Proteins | 241 | ||
| 15.1.3 Aggregation Induced Emission | 245 | ||
| 15.1.4 Fluorescent Polymers | 249 | ||
| 15.1.5 Fluorescent Dyes and Polymers in Nanoparticles | 251 | ||
| 15.2 The Triplet State – Organic Phosphorescence and Persistent Luminescence | 253 | ||
| 15.2.1 Persistent Luminescence of Organics | 257 | ||
| 15.3 Photoluminescent Semi-conductors | 258 | ||
| 15.3.1 Quantum Dots | 258 | ||
| 15.3.2 Perovskites | 261 | ||
| 15.3.3 Carbon | 263 | ||
| 15.3.4 Silicon | 264 | ||
| 15.4 Photoluminescence from Metals and Metal Ions | 264 | ||
| 15.4.1 Metal Clusters | 264 | ||
| 15.4.2 d-block Transition Metal Ion Complexes | 266 | ||
| 15.4.3 Rare Earth Ions | 267 | ||
| 15.4.4 Metal–Organic Frameworks | 268 | ||
| 15.5 Inorganic Photoluminescent Pigments – Phosphors | 270 | ||
| 15.5.1 Phosphor Materials | 271 | ||
| 15.5.2 Phosphor Applications | 273 | ||
| 15.5.3 Phosphors in Cathode Ray Tubes – Cathodoluminescence | 274 | ||
| 15.5.4 Persistent Luminescence | 275 | ||
| 15.6 Up-conversion and Up-converters | 278 | ||
| 15.6.1 Rare Earth Ion Up-converters | 278 | ||
| 15.6.2 Hot-band Excitation – Optical Cryocooling | 280 | ||
| 15.6.3 Triplet–Triplet Annihilation | 283 | ||
| 15.6.4 Multi-photon Absorbers | 285 | ||
| 15.7 Quantum Cutters – Down-conversion | 290 | ||
| 15.8 Fluorochromisms and Chromic Luminescence | 291 | ||
| 15.8.1 Electrofluorochromism | 292 | ||
| 15.8.2 Mechanofluorochromism | 296 | ||
| 15.8.3 Vapofluorochromism and Solvatofluorochromism | 302 | ||
| 15.8.4 Other Fluorochromisms | 303 | ||
| 15.9 Summary of Photoluminescent Molecules and Materials | 303 | ||
| 15.10 Photoluminescent Probes and Imaging | 304 | ||
| 15.11 Whole Body In Vivo Imaging | 308 | ||
| 15.11.1 Fluorescence-guided Surgery | 313 | ||
| 15.11.2 Imaging via Persistent Luminescent Inorganic Phosphors | 316 | ||
| 15.12 Super-resolution Imaging | 317 | ||
| 15.12.1 STED | 317 | ||
| 15.12.2 PALM and STORM | 320 | ||
| 15.12.3 SOFI | 322 | ||
| 15.12.4 Fluorescent Biosensors for Single Molecule Counting | 322 | ||
| 15.13 Luminescent Materials and Molecules as Cell Probes and for Cell Imaging | 324 | ||
| 15.13.1 Molecular Beacons | 332 | ||
| 15.13.2 Applications of Fluorescent Proteins | 334 | ||
| 15.13.3 Physical Properties within Cells | 336 | ||
| 15.13.4 Tumour Hypoxia | 339 | ||
| 15.14 Luminescent Materials and Molecules for Extracellular Biomedical Analysis | 340 | ||
| 15.14.1 Wound pH | 340 | ||
| 15.14.2 Blood Analysis | 340 | ||
| 15.14.3 Commercial Blood Analyte Sensors | 343 | ||
| 15.15 Luminescent Molecules and Materials for Non-bio Analysis | 343 | ||
| 15.15.1 Oxygen Sensing | 343 | ||
| 15.15.2 Pressure Sensitive Paints in Aerodynamics | 344 | ||
| 15.15.3 Marine Sciences | 344 | ||
| 15.15.4 Detection of Explosives | 346 | ||
| 15.15.5 Detection of Other Vapours – \"Vapofluorochromism | 349 | ||
| 15.15.6 Securities and Anti-counterfeiting | 351 | ||
| 15.15.7 Environmental Contaminants of Inland and Marine Waters | 353 | ||
| References | 353 | ||
| Chapter 16 Chemiluminescence | 366 | ||
| 16.1 Chemiluminescent Reactions | 366 | ||
| 16.1.1 Luminol Oxidation | 366 | ||
| 16.1.2 Acridinium Compounds | 368 | ||
| 16.1.3 Dioxetanes | 368 | ||
| 16.2 Chemiluminescence Applications | 370 | ||
| 16.2.1 Chemiluminescent Analysis | 370 | ||
| 16.2.2 Chemiluminescent Lighting | 372 | ||
| References | 372 | ||
| Chapter 17 Bioluminescence | 374 | ||
| 17.1 Bioluminescent Reactions | 374 | ||
| 17.1.1 Firefly Bioluminescence and D-luciferin | 375 | ||
| 17.1.2 Marine Bioluminescence and Coelenterazine | 375 | ||
| 17.2 Applications of Bioluminescence | 377 | ||
| 17.2.1 ATP Determination | 377 | ||
| 17.2.2 Bioluminescence for In Vivo Imaging | 378 | ||
| References | 380 | ||
| Chapter 18 Electrochemiluminescence | 381 | ||
| 18.1 The Chemistry of Electrochemiluminescence | 381 | ||
| 18.2 Analytical Technology Based on Electrochemiluminescence | 384 | ||
| 18.2.1 DNA Detection | 384 | ||
| 18.2.2 Functional Nucleic Acid Sensors – Aptamers | 385 | ||
| 18.2.3 Immunoassays | 386 | ||
| References | 387 | ||
| Chapter 19 Electroluminescence | 388 | ||
| 19.1 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) | 390 | ||
| 19.1.1 Coloured LEDs | 391 | ||
| 19.1.2 White LEDs – Lighting and Displays | 392 | ||
| 19.1.3 Inorganic LEDs Going Forward | 394 | ||
| 19.1.4 Micro-LEDs | 394 | ||
| 19.1.5 QD LEDs | 395 | ||
| 19.1.6 Perovskite LEDs | 395 | ||
| 19.1.7 Other New Approaches to Self-shade White LEDs | 397 | ||
| 19.2 Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) | 398 | ||
| 19.2.1 Small Molecule OLEDs | 400 | ||
| 19.2.2 Polymer OLEDs | 401 | ||
| 19.2.3 Phosphorescent OLEDs – The Second Generation | 403 | ||
| 19.2.4 TADF and ''Hot Exciton'' OLEDs – The Third Generation | 405 | ||
| 19.2.5 White OLEDs | 407 | ||
| 19.2.6 OLEDs as Commercial Sources of Lighting | 411 | ||
| 19.2.7 OLEDs in Displays | 412 | ||
| 19.2.8 Medical Applications of OLEDs | 413 | ||
| 19.3 Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells (LEC) | 414 | ||
| References | 416 | ||
| Chapter 20 Mechanoluminescence | 420 | ||
| References | 423 | ||
| Chapter 21 Incandescence | 425 | ||
| Reference | 426 | ||
| Part 3: Light Processing Materials in Biomedical, Energy and Other Applications | 427 | ||
| Chapter 22 Introduction | 429 | ||
| Reference | 431 | ||
| Chapter 23 Near-Infrared Absorbers and Their Applications | 432 | ||
| 23.1 Organic and Organometallic Near-infrared Absorbers | 434 | ||
| 23.1.1 Polymethines (Cyanines) | 434 | ||
| 23.1.2 Squaraines and Croconium Dyes | 437 | ||
| 23.1.3 Iminium Salts | 439 | ||
| 23.1.4 Triphenylmethanes | 439 | ||
| 23.1.5 Nickel Dithiolenes | 440 | ||
| 23.1.6 Quinones and Indoanilines | 441 | ||
| 23.1.7 Rylenes, Other Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Perylenes | 442 | ||
| 23.1.8 Phthalocyanines, Porphyrins and Analogues | 444 | ||
| 23.1.9 Donor–Acceptor Extended Conjugated Molecules | 449 | ||
| 23.1.10 Conjugated Polymers | 450 | ||
| 23.2 Inorganic Near-infrared Absorbers | 452 | ||
| 23.3 Applications of NIR Absorbers and Other Laser Addressable Compounds | 452 | ||
| 23.3.1 Thermal Energy Conversion | 453 | ||
| 23.3.2 Protection from IR Radiation and Camouflage | 457 | ||
| 23.3.3 Security Outlets | 459 | ||
| References | 459 | ||
| Chapter 24 Optical Data Storage | 464 | ||
| 24.1 Magneto-Optic and Phase Change Media | 464 | ||
| 24.2 Optical Data Storage Using Dyes | 466 | ||
| 24.2.1 Recordable Media | 466 | ||
| 24.2.2 Dye Requirements | 467 | ||
| 24.2.3 Dye Classes | 468 | ||
| 24.2.4 Dyes for High Density Recording Media | 469 | ||
| 24.3 Developments in Optical Data Storage | 470 | ||
| References | 471 | ||
| Chapter 25 Organic Photoconductors | 472 | ||
| 25.1 Charge Generation Materials | 475 | ||
| 25.1.1 Azo Pigments | 475 | ||
| 25.1.2 Phthalocyanines | 476 | ||
| 25.1.3 Other CGMs | 477 | ||
| 25.2 Charge Transport Materials | 478 | ||
| References | 479 | ||
| Chapter 26 Photosensitisers | 480 | ||
| 26.1 Applications of Photosensitisers | 482 | ||
| 26.1.1 Generation of Singlet Oxygen for Synthetic Applications | 482 | ||
| 26.1.2 Photosensitisers on Nanoparticles, Films and Fibres | 483 | ||
| References | 485 | ||
| Chapter 27 Photosensitisers in Medicine and Chemical Biology | 487 | ||
| 27.1 Photomedicine | 489 | ||
| 27.2 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) | 489 | ||
| 27.2.1 Mechanism of PDT | 490 | ||
| 27.2.2 Light Sources for PDT | 492 | ||
| 27.2.3 Photosensitisers for PDT | 492 | ||
| 27.2.4 Second Generation | 494 | ||
| 27.2.5 Third Generation | 497 | ||
| 27.2.6 Targeted Delivery | 502 | ||
| 27.2.7 Photodynamic Molecular Beacons | 505 | ||
| 27.3 Photothermal Therapy | 506 | ||
| 27.3.1 Inorganic Photothermal Agents | 507 | ||
| 27.3.2 Organic Photothermal Agents | 509 | ||
| 27.4 Phototheranostics | 510 | ||
| 27.5 Phototherapy Using Nitric Oxide | 514 | ||
| 27.6 Photoinactivation of Microbes, Viruses and Parasites | 516 | ||
| 27.6.1 Photobactericides | 516 | ||
| 27.6.2 Photoantivirals | 520 | ||
| 27.6.3 Photodynamic Inactivation of Fungi | 520 | ||
| 27.7 Other Applications of Photodynamic Inactivation | 521 | ||
| 27.7.1 Decontamination of Blood | 521 | ||
| 27.7.2 Photodynamic Treatment of Blood Borne Parasites | 522 | ||
| 27.7.3 Photoinsecticides | 523 | ||
| 27.7.4 Photodecontamination in Non-medical Areas | 525 | ||
| References | 526 | ||
| Chapter 28 Solar Energy Utilisation | 533 | ||
| 28.1 Solar Cells and Electrical Energy | 534 | ||
| 28.2 Photovoltaic Cells – Materials and Construction | 535 | ||
| 28.2.1 Single Junction Wafer Based Photovoltaics | 539 | ||
| 28.2.2 Multi-junction II–V Wafer Solar Cells | 539 | ||
| 28.2.3 Commercial Thin Film Solar Cells | 542 | ||
| 28.3 Emerging Third-generation Technologies | 543 | ||
| 28.3.1 Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) | 543 | ||
| 28.3.2 Polymer Based Solar Cells (PSCs) | 545 | ||
| 28.3.3 Small Molecule Based Solar Cells | 549 | ||
| 28.3.4 Quantum Dot Solar Cells | 551 | ||
| 28.3.5 Dye Sensitised Solar Cells (DSSCs) | 553 | ||
| 28.3.6 Quantum Dot Sensitised Solar Cells (QDSSCs) | 561 | ||
| 28.3.7 Perovskite Solar Cells | 561 | ||
| 28.3.8 Plasmonics in Photovoltaic Applications | 565 | ||
| 28.3.9 Applications of Photovoltaics in Architecture, Transport, Fashion and Design | 567 | ||
| 28.4 Artificial Photosynthesis | 570 | ||
| 28.4.1 Artificial Light Harvesting Antenna | 571 | ||
| 28.4.2 Artificial Reaction Centres | 575 | ||
| 28.4.3 Artificial Reaction Centre-Antenna Couples | 576 | ||
| 28.4.4 Transmembrane Pumping | 576 | ||
| 28.5 The Production of Useful Chemicals and Fuels Using Solar Energy | 578 | ||
| 28.5.1 Water Splitting | 579 | ||
| 28.5.2 Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction | 589 | ||
| References | 591 | ||
| Chapter 29 Conversion of Light into Kinetic Energy | 599 | ||
| 29.1 Light-activated Molecular Tweezers | 600 | ||
| 29.2 Light Driven Rotors | 600 | ||
| 29.3 Photoinduced Molecular Shuttles | 603 | ||
| 29.4 Applications of Light Driven Molecular Machines | 605 | ||
| References | 607 | ||
| Part 4: Light Manipulation Materials, Structural Colours and Photonics | 609 | ||
| Chapter 30 Introduction | 611 | ||
| Chapter 31 Liquid Crystal Materials and their Uses | 612 | ||
| 31.1 Nematic Liquid Crystals and Their Applications | 613 | ||
| 31.1.1 Nematic LC Displays | 614 | ||
| 31.1.2 Nematic Liquid Crystal Materials | 618 | ||
| 31.1.3 Colour Filters for Displays | 620 | ||
| 31.2 Cholesteric/Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals and Their Applications | 622 | ||
| 31.2.1 Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays, Memory Panels and Electronic Paper | 623 | ||
| 31.2.2 Sensing Applications | 627 | ||
| 31.2.3 Protective Eyewear | 629 | ||
| 31.2.4 Polymeric Cholesteric Liquid Crystals and Colour | 630 | ||
| 31.2.5 Chiral Dopants as Light Driven Molecular Switches | 633 | ||
| 31.3 Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals | 634 | ||
| 31.4 Polymer Stabilised Blue Phase LCs | 635 | ||
| 31.5 Side Chain Polymeric Liquid Crystals | 636 | ||
| References | 638 | ||
| Chapter 32 Colours from Physical Effects | 641 | ||
| 32.1 Lustre and Colour Variable Pigments | 642 | ||
| 32.1.1 Optical Basis of Pigments Based on Interference and Diffraction | 642 | ||
| 32.1.2 Materials, Construction and Processes | 643 | ||
| 32.1.3 Applications of Lustre/Colour Variable Pigments | 646 | ||
| 32.2 Interferometric Modulator (IMOD) Technology | 647 | ||
| 32.3 Iridescent Fibres | 649 | ||
| 32.4 The Blackest Blacks – High Absorption and Low Reflection | 649 | ||
| 32.5 Bioinspired Photonic Structures | 651 | ||
| 32.5.1 Structural Colours in Nature | 651 | ||
| 32.5.2 Biomimetic Templates for Photonic Structures | 653 | ||
| 32.5.3 Colloidal Self-assembly of Photonic Crystals/Inverse Opals | 656 | ||
| 32.5.4 Top-down Routes to Photonic Structures | 659 | ||
| 32.5.5 Photonic Crystals Exhibiting Chromisms and their Applications | 659 | ||
| 32.6 Plasmonic Structural Colour | 669 | ||
| 32.6.1 Plasmonic Nanostructures | 670 | ||
| 32.6.2 Plasmonic Colour Printing | 673 | ||
| 32.6.3 Plasmonic Reflective Displays | 676 | ||
| 32.6.4 Plasmonic Colour in Electronic Paper | 676 | ||
| 32.6.5 Other Applications | 677 | ||
| References | 679 | ||
| Chapter 33 Holography | 685 | ||
| 33.1 Principles of Holography | 685 | ||
| 33.1.1 Full Colour Holography | 686 | ||
| 33.2 Materials Used in Holography | 687 | ||
| 33.2.1 Photopolymers in Holography | 688 | ||
| 33.2.2 Rewritable Holographic Media | 690 | ||
| 33.3 Applications of Holography | 694 | ||
| 33.3.1 Holographic Data Storage | 694 | ||
| 33.3.2 Holographic Imaging Applications in Security | 697 | ||
| 33.3.3 3D Displays | 697 | ||
| 33.3.4 Holographic Sensors and Chromisms | 698 | ||
| References | 702 | ||
| Chapter 34 Laser Diodes | 705 | ||
| 34.1 Organic Lasers | 705 | ||
| 34.1.1 Small Fluorescent Dyes | 707 | ||
| 34.1.2 Luminescent Linear Conjugated Polymers | 708 | ||
| 34.1.3 Conjugated Dendrimers | 709 | ||
| 34.1.4 Liquid Crystal Lasers | 711 | ||
| 34.1.5 Colloidal Photonic Crystal Lasers | 712 | ||
| References | 714 | ||
| Chapter 35 Nonlinear Optics | 716 | ||
| 35.1 Basis of Nonlinear Optics | 716 | ||
| 35.2 Nonlinear Optical Materials | 717 | ||
| 35.2.1 Design Principles for D–π–A NLO Chromophores | 718 | ||
| 35.2.2 Ionic Chromophores | 719 | ||
| 35.2.3 Twisted p-electron Systems | 720 | ||
| 35.2.4 Metal Complexes | 721 | ||
| 35.2.5 Dendrimers and Poled Polymers | 722 | ||
| 35.2.6 Polymethines and All Optical Signal Processing | 722 | ||
| 35.2.7 Octupolar Chromophores | 725 | ||
| 35.2.8 Multi-photon Absorbing Dyes | 725 | ||
| 35.2.9 Reverse Saturable Absorbers – Optical Limiting | 727 | ||
| References | 728 | ||
| Chapter 36 Photorefractive Polymers | 730 | ||
| 36.1 Applications of Photorefractive Materials | 733 | ||
| References | 733 | ||
| Appendix 1 Organic Chromophores used as Commercial Dyes and Pigments | 734 | ||
| A1.1 Structural Classes used as Dyestuffs | 735 | ||
| A1.1.1 Azo Dyestuffs | 736 | ||
| A1.1.2 Cyclic and Polycyclic Quinones | 745 | ||
| A1.1.3 Azines, Oxazines and Thiazines | 749 | ||
| A1.1.4 Polymethines | 749 | ||
| A1.1.5 Triarylcarbenium Dyes | 751 | ||
| A1.1.6 Phthalocyanines | 751 | ||
| A1.1.7 Sulfur Dyes | 752 | ||
| A1.2 Structural Classes used as Pigments | 752 | ||
| A1.2.1 Azo Pigments | 752 | ||
| A1.2.2 Metal Complexes | 755 | ||
| A1.2.3 Benzimidazolones | 755 | ||
| A1.2.4 Isoindolinone Pigments | 756 | ||
| A1.2.5 Phthalocyanines | 756 | ||
| A1.2.6 Quinacridones | 758 | ||
| A1.2.7 Perylenes and Perinones | 759 | ||
| A1.2.8 Polycyclic Quinones | 760 | ||
| A1.2.9 Diketo-pyrrolopyrroles | 761 | ||
| A1.2.10 Triarylcarbeniums | 761 | ||
| A1.3 Solvent Dyes | 761 | ||
| References | 763 | ||
| Appendix 2 Increase in the Number of Relevant Scientific Publications | 765 | ||
| References | 768 | ||
| Subject Index | 769 |