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Book Details
Abstract
Aerogels have been in use for over 80 years and have been utilised in a wide variety of applications, in particular, there has been growing use of insulating nanoporous materials in the aerospace industry. Recent awareness of the environmental implications of materials has driven researchers to develop new green materials, with aerogels being developed using biobased constituents, such as polysaccharides and proteins. Recently, biobased components, such as cellulose nanocrystals, have replaced synthetic counterparts in the production of nanoporous materials.
Biobased Aerogels is the first book to cover aerogel research from a green perspective, using commentary and analysis from leading researchers working in the field. Aerogels based on polysaccharides and proteins, their preparation and characterisation will be covered in detail, with further discussion highlighting properties such as surface morphology, shape recovery, mechanical properties and adsorption capacity.
This insightful and timely publication will provide essential reading for those researchers and industrialists working within the green chemistry field.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Chapter 1 Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels: An Introductory Outlook | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Aerogels: A General Overview | 2 | ||
| 1.3 Why Bio-based? | 4 | ||
| 1.4 Applications of Bio-based Aerogels: Highlights | 5 | ||
| 1.5 About This Book | 6 | ||
| References | 7 | ||
| Chapter 2 Chitin/Chitosan Based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology | 9 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 9 | ||
| 2.2 Chitin and Chitosan: Structure and Properties | 10 | ||
| 2.3 Chitin and Chitosan Aerogels: Processing and Morphology | 11 | ||
| 2.3.1 Supercritical Fluid Technology | 12 | ||
| 2.3.2 Sol–Gel Technique | 15 | ||
| 2.3.3 Freeze-drying | 16 | ||
| 2.4 Functional Aerogels | 16 | ||
| 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives | 20 | ||
| Abbreviations | 21 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 21 | ||
| References | 22 | ||
| Chapter 3 Cellulose Based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology | 25 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction of Cellulose-based Aerogels | 25 | ||
| 3.2 Cellulose Hydrogels/Aerogels Assembled from 1DNanocellulose Building Blocks from Native Cellulose | 27 | ||
| 3.2.1 Chemical Pre-treatment of Native Cellulose | 27 | ||
| 3.2.2 One-dimensional Nanocellulose Building Blocks from Native Cellulose and Recycled Cellulose | 27 | ||
| 3.2.3 Assembled Cellulose Hydrogels from Nano- building Blocks | 27 | ||
| 3.3 Cellulose Aerogels Regenerated from Dissolving Cellulose | 29 | ||
| 3.3.1 N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO)-H2O | 30 | ||
| 3.3.2 Ionic Liquids | 31 | ||
| 3.3.3 NaOH-related Systems | 31 | ||
| 3.3.4 LiCl/DMAc | 32 | ||
| 3.4 Drying Strategies of Cellulose Aerogels from Hydrogels | 32 | ||
| 3.4.1 Supercritical Drying | 34 | ||
| 3.4.2 Direct Freeze-drying | 34 | ||
| 3.4.3 Organic Solvent-mediated Freeze-drying | 34 | ||
| 3.4.4 Atmospheric Drying | 34 | ||
| 3.5 Cellulose-based Aerogels with a 3D Superstructure | 36 | ||
| 3.5.1 Chemically Modified Aerogels | 36 | ||
| 3.5.2 Cellulose-based Inorganic Aerogels | 36 | ||
| 3.5.3 Cellulose-based Carbon Aerogels | 37 | ||
| 3.6 Concluding Remarks and Prospects | 38 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 39 | ||
| References | 39 | ||
| Chapter 4 Starch Based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology | 42 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 42 | ||
| 4.2 Starch | 42 | ||
| 4.3 Processing Techniques for the Preparation of Starch Based Aerogels | 43 | ||
| 4.3.1 Sol–Gel Process: Gelation | 44 | ||
| 4.3.2 Gel–Aerogel Transition: Drying | 45 | ||
| 4.3.3 Super Critical Drying | 45 | ||
| 4.3.4 Ambient Pressure Drying | 48 | ||
| 4.3.5 Freeze Drying | 49 | ||
| 4.4 Morphological Analysis | 49 | ||
| 4.4.1 Porosity and Pore Distribution | 49 | ||
| 4.4.2 SEM Analysis | 50 | ||
| 4.5 Conclusion | 52 | ||
| Abbreviations | 53 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| Chapter 5 Alginate and Carrageenan Based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology | 54 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 54 | ||
| 5.2 Preparation and Main Features of Alginate Gels | 56 | ||
| 5.3 Gel Formation by the Diffusion Method | 56 | ||
| 5.3.1 Processing | 56 | ||
| 5.3.2 Aerogel Formation | 57 | ||
| 5.3.3 Morphology and Texture of Aerogels | 58 | ||
| 5.3.4 Stability | 61 | ||
| 5.4 Alginate Hydrogels Formation by the Internal Setting Method | 61 | ||
| 5.4.1 Processing | 61 | ||
| 5.4.2 Aerogel Formation | 63 | ||
| 5.4.3 Morphology and Texture | 63 | ||
| 5.4.4 Stability and Properties | 63 | ||
| 5.5 Conclusion | 64 | ||
| References | 64 | ||
| Chapter 6 Protein-based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology | 67 | ||
| 6.1 Protein-based Aerogels: An Overview | 67 | ||
| 6.2 Processing and Fabrication of Protein-based Aerogels | 71 | ||
| 6.2.1 Sol–Gel Processing | 71 | ||
| 6.2.2 Gel–Aerogel Processing | 79 | ||
| 6.3 Morphology of Aerogels | 81 | ||
| 6.3.1 Composition | 85 | ||
| 6.3.2 Methods | 86 | ||
| 6.3.3 Hybrid Protein-based Aerogels | 91 | ||
| 6.4 Processing–Property Relationships | 95 | ||
| 6.5 Protein Encapsulation | 96 | ||
| 6.6 Conclusions | 98 | ||
| References | 99 | ||
| Chapter 7 Hybrid Green Aerogels: Processing and Morphology | 103 | ||
| 7.1 Types of Hybrid Bio-based Aerogels | 103 | ||
| 7.1.1 Organo-hybrid | 107 | ||
| 7.1.2 Inorgano-hybrid | 108 | ||
| 7.2 Synthesis | 108 | ||
| 7.2.1 Formation of Sol | 108 | ||
| 7.2.2 Gelation | 110 | ||
| 7.2.3 Doping | 111 | ||
| 7.2.4 Drying | 113 | ||
| 7.3 Morphology | 113 | ||
| 7.3.1 SEM Images | 113 | ||
| 7.3.2 TEM Images | 119 | ||
| 7.3.3 Synchrotron X-ray Tomography | 120 | ||
| 7.4 Current Limitations and Future Prospects | 124 | ||
| References | 124 | ||
| Chapter 8 Modelling and Simulations of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels | 129 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 129 | ||
| 8.2 Overview on Modelling of Aerogels | 132 | ||
| 8.3 Overview of Modelling of Polysaccharides | 134 | ||
| 8.3.1 Cellulose | 134 | ||
| 8.3.2 Other Polysaccharides | 137 | ||
| 8.4 Mechanical Modelling of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels | 137 | ||
| 8.4.1 Mechanical Characterisation ofPolysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels | 137 | ||
| 8.4.2 Microcell-based Modelling | 140 | ||
| 8.4.3 Simulation and Results | 142 | ||
| 8.5 Summary and Outlook | 145 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 146 | ||
| References | 146 | ||
| Chapter 9 Biodegradation of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels | 151 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 151 | ||
| 9.2 Definition of Biodegradation | 152 | ||
| 9.3 Biodegradability of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels | 154 | ||
| 9.4 Conclusion | 156 | ||
| References | 156 | ||
| Chapter 10 Thermal, Electrical, Insulation and Fire Resistance Properties of Polysaccharide and Protein-based Aerogels | 158 | ||
| 10.1 Thermal and Insulation Properties | 158 | ||
| 10.1.1 Thermal Conductivity Mechanisms | 159 | ||
| 10.1.2 Influence of Aerogel Structure on Insulation Properties | 161 | ||
| 10.1.3 Insulation with Polysaccharide and Protein-based Aerogels | 161 | ||
| 10.2 Electrical and Magnetic Properties | 162 | ||
| 10.2.1 Bio-based Aerogels and Electromagnetic Mechanisms | 162 | ||
| 10.2.2 Synthesis Methods | 163 | ||
| 10.2.3 Bio- based Aerogels Modified with Conductive Materials | 164 | ||
| 10.2.4 Bio-based Aerogel-templated Conductive Carbon Materials | 167 | ||
| 10.3 Fire Resistance Properties | 167 | ||
| 10.3.1 Flame Retardancy Mechanisms | 169 | ||
| 10.3.2 Combustion Properties of Bio-based Aerogels and Their Composites | 170 | ||
| 10.4 Conclusions | 173 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 174 | ||
| References | 174 | ||
| Chapter 11 Mechanical, Rheological and Viscoelastic Properties of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels | 177 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 177 | ||
| 11.2 Bio-based Aerogels | 178 | ||
| 11.2.1 Polysaccharide-based and Protein-based Aerogels | 178 | ||
| 11.2.2 Mechanical Properties | 180 | ||
| 11.2.3 Rheological and Viscoelastic Properties | 186 | ||
| 11.3 Conclusions | 196 | ||
| References | 197 | ||
| Chapter 12 Tuning Microscopic and Mechanical Properties of Bio-based Aerogels | 201 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 201 | ||
| 12.2 Tuning of Microscopic Properties | 203 | ||
| 12.2.1 Control of the Inherent Properties of the Raw Materials | 203 | ||
| 12.2.2 Control of the Aerogel Processing Parameters | 203 | ||
| 12.3 Tuning of the Mechanical Properties | 212 | ||
| 12.3.1 Control of the Density and Surface Charge of the Nanocellulose Aerogels | 213 | ||
| 12.3.2 Chemical Crosslinking | 216 | ||
| 12.3.3 Reinforcing with Introducing of Other Composite Components | 216 | ||
| 12.4 Concluding Remarks | 217 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 217 | ||
| References | 217 | ||
| Chapter 13 Applications of Aerogels in Aerospace and Packaging | 220 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 220 | ||
| 13.2 Aerospace Applications of Aerogels | 221 | ||
| 13.2.1 Aerospace: Structural | 221 | ||
| 13.2.2 Aerospace: Interiors | 221 | ||
| 13.2.3 Astronautical Applications of Aerogels | 222 | ||
| 13.2.4 Aerogels in Aeronautics | 223 | ||
| 13.3 Packaging Applications of Aerogels | 224 | ||
| 13.4 Conclusion | 225 | ||
| References | 225 | ||
| Chapter 14 Cellulose and Protein Aerogels for Oil Spill Cleaning, Life Science and Food Engineering Applications | 228 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 228 | ||
| 14.2 Recycled Cellulose Aerogels Using Kymene Binder for Oil Spill–Cleaning Applications | 230 | ||
| 14.2.1 Introduction | 230 | ||
| 14.2.2 Synthesis of Cellulose Aerogels Using a Kymene Binder | 231 | ||
| 14.2.3 Morphology and Hydrophobicity of the Recycled Cellulose Aerogels | 232 | ||
| 14.2.4 Summary | 242 | ||
| 14.3 Cellulose-based Aerogels for Heat-insulation Applications | 242 | ||
| 14.3.1 Introduction | 242 | ||
| 14.3.2 Synthesis of Silica–Cellulose Aerogels | 243 | ||
| 14.3.3 Thermal Properties of the Cellulose-based Aerogels | 243 | ||
| 14.3.4 Summary | 250 | ||
| 14.4 Protein-based Aerogels and Their Applications | 251 | ||
| 14.4.1 Whey Protein Aerogels | 251 | ||
| 14.4.2 Silk Fibroin Aerogels | 252 | ||
| 14.4.3 Egg White Protein Aerogels | 252 | ||
| 14.4.4 Soy Protein Aerogels | 253 | ||
| 14.5 Conclusions | 253 | ||
| References | 255 | ||
| Chapter 15 Applications of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels in Thermal Insulation | 261 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 261 | ||
| 15.2 Thermal Insulation | 263 | ||
| 15.2.1 Thermal Conductivity | 263 | ||
| 15.2.2 Existing Thermal Insulation Materials | 266 | ||
| 15.3 Polysaccharide Based and Protein Based Aerogels for Thermal Insulation | 268 | ||
| 15.3.1 Cellulose | 268 | ||
| 15.3.2 Other Polysaccharide Based Aerogels | 274 | ||
| 15.3.3 Protein Based Materials | 278 | ||
| 15.4 Challenges | 283 | ||
| 15.4.1 Overcoming the Radiative Effect | 283 | ||
| 15.4.2 Mechanical Properties | 284 | ||
| 15.4.3 Hydrophobic Character | 285 | ||
| 15.4.4 Fire Resistant Properties | 286 | ||
| 15.5 Conclusion | 289 | ||
| References | 290 | ||
| Chapter 16 Biomedical Applications of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels | 295 | ||
| 16.1 Bio-based Products | 295 | ||
| 16.2 Bio-based Aerogels for Drug Delivery | 296 | ||
| 16.3 Bio-based Aerogels for Tissue Engineering | 310 | ||
| 16.4 Other Biomedical Applications of Bio-based Aerogels | 316 | ||
| 16.4.1 Wound Care Applications | 316 | ||
| 16.4.2 Other Applications | 318 | ||
| 16.5 Future Trends | 318 | ||
| Abbreviations | 319 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 319 | ||
| References | 319 | ||
| Subject Index | 324 |