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Neuroradiology

Neuroradiology

Juan E. Small | Daniel L. Noujaim | Daniel T. Ginat | Hillary R. Kelly | Pamela W. Schaefer

(2018)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Acquire a better understanding of disease evolution and treatment response with Neuroradiology Spectrum and Evolution of Disease. The unique format includes carefully chosen clinical images that depict the pathologic evolution of disease from initial presentation across the continuum of progression. Colorful graphics plot characteristic changes, helping you visualize how normal and abnormal variations alter over time. Extensive illustrations and concise descriptions distill complex concepts, making this first-of-its-kind resource an excellent tool for imaging interpretation and clinical problem solving.

  • Presents neurologic disease from a novel imaging perspective, emphasizing evolutionary development and pointing out patterns to recognize.
  • Provides a state-of-the-art understanding of image interpretation based on early, middle, and late imaging characteristics; typical and atypical variants; and pre-treatment, post-treatment, progression, and regression characteristics.
  • Guides you through the progression of disease with chronological indicators, additional clinical images and descriptions, and annotations that highlight atypical findings – for an easy-to-digest, visually memorable presentation.
  • Helps you correctly interpret specific imaging characteristics you have never seen, even when the disease process is one you are familiar with.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover cover
Inside Front Cover ifc1
Neuroradiology i
Copyright Page iv
Dedication v
Contributors vi
Preface viii
Acknowledgments ix
Table Of Contents x
I Brain 1
Parenchymal Hemorrhage and Trauma 1
1 Brain Parenchymal Hematoma Evolution 1
Introduction 1
Temporal Evolution: Overview 1
Temporal Evolution: in Greater Depth 1
A Note on Gradient Echo Sequences 1
Suggested Reading 5
2 Subdural Hemorrhage and Posttraumatic Hygroma 6
Introduction 6
Subdural Hematoma Evolution: Overview 7
Subdural Hematoma Evolution: In Greater Depth 12
Differential Diagnosis 12
Suggested Reading 19
Disorders of Cerebral Vascular Autoregulation 20
3 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome 20
Introduction 20
Evolution: Overview 20
Imaging Appearance 20
Complications 29
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 30
Suggested Reading 32
Arteriopathy 32
4 Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 32
Introduction 32
Epidemiology, Pathology, and Clinical Presentation 32
Clinical and Imaging Features 33
Overview 33
In Greater Depth 33
Hemorrhagic Manifestations of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 33
Nonhemorrhagic Manifestations of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 33
Differential Diagnosis 35
Risk Factors and Treatment 35
References 40
Metabolic Disorders 41
5 Wernicke Encephalopathy 41
Introduction 41
Wernicke Encephalopathy Imaging Evolution: Overview 41
Wernicke Encephalopathy Imaging Variants 41
Differential Diagnosis 41
References 46
6 Central Pontine Myelinolysis 46
Introduction 46
Imaging Pattern 47
Temporal Evolution: Overview 47
Acute Phase 47
Subacute Phase 48
Chronic Phase 48
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 48
Suggested Reading 50
Infection 50
7 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis 50
Introduction 50
Temporal Evolution: Overview 51
Temporal Evolution: in Greater Depth 51
Atypical Presentations 53
Differential Diagnosis 53
Acute Cerebral Ischemia-Infarction 53
Limbic Encephalitis 53
Human Herpesvirus 6 Encephalitis 53
Postictal Changes 55
References 55
8 Toxoplasmosis 56
Introduction 56
Imaging Findings 56
Evolution of Disease 56
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 57
References 60
9 Neurocysticercosis 61
Introduction 61
Life Cycle 61
Parenchymal Neurocysticercosis Evolution: Overview 61
Noncystic 61
Vesicular 61
Colloidal Vesicular 61
Granular-Nodular Stage 62
Calcified Nodular Stage 65
Classification According to Location 65
Parenchymal 69
Subarachnoid-Cisternal 69
Intraventricular 69
Spinal 69
Muscular 69
Orbital 69
Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging 69
Differential Diagnosis 69
Clinical Manifestations 80
Summary 80
References 80
Autoimmune/Inflammatory Disorders 80
10 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 80
Introduction 80
Pathophysiology and Histology 81
Imaging Appearance 81
Variants 88
Multiphasic Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 88
Tumefactive Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 88
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis (Weston-Hurst Disease) 88
Poststreptococcal Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 88
Complications 88
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 88
Multiple Sclerosis 88
Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy 92
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome 92
Encephalitis/Encephalopathy 92
Vascular Causes 92
Suggested Reading 96
11 Autoimmune Encephalitis 96
Introduction 96
Autoimmune Encephalitis Subtypes: Overview 96
Imaging Findings 97
Limbic Encephalitis 97
Cerebellitis 98
Basal Ganglia Encephalitis 98
BrainStem Encephalitis 98
Other Imaging Findings 101
Differential Diagnosis 101
Conclusion 102
References 103
12 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 103
Introduction 103
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Imaging Evolution 103
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Imaging Variants 104
Differential Diagnosis 104
References 107
13 Central Nervous System–Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome 108
Introduction 108
Central Nervous System–Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Imaging Spectrum 108
Rare Forms of Central Nervous System–Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome 110
Differential Diagnosis 112
References 114
14 Neurosarcoidosis 115
Introduction 115
Neurosarcoidosis: In Greater Depth 115
Neuroimaging Evolution: Overview 116
Brain Involvement 117
Cranial Nerve Involvement 117
Leptomeningeal Involvement 117
Pachymeningeal Involvement 117
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Involvement 117
Spine 117
Bones 127
Complications 127
Vascular 127
Hydrocephalus 127
Infection 131
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 131
Summary 132
References 135
Suggested Readings 135
Tumors 136
15 Treated Gliomas 136
Introduction 136
Surgical and Therapeutic Options: Overview 136
Intraoperative Imaging 136
Postsurgical Changes 136
Immediate Postoperative Period: Pearls and Pitfalls 136
Laser-Induced Thermotherapy 137
Local Chemotherapy or Brachytherapy 137
Foreign Body Reactions and Textilomas 139
Radiation-Related Abnormalities 139
Early Postradiation Changes (Pseudoprogression) 139
Definition and Epidemiology 139
Pathophysiology 141
Imaging Findings 141
Delayed Postradiation Changes 142
Definition and Epidemiology 142
Pathophysiology 142
Radiation Necrosis 142
Radiation Vasculopathy 142
Strokelike Migraine Attacks After Radiation Therapy Syndrome 142
Useful Advanced Imaging Techniques and Protocols 142
Changes Related to Antiangiogenic Therapies 146
Background 146
Pseudoresponse 146
Patterns of Failure During Antiangiogenic Treatment 146
Optimal Imaging Techniques and Protocols 146
Other Changes Related to Antiangiogenic Therapies 147
Immunotherapy, Checkpoint Inhibitors, and Other Therapeutic Options 147
Immunotherapy-Related Changes 147
Introduction 147
Pseudoprogression and Other Reported Abnormalities 149
Checkpoint Inhibitors 149
Introduction 149
Pseudoprogression and Autoimmunity 149
Summary 149
References 152
16 Hemangioblastoma 153
Background 153
Types of Hemangioblastoma 153
Imaging Appearance 153
Stages of Evolution in Hemangioblastoma 154
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 154
Conclusion 154
Suggested Reading 157
Ventricular System Alterations 158
17 Intracranial Hypotension 158
Introduction 158
Evolution: Overview 158
Evolution: In Greater Depth 160
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 160
References 162
18 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) 163
Introduction 163
Evolution: Overview 163
Evolution: in Greater Depth 164
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 164
References 166
Pituitary Abnormalities 167
19 Partially Empty Sella 167
Introduction 167
II Spine 189
Degenerative Disease 189
23 Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament 189
Introduction 189
Pathophysiology and Natural History: Overview 189
Evolution 189
Distribution 189
Pathologic Classification and Imaging Features 189
Rate of Progression 189
Pathophysiology 189
Treatment and Complications 191
Differential Diagnosis 197
Suggested Reading 199
24 Lumbar Interbody Fusion 199
Introduction 199
Overview 199
Interbody Fusion Approaches and Techniques 199
Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion 200
Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion 200
Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion 201
Lumbar Interbody Fusion Devices 201
Natural Evolution in Depth 201
Computed Tomography Evaluation of Interbody Fusion 202
Computed Tomography Evaluation of Posterolateral Fusion 204
Overall Assessment and Complications 204
Differential Diagnosis 204
Suggested Reading 208
Posttraumatic Effects 208
25 Kummel Disease 208
Introduction 208
Stages of Evolution: Overview 208
Kummel Disease Evolution: in Greater Depth 208
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 208
Summary 213
Suggested Reading 213
Infection 213
26 Discitis-Osteomyelitis 213
Introduction 213
Imaging Evolution: Overview 214
Imaging Evolution: in Greater Depth 214
Early Disease (1 to 3 Weeks) 214
Late Disease (Weeks to Months) 214
Posttreatment and Follow-Up 215
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 216
Suggested Reading 221
27 Tuberculous Spinal Infection 222
Introduction 222
Imaging Evolution: Overview 222
Imaging Evolution: in Greater Depth 224
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 225
Suggested Reading 226
Bone Lesions 226
28 Chordoma 226
Introduction 226
Evolution: Overview 226
Spectrum: Overview 227
Spectrum: in Greater Depth 228
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 228
References 232
29 Vertebral Hemangioma 232
Introduction 232
Evolution: Overview 232
Evolution: in Greater Depth 232
Differential Diagnosis 235
References 236
Cord Lesions 236
30 Syringohydromyelia 236
Introduction 236
Imaging: Overview 237
Pathophysiology 237
Differential Diagnosis 239
References 240
31 Spinal Cord Infarction 241
Introduction 241
Evolution: Overview 241
Vascular Anatomy 241
Clinical Syndromes 242
Evolution: in Greater Depth 244
Differential Diagnosis 246
References 249
32 Subacute Progressive Ascending Myelopathy 250
Introduction 250
Temporal Evolution: Overview 250
Differential Diagnosis 251
Suggested Readings 254
Cord Tumors 254
33 Spinal Cord Ependymoma 254
Introduction 254
Spectrum of Disease 254
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 254
Treatment and Temporal Evolution 255
Differential Diagnosis 256
Suggested Reading 266
34 Spinal Cord Astrocytoma 266
Introduction 266
Evolution: Overview 266
Evolution: in Greater Depth 271
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 272
Suggested Reading 277
Spine Deformity 277
35 Hirayama Disease 277
Introduction 277
Overview 277
In Greater Depth 278
Neutral Position Imaging Findings 278
Natural History of Hirayama Disease 281
Differential Diagnosis 282
Suggested Readings 282
36 Dorsal Thoracic Arachnoid Abnormalities 282
Introduction 282
Anatomic Principles of the Spinal Meninges 282
Arachnoid-Related Abnormalities in Greater Depth 283
Arachnoid Cysts and Pouches 283
Arachnoid Bands and Webs 285
Natural History and Evolution 286
Mimics 287
Neurenteric Cyst 287
Epidermoid Cyst 287
Neurocysticercosis 288
Arachnoiditis 289
Ventral Cord Herniation 289
Summary 290
Suggested Readings 290
III Head and Neck 291
Infection 291
37 Orbital Infection 291
Introduction 291
Periorbital Cellulitis 292
Orbital Cellulitis 292
Subperiosteal Abscess 292
Intraorbital Abscess 292
Dacryocystitis 293
Dacryoadenitis 293
Endophthalmitis 294
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 294
Periorbital Cellulitis 294
Orbital Cellulitis 294
Intraorbital Abscess 294
Subperiosteal Abscess 296
Dacryocystitis 296
Dacryoadenitis 297
Endophthalmitis 297
Suggested Readings 297
38 Recurrent Suppurative Thyroiditis Due to Piriform Sinus Fistula 298
Introduction 298
Temporal Evolution: Overview 298
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 298
Suggested Readings 302
Inflammatory Disorders 302
39 Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy 302
Introduction 302
Evolution: Overview 302
Evolution: In Greater Depth 302
Pathogenesis: In Depth 304
Variant: Isolated Orbital Adipose Expansion 306
Variant: Lacrimal Gland 306
Posttreatment: Decompression 306
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 306
Mimic: Orbital Pseudotumor 307
References 307
40 IgG4-Related Disease in the Head and Neck 308
Introduction 308
Background 308
Epidemiology 308
Histopathology 308
Boston Criteria 309
Japanese Criteria 309
Temporal Evolution: Overview 309
Temporal Evolution: in Greater Depth 309
Küttner Tumor (Localized Salivary) 309
Mikulicz Disease (Diffuse/Multiglandular Salivary) 309
Orbit 309
Thyroid (Riedel Thyroiditis) 309
Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis 310
Diagnosis and Differential 310
Küttner Tumor (Localized Salivary) 310
Mikulicz Disease (Diffuse Salivary and Lacrimal) 310
Orbit 310
Thyroid (Riedel Thyroiditis) 311
Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis 314
Other Head and Neck Manifestations of IgG4-Related Disease 316
Suggested Reading 317
References 317
41 Sjögren Syndrome 318
Introduction 318
Temporal Evolution: Overview 318
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 319
Suggested Readings 321
42 Cholesteatoma 322
Introduction 322
Temporal Evolution: Overview 322
Temporal Evolution: in Greater Depth 322
Pars Flaccida 322
Pars Tensa 324
Congenital Cholesteatoma 325
External Auditory Canal 325
Autoatticotomy and Automastoidectomy 327
Recurrent Cholesteatoma and the “Chronic Ear” 327
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 327
References 331
43 Labyrinthitis 331
Introduction 331
Temporal Evolution: Overview 331
Temporal Evolution: in Greater Depth 332
Acute Labyrinthitis 332
Chronic Labyrinthitis 332
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 336
References 338
Tumors 339
44 Paraganglioma 339
Introduction 339
Imaging 340
Temporal Evolution and Treatment 342
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 342
Glomus Vagale and Carotid Body Tumor Mimics 342
Glomus Tympanicum Mimics 345
Glomus Jugulare Mimics 345
Suggested Readings 346
45 Esthesioneuroblastoma 346
Introduction 346
Temporal Evolution: Overview 348
Temporal Evolution: in Greater Depth 348
Posttherapy Evaluation 349
Craniofacial Resection 349
Radiation Change 351
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 351
Papilloma 352
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 353
Sarcoma 353
Lymphoma 353
Melanoma 353
Meningioma 353
Invasive Fungal Sinusitis 356
References 356
Posttraumatic Effects 357
46 Vocal Cord Augmentation/Injection Laryngoplasty 357
Introduction 357
Temporal Evolution: Overview 357
Teflon Granuloma: in Greater Depth 361
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 361
Suggested Readings 362
Bone Lesions 363
47 Otospongiosis 363
Introduction 363
Pretreatment and Posttreatment Imaging 364
Pretreatment Imaging 364
Posttreatment Imaging 364
Temporal Evolution: Overview 364
By Location 364
By Phase of Disease 365
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 367
Suggested Reading 368
48 Paget’s Disease 368
Introduction 368
Temporal Evolution: Overview 368
Complications 371
Temporal Evolution: in Greater Depth 371
Specific Neuroimaging-Related Appearances 376
Skull 376
Spine 376
Suggested Reading 381
Vascular Lesions 381
49 Carotid Blowout Syndrome 381
Introduction 381
Temporal Evolution: Overview 383
Management 386
Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 386
Suggested Reading 387
Index 388
A 388
B 388
C 389
D 390
E 390
F 391
G 391
H 391
I 392
J 392
K 392
L 392
M 393
N 393
O 393
P 394
R 394
S 395
T 395
U 396
V 396
W 396
X 396
Inside Back Cover ibc1