BOOK
Sustainable Catalysis for Biorefineries
Francesco Frusteri | Donato Aranda | Giuseppe Bonura
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Biorefineries are becoming increasingly important in providing sustainable routes for chemical industry processes. The establishment of bio-economic models, based on biorefineries for the creation of innovative products with high added value, such as biochemicals and bioplastics, allows the development of “green chemistry” methods in synergy with traditional chemistry. This reduces the heavy dependence on imports and assists the development of economically and environmentally sustainable production processes, that accommodate the huge investments, research and innovation efforts.
This book explores the most effective or promising catalytic processes for the conversion of biobased components into high added value products, as platform chemicals and intermediates. With a focus on heterogeneous catalysis, this book is ideal for researchers working in catalysis and in green chemistry.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Sustainable Catalysis for Biorefineries | i | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Chapter 1 - Catalysts for Co-processing Biomass in Oil Refining Industry | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Bio-oil in FCC | 5 | ||
| 1.3 Co-processing in Hydrotreating Units | 13 | ||
| 1.4 Co-processing Bio-oil in HDT Units | 14 | ||
| 1.5 Conclusions | 20 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Catalytic Processes and Catalyst Development in Biorefining | 25 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 25 | ||
| 2.2 Lignocellulose Composition | 27 | ||
| 2.3 Catalytic Processes of Biomass Deconstruction to Produce Upgradable Gaseous and Liquid Platforms | 28 | ||
| 2.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass | 29 | ||
| 2.3.1.1 Pyrolysis and Liquefaction | 29 | ||
| 2.3.1.2 Gasification | 31 | ||
| 2.3.2 Liquid-phase Methods | 34 | ||
| 2.3.2.1 Hydrolytic Depolymerization of Cellulose and Hemicelluloses | 35 | ||
| 2.3.2.2 Cellulose and Hemicelluloses Hydrolysis–Hydrogenation and Hydrolysis–Oxidation | 37 | ||
| 2.3.2.3 Aqueous-phase Reforming | 39 | ||
| 2.3.2.4 Biomass Delignification | 39 | ||
| 2.4 Catalytic Processes for Upgrading Deconstructed Biomass to Useful Fuels and Chemicals | 41 | ||
| 2.4.1 Synthesis Gas | 41 | ||
| 2.4.2 Bio-oil | 42 | ||
| 2.4.3 Sugars | 45 | ||
| 2.4.4 Furfurals and Levulinic Acid | 47 | ||
| 2.5 Conclusions | 52 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 54 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Catalysts for Depolymerization of Biomass | 65 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 65 | ||
| 3.2 Solid Catalysts for the Depolymerization of Lignocellulose Biomass | 67 | ||
| 3.2.1 Resins | 68 | ||
| 3.2.2 Carbon Based Catalysts | 69 | ||
| 3.2.2.1 Modified Carbons | 69 | ||
| 3.2.2.2 Metals Supported on Carbon | 71 | ||
| 3.2.3 Zeolites and Silicates | 72 | ||
| 3.2.4 Oxides | 74 | ||
| 3.2.4.1 Non-promoted Oxides | 74 | ||
| 3.2.4.2 Sulfated Oxides | 76 | ||
| 3.2.4.3 Metals Supported on Oxides | 78 | ||
| 3.2.5 Heteropoly Acids | 78 | ||
| 3.2.6 Micellar and Nanosized Catalysts | 79 | ||
| 3.2.7 Other Catalysts | 80 | ||
| 3.2.8 Influence of Reaction Conditions and Target Products on the Choice of a Promising Catalyst | 81 | ||
| 3.3 Reaction Mechanisms | 82 | ||
| 3.4 Auxiliary Methods for Lignocellulose Depolymerization | 85 | ||
| 3.5 Conclusions | 89 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 90 | ||
| References | 90 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Advances in Catalytic Processes of Microalgae Conversion into Biofuels and Chemicals | 98 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 98 | ||
| 4.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Microalgae to Bio-crude Oil | 101 | ||
| 4.2.1 Development of HTL of Microalgae to Liquid Fuel | 102 | ||
| 4.2.2 Microalgae Conversion Under HTL Conditions | 103 | ||
| 4.2.3 Effect of Catalysts and HTL Conditions on Bio-crude Oil Properties and Yields | 105 | ||
| 4.3 Catalytic Conversion of Microalgae Extracts | 110 | ||
| 4.3.1 Catalytic Transesterification of Microalgal Lipids to Produce Biodiesel | 110 | ||
| 4.3.1.1 Homogeneous Catalytic Transesterification | 111 | ||
| 4.3.1.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Transesterification | 113 | ||
| 4.3.1.3 Biocatalytic Transesterification | 115 | ||
| 4.3.2 Catalytic Upgrading of Microalgal Oil to Produce Green Transportation Fuels | 118 | ||
| 4.3.3 Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-crude Oil | 122 | ||
| 4.3.4 Catalytic Reforming of Glycerol | 124 | ||
| 4.4 Computational Simulation of Model Feedstock | 126 | ||
| 4.4.1 Transesterification and Hydrolysis of Algae Oil to Biodiesel | 127 | ||
| 4.4.2 Conversion to Hydrocarbons by Decarboxylation and Hydrodeoxygenation | 129 | ||
| 4.4.3 Conversion to Short Chain-length Fuel by Hydroisomerization and Hydrocracking | 132 | ||
| 4.5 Conclusions | 134 | ||
| Disclaimer | 135 | ||
| References | 136 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Catalysts for Biofuels Production | 144 | ||
| 5.1 Novel Catalytic Technologies for Biofuels Production | 144 | ||
| 5.2 Transesterification of Vegetable Oils | 145 | ||
| 5.2.1 Solid Acid Catalysts | 146 | ||
| 5.2.1.1 Ion-exchange Resins | 147 | ||
| 5.2.1.2 Zeolites | 149 | ||
| 5.2.1.3 Heteropoly Acid Catalysts | 150 | ||
| 5.2.1.4 Sulfated Metal Oxides | 152 | ||
| 5.2.2 Heterogeneous Base Catalysts | 153 | ||
| 5.2.2.1 Hydrotalcites | 154 | ||
| 5.2.2.2 Metal Oxides | 155 | ||
| 5.2.2.3 Metallic Salts | 158 | ||
| 5.2.2.4 Supported Base Catalysts | 159 | ||
| 5.3 Hydrotreating of Bio-oils | 160 | ||
| 5.3.1 Catalysts for Vegetable/Algal Oil Hydroconversion | 162 | ||
| 5.4 Biomass Thermochemical Conversion to Liquid Fuels | 164 | ||
| 5.4.1 Catalysts for Pyrolysis Oil Hydroconversion | 166 | ||
| 5.4.1.1 Catalytic Upgrading in Liquid Phase | 167 | ||
| 5.4.1.2 Catalytic Upgrading in the Vapour Phase | 168 | ||
| 5.5 Comparison of Technology: Potential of Raw Materials, Costs and Barriers for Large-scale Development | 170 | ||
| 5.6 Final Remarks | 172 | ||
| References | 173 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oils | 181 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 181 | ||
| 6.2 Bio-oil Upgrading: General Characteristics | 183 | ||
| 6.3 Catalytic Valorization of Bio-oils | 184 | ||
| 6.3.1 Cracking of Bio-oil Products | 185 | ||
| 6.3.2 Cracking of Triglyceride-type Compounds | 186 | ||
| 6.3.3 Catalytic Deoxygenation (HDO) | 188 | ||
| 6.3.3.1 Catalysts and Reaction Mechanisms | 190 | ||
| 6.3.3.1.1\rSulfide/Oxide Catalysts.Typical hydrotreating sulfide catalysts such Co–MoS2 and Ni–MoS2 are the most frequently used catalysts ... | 190 | ||
| 6.3.3.1.2\rNoble Metal-based Catalysts.It is known that noble metal-based catalysts exhibit high intrinsic hydrogenation activity. However,... | 193 | ||
| 6.3.3.1.3\rNon-noble Metal Catalysts.Transition metal catalysts display good catalytic performance for bio-oil upgrading. They can be used ... | 193 | ||
| 6.3.4 Esterification | 199 | ||
| 6.4 Conclusions | 199 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 200 | ||
| References | 200 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Noble Metal Based Bimetallic Catalysts for the Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Phenolic Model Components for (Pyrolytic) Lignins | 206 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 206 | ||
| 7.1.1 Lignin: General Features and Molecular Composition | 206 | ||
| 7.1.2 Pyrolytic Lignin | 208 | ||
| 7.1.3 Interesting Biobased Chemicals from Lignin | 208 | ||
| 7.1.4 Lignin Conversion Strategies to Obtain Biobased Chemicals | 210 | ||
| 7.1.5 Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Lignin | 210 | ||
| 7.1.6 Scope of the Current Review | 212 | ||
| 7.2 Experimental Studies for Lignin Model Components Using Bimetallic Noble Metal Catalysts | 214 | ||
| 7.2.1 Overview for Anisole | 214 | ||
| 7.2.2 Overview for m-cresol | 219 | ||
| 7.2.3 Overview for Guaiacol | 223 | ||
| 7.2.3.1 Experiments in Batch Set-ups | 223 | ||
| 7.2.3.2 Experiments in Continuous Set-ups | 230 | ||
| 7.2.4 Overview for 4-propylphenol | 231 | ||
| 7.2.5 Miscellaneous Model Component | 234 | ||
| 7.3 Selectivity and Yield Trends for Aromatic Components when Using Bimetallic Noble Metal Catalysts | 238 | ||
| 7.4 Conclusions | 239 | ||
| References | 239 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Microwaves in the Catalytic Valorisation of Biomass Derivatives | 243 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 243 | ||
| 8.2 Hydrolysis of Biopolymers | 245 | ||
| 8.2.1 The Importance of Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Source of Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin | 245 | ||
| 8.2.2 Hydrolysis of Cellulose | 246 | ||
| 8.2.2.1 Microwave Hydrolysis of Cellulose | 249 | ||
| 8.2.2.1.1\rMicrowaves and Cellulose.Recently, microwave irradiation has emerged as a promising technique applied to the hydrolysis of cellu... | 249 | ||
| 8.2.2.1.2\rHow the Degree of Polymerisation and Crystallinity of Cellulose Affect Hydrolysis.When comparing reaction rates and yields in th... | 255 | ||
| 8.2.3 Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose | 256 | ||
| 8.2.4 Hydrolysis of Starch | 258 | ||
| 8.2.5 Microwave-assisted Lignin Conversion | 258 | ||
| 8.2.5.1 Use of Hydrogen-donating Agents | 261 | ||
| 8.2.5.2 Oxidative Lignin Conversion | 261 | ||
| 8.3 Catalytic Valorisation of Bioderived Compounds in Microwave Reactors | 263 | ||
| 8.3.1 Catalytic Hydrogenation in Microwave Reactors | 263 | ||
| 8.3.1.1 The Importance of Catalytic Hydrogenation in Biomass Conversion | 266 | ||
| 8.3.1.2 Transfer Hydrogenations in the Microwave Reactor | 266 | ||
| 8.3.1.2.1\rVegetable Oils.Transfer hydrogenations related to vegetable oils were studied by Leskovsek and co-workers94 and Prabhavathi Devi... | 267 | ||
| 8.3.1.2.2\rCitronellal to Menthol.Menthol is in high demand in multiple industries167 and its production at mild temperatures of 100–130 °C... | 267 | ||
| 8.3.1.3 Catalytic Microwave Hydrogenations Under Pressurised Hydrogen | 268 | ||
| 8.3.1.3.1\rEthyl Cinnamate to Ethyl Hydrocinnamate.Raspolli Galletti et al.169 utilised microwaves for the synthesis of green catalysts bas... | 268 | ||
| 8.3.1.3.2\rCitral (3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal) to Citronellal.Citronellal, or 3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-al, is a bioderived compound with app... | 268 | ||
| 8.3.1.3.3\rHydrogenation of Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol.Among other catalytic hydrogenations, our research group has studied the hydrogena... | 269 | ||
| 8.3.2 Catalytic Oxidation | 270 | ||
| 8.3.3 Catalytic Dehydration: Hydroxymethylfurfural and Furfural Production | 272 | ||
| 8.3.4 Esterification and Transesterification | 277 | ||
| 8.3.4.1 Esterification | 278 | ||
| 8.3.4.2 Transesterification for the Production of Biodiesel | 282 | ||
| 8.4 Conclusions | 283 | ||
| Abbreviations | 284 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 285 | ||
| References | 285 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Biohydrogen and Biomethane Production | 300 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction and Overview | 300 | ||
| 9.2 Catalytic Gasification of Biomass in Aqueous Media | 302 | ||
| 9.2.1 Catalytic Aqueous-phase Reforming (APR) | 304 | ||
| 9.2.2 Catalytic Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) | 314 | ||
| 9.3 Biomethane and Biosynthetic Natural Gas (Bio-SNG) | 322 | ||
| 9.3.1 The Methanation of CO and CO2: Catalysts and Reactors | 324 | ||
| 9.3.2 Processes to Biomethane | 328 | ||
| 9.3.3 Processes to Produce Bio-SNG | 330 | ||
| 9.3.4 Processes for In situ Upgrading Biogas | 331 | ||
| 9.4 Conclusion | 333 | ||
| References | 334 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Biochar Production, Activation and Application as a Promising Catalyst | 340 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 340 | ||
| 10.2 Biochar Production | 341 | ||
| 10.2.1 Conventional Pyrolysis (CP) | 341 | ||
| 10.2.2 Gasification | 342 | ||
| 10.2.3 Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis (MWP) | 343 | ||
| 10.2.4 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) | 345 | ||
| 10.3 Biochar Activation and Upgrading | 348 | ||
| 10.3.1 Physical Activation | 349 | ||
| 10.3.2 Chemical Activation | 351 | ||
| 10.4 Biochar as Catalyst and Catalyst Support | 354 | ||
| 10.4.1 Biochar Used as a Catalyst Directly | 354 | ||
| 10.4.1.1 The Application in Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass | 355 | ||
| 10.4.1.2 The Application in Tar Removal for Clean Syngas | 356 | ||
| 10.4.2 Biochar-supported Heterogeneous Catalysts | 357 | ||
| 10.4.3 Biochar-based Solid Acid Catalyst | 359 | ||
| 10.4.4 Biochar-based Electrochemical Catalyst | 360 | ||
| 10.4.5 Biochar-based Photocatalyst | 361 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 362 | ||
| References | 362 | ||
| Subject Index | 367 |