Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Gunner Goggles Series is the first exam prep resource written by a high-scoring peer group of medical students, ensuring the most practical and efficient study guidance. It organizes topics around the USMLE and NBME content outlines for the required shelf exams and features state-of-the-art Augmented Reality (AR) mobile application to extend learning beyond the book. This innovative series features AR opportunities throughout the text for an integrated print-mobile experience that maximizes learning and test preparation. The Gunner Goggle function allows you to scan pages for integrated AR links, unlocking animations, visuals, and 3D models that clarify complex anatomy, conditions, and concepts in a remarkably effective and unique manner.
Gunner Goggles Series: Surgery is one of seven authoritative exam preparation guides that use cutting-edge AR technology to fully prepare you for the NBME clinical shelf exams, the USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) exam, and successful clinical rotations.
- Topics are organized around the USMLE and NBME content outlines for specific shelf exams, and information is presented in a highly templated, concise manner.
- The Augmented Reality application allows you to efficiently study and learn using an integrated print-mobile approach. In addition to unlocking animations and other visuals, AR app access also includes additional content, links to provide feedback to the authors, community pages, and more.
- All test topics are covered in just enough detail to help you hone in on key points you must know for exam success.
- Unique! Every disease is described by its stem clues (buzzwords that appear in question stems) and prophylactic measures (PPx), mechanism (MoD), diagnostic tests (Dx) and treatment/management principles (Tx/Mgmt) – the four "Physician Tasks" that the NBME requires students to know about each disease.
- You’ll also get real-world tips for your clinical rotations from your peers – information that won’t show up on the shelf exam but is ideal for maximum impact when on rounds (knowing the prognosis for a specific disease, for example).
- Plus … effective study techniques, sample study schedules, tips and tricks to better retain information learned from review questions, and methods to self-generate mnemonics.
- Edited, written, and crowdsourced by high-performing medical students and residents and reviewed by experts in the field to ensure accuracy, relevancy, and accessibility.
Titles in the Gunner Goggles series:
Family Medicine • Print ISBN: 978-0-323-51034-9 • e-Book ISBN: 978-0-323-52756-9
Medicine • Print ISBN: 978-0-323-51035-6 • e-Book ISBN: 978-0-323-52758-3
Neurology • Print ISBN: 978-0-323-51036-3 • e-Book ISBN: 978-0-323-52760-6
Ob-Gyn • Print ISBN: 978-0-323-51037-0 • e-Book ISBN: 978-0-323-52768-2
Pediatrics • Print ISBN: 978-0-323-51038-7 • e-Book ISBN: 978-0-323-52763-7
Psychiatry • Print ISBN: 978-0-323-51039-4 e-Book ISBN: 978-0-323-52765-1
Surgery • Print ISBN: 978-0-323-51040-0 • e-Book ISBN: 978-0-323-52767-5
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IBC | ES1 | ||
| Gunner Goggles | i | ||
| GUNNER GOGGLES Surgery | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Gunner Goggles Honors Shelf Review Series | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Acknowledgments | viii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| 1 - Introduction | 1 | ||
| I. Gunner’s Guide to a Better Test Score | 1 | ||
| II. Augmented Reality: A New Paradigm for Shelf Exam Test Prep | 2 | ||
| Presentation | 2 | ||
| Evaluation | 3 | ||
| Community Engagement | 4 | ||
| Augmented Reality Frequently Asked Questions | 4 | ||
| III. Study Smart: Mnemonics and Gunner Study Tips | 5 | ||
| Understand the Organizing Principle | 5 | ||
| Create Effective Mnemonics | 5 | ||
| Devise a Study Schedule and Stick to It | 7 | ||
| Distinguish Rotation-Knowledge From Shelf-Knowledge | 7 | ||
| IV. Intro to the National Board of Medical Examiners Clinical Science Surgery Subject Exam | 7 | ||
| 2 - General Principles | 11 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| Nutrition | 11 | ||
| Protein-Calorie Malnutrition | 11 | ||
| Vitamin Deficiencies and/or Toxicities | 12 | ||
| Vitamin A | 12 | ||
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | 12 | ||
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | 12 | ||
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | 13 | ||
| Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) | 13 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | 13 | ||
| Vitamin C | 14 | ||
| Vitamin D | 14 | ||
| Vitamin E | 14 | ||
| Vitamin K | 14 | ||
| Mineral Deficiencies and/or Toxicities | 14 | ||
| Iron | 14 | ||
| Zinc | 14 | ||
| Special Nutritional Considerations | 15 | ||
| Obesity | 15 | ||
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | 15 | ||
| Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Disorders | 15 | ||
| Dehydration/Hypovolemia | 15 | ||
| Volume Overload/Hypervolemia | 16 | ||
| Electrolyte and Ion Disorders | 16 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 16 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 17 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 17 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 18 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 19 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 19 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 20 | ||
| Hyperphosphatemia | 20 | ||
| Hypomagnesemia | 21 | ||
| Hypermagnesemia | 21 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance Disorders | 22 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 22 | ||
| Metabolic Alkalosis | 22 | ||
| Respiratory Acidosis | 23 | ||
| Respiratory Alkalosis | 23 | ||
| Abuse | 24 | ||
| Multisystem Failure | 24 | ||
| Bacteremia | 24 | ||
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome | 24 | ||
| Sepsis | 25 | ||
| Shock | 25 | ||
| Genetic, Metabolic, and Developmental Disorders | 26 | ||
| Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome | 26 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 26 | ||
| Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency | 27 | ||
| Hemochromatosis | 27 | ||
| Ethics | 28 | ||
| Patient Nonadherent to Treatment or Test | 28 | ||
| Patient Nonadherent to Total Lifestyle Change, Behavior | 28 | ||
| Patient Who Is Seductive | 28 | ||
| Patient Who Is Angry | 28 | ||
| Patient Who Is Sad and Tearful | 28 | ||
| Patient Who Complains About Another Doctor | 28 | ||
| Patient Who Complains About You or Your Staff | 29 | ||
| Patient Who You Need to Break Bad News To | 29 | ||
| Patient Being Evaluated for Decision-Making Capacity | 29 | ||
| Patient Who Is a Jehovah’s Witness and Needs Blood Transfusion | 29 | ||
| Patient With Meningitis Refusing Treatment | 30 | ||
| Pediatric Patient With Nonemergent, Potentially Fatal Medical Condition and Parents Refuse Treatment | 30 | ||
| Patient With HIV Diagnosis Refuses to Share With Significant Other | 30 | ||
| 3 - Immunologic Disorders | 34 | ||
| Introduction | 34 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 34 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 34 | ||
| Vasculitides | 36 | ||
| Small Vessel | 36 | ||
| Behçet Syndrome | 36 | ||
| Churg-Strauss Syndrome | 37 | ||
| Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis) | 37 | ||
| Microscopic Polyangiitis | 38 | ||
| Henoch-Schonlein Purpura | 38 | ||
| Medium Vessel | 39 | ||
| Kawasaki Disease | 39 | ||
| Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans) | 40 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | 41 | ||
| Large Vessel | 41 | ||
| Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis | 41 | ||
| Takayasu Arteritis | 42 | ||
| Autoimmune Disorders | 42 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (aka Lupus) | 43 | ||
| Sjogren Syndrome | 45 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis (aka Scleroderma) | 46 | ||
| Mixed Connective Tissue Disease | 47 | ||
| Notes | 49 | ||
| 4 - Diseases of the Blood and Blood-Forming Organs | 53 | ||
| Introduction | 53 | ||
| Infections of the Blood | 53 | ||
| Bacterial Infections of the Blood | 53 | ||
| Infections of Lymphoid Tissue | 54 | ||
| Lymphadenitis | 54 | ||
| Lymphangitis | 54 | ||
| Immunologic and Inflammatory Disorders | 55 | ||
| Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | 55 | ||
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura | 57 | ||
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | 57 | ||
| Neoplasms | 58 | ||
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | 58 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 59 | ||
| Burkitt Lymphoma | 60 | ||
| T-Cell Lymphoma | 60 | ||
| Anemia | 61 | ||
| Anemia of Chronic Disease | 62 | ||
| G6PD Deficiency | 62 | ||
| Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency | 63 | ||
| Hereditary Spherocytosis | 63 | ||
| Hereditary Elliptocytosis (Ovalocytosis) | 64 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 65 | ||
| Anemia From Blood Loss | 66 | ||
| Cytopenias | 67 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 67 | ||
| Leukopenia | 67 | ||
| Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 68 | ||
| Coagulation Disorders | 68 | ||
| Hypocoagulable States | 70 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 71 | ||
| Hemophilia A | 71 | ||
| Hemophilia B | 72 | ||
| Hypofibrinogenemia/Afibrinogenemia (Factor I Deficiency) | 72 | ||
| von Willebrand Disease | 73 | ||
| Bernard-Soulier Syndrome (Hemorrhagiparous Thrombocytic Dystrophy) | 74 | ||
| Glanzmann Thrombasthenia | 74 | ||
| Hypercoagulable States | 75 | ||
| Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia/Thrombosis | 75 | ||
| Homocysteinemia | 76 | ||
| Hypoplasminogenemia | 76 | ||
| Antithrombin III Deficiency | 77 | ||
| Protein C/S Deficiency | 77 | ||
| Warfarin-Induced Skin Necrosis | 78 | ||
| Factor V Leiden | 78 | ||
| Antiphospholipid Syndrome (Lupus Anticoagulant, Anticardiolipin) | 79 | ||
| Prothrombin G20210A Mutation | 80 | ||
| Reactions to Blood Components | 80 | ||
| Traumatic, Mechanical, and Vascular Disorders | 80 | ||
| Cardiac Valve Hemolysis | 82 | ||
| Splenic Rupture/Laceration | 82 | ||
| Splenic Infarct | 82 | ||
| Splenic Abscess | 83 | ||
| Effects/Complications of Splenectomy | 83 | ||
| Hypersplenism | 84 | ||
| 5 - Diseases of the Nervous System and Special Senses | 89 | ||
| Introduction | 89 | ||
| Infectious, Immunologic, and Inflammatory Disorders | 90 | ||
| Bacterial Meningitis | 90 | ||
| Viral Meningitis | 92 | ||
| Other Types of Meningitis | 92 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis | 92 | ||
| Neoplasms | 93 | ||
| Meningioma | 93 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen Disease) | 94 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 2 | 95 | ||
| Glioblastoma Multiforme | 96 | ||
| Astrocytoma | 96 | ||
| Medulloblastoma | 97 | ||
| Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma | 97 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors (e.g., Breast, Lung, Pancreatic, Testicular, Melanoma) | 98 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 98 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformations | 98 | ||
| Cavernoma (Cavernous Malformation) | 99 | ||
| Transient Ischemic Attack | 99 | ||
| Ischemic Stroke | 101 | ||
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 102 | ||
| Cerebral Aneurysm | 102 | ||
| Carotid Artery Disease | 103 | ||
| Vertebral Artery Disease | 105 | ||
| Subclavian Steal Syndrome | 105 | ||
| Vascular Dementia | 105 | ||
| Hypertensive Encephalopathy | 106 | ||
| Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome | 106 | ||
| Venous Sinus Thrombosis | 107 | ||
| Spinal Disorders | 108 | ||
| Cauda Equina Syndrome | 108 | ||
| Spinal Artery Occlusion | 108 | ||
| Spinal Cord Compression | 111 | ||
| Spinal Cord Transection | 112 | ||
| Paraplegia and Quadriplegia | 112 | ||
| Spinal Stenosis | 113 | ||
| Cranial and Peripheral Nerve Disorders | 114 | ||
| Bell’s Palsy | 114 | ||
| Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia | 114 | ||
| Nystagmus | 115 | ||
| Vestibular Neuritis, Labyrinthitis | 115 | ||
| Horner Syndrome | 116 | ||
| Carpal/Cubital/Tarsal/Peroneal Tunnel Syndrome | 116 | ||
| Mononeuritis | 116 | ||
| Guillain-Barré Syndrome | 117 | ||
| Miller Fisher Syndrome | 118 | ||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease | 118 | ||
| Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia | 119 | ||
| Pain Disorders | 119 | ||
| Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (aka Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy and Causalgia) | 119 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 120 | ||
| Phantom Limb Pain | 120 | ||
| Thalamic Pain Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome) | 120 | ||
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | 121 | ||
| Movement Disorders | 121 | ||
| Essential Tremor | 121 | ||
| Huntington Disease | 121 | ||
| Parkinson Disease, Including Parkinson Dementia | 122 | ||
| Paroxysmal Disorders | 122 | ||
| Headache | 122 | ||
| Seizure | 122 | ||
| Traumatic and Mechanical Disorders and Disorders of Increased Intracranial Pressure | 122 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 122 | ||
| Subdural Hematoma | 124 | ||
| Spinal Epidural Hematoma | 124 | ||
| Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage | 125 | ||
| Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) | 125 | ||
| Torticollis/Cervical Dystonia | 126 | ||
| Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus | 126 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 127 | ||
| Friedreich Ataxia | 127 | ||
| Neural Tube Defects (e.g., Spina Bifida, Holoprosencephaly, Anencephaly) | 128 | ||
| Microcephaly | 128 | ||
| Sturge-Weber Syndrome | 129 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis | 129 | ||
| von Hippel-Lindau Disease | 130 | ||
| Congenital Hydrocephalus | 131 | ||
| Chiari 1 Malformation | 131 | ||
| Chiari 2 Malformation (Arnold-Chiari Syndrome) | 131 | ||
| 6 - Cardiovascular Disorders | 136 | ||
| Introduction | 137 | ||
| The Heart and Great Vessels | 137 | ||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 137 | ||
| Stable Angina | 137 | ||
| Unstable Angina | 138 | ||
| Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 139 | ||
| ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 139 | ||
| Printzmetal Angina (Variant Angina) | 140 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 141 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 141 | ||
| Atrial Flutter | 142 | ||
| Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia | 142 | ||
| Re-Entrant Tachycardia | 143 | ||
| Ventricular Arrhythmia | 143 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia | 143 | ||
| Ventricular Fibrillation | 144 | ||
| Conduction Blocks and Bundle Branch Blocks | 144 | ||
| First Degree Heart Block | 144 | ||
| Second Degree Heart Block (Mobitz Type I [Wenckebach]) | 144 | ||
| Mobitz Type II | 145 | ||
| Third-Degree (Complete) Heart Block | 145 | ||
| Long-QT Syndromes | 145 | ||
| Sick Sinus Syndrome | 145 | ||
| Wolf–Parkinson–White Syndrome | 146 | ||
| Heart Failure | 146 | ||
| Systolic Dysfunction (Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction/HFrEF) | 146 | ||
| Diastolic Dysfunction (Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction/HFpEF) | 147 | ||
| High-Output Cardiac Failure | 148 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | 148 | ||
| Aortic Valve Disease | 148 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 149 | ||
| Aortic Regurgitation | 149 | ||
| Mitral Valve Disease | 150 | ||
| Mitral Stenosis | 150 | ||
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | 150 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation | 151 | ||
| Tricuspid Valve Disease | 151 | ||
| Tricuspid Stenosis | 151 | ||
| Tricuspid Regurgitation | 152 | ||
| Pulmonic Valve Disease | 152 | ||
| Pulmonic Stenosis | 152 | ||
| Pulmonic Regurgitation | 153 | ||
| Pericardial Disease | 153 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 153 | ||
| Pericarditis | 155 | ||
| Acute | 155 | ||
| Constrictive | 155 | ||
| Endocarditis and Myocarditis | 156 | ||
| Noninfectious (Marantic Endocarditis) | 158 | ||
| Myocarditis | 158 | ||
| Cardiac Trauma | 159 | ||
| Myocardial Contusion | 159 | ||
| Myocardial Free Wall Rupture | 159 | ||
| Congenital Cardiac Malformations | 160 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 160 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 161 | ||
| Patent Foramen Ovale | 161 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 162 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 162 | ||
| Transposition of the Great Vessels | 164 | ||
| Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return | 165 | ||
| Truncus Arteriosus | 165 | ||
| Tricuspid Atresia | 165 | ||
| Cardiac Neoplasms | 166 | ||
| Atrial Myxoma | 166 | ||
| Hypertension and Hypotension | 166 | ||
| Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity | 167 | ||
| Hypertension | 167 | ||
| Hypertensive Urgency | 168 | ||
| Hypertensive Emergency | 168 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 169 | ||
| Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease) | 169 | ||
| Embolic Disease | 170 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome | 171 | ||
| Venous Disease | 171 | ||
| Deep Vein Thrombosis | 171 | ||
| Venous Insufficiency | 172 | ||
| Disorders of the Great Vessels | 173 | ||
| Aortic Aneurysm | 173 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 173 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 175 | ||
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 175 | ||
| Familial Hyperchylomicronemia (Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency) | 176 | ||
| Familial Hypertriglyceridemia—Increased Risk of Pancreatitis (Triglycerides >1000 mg/dL) | 177 | ||
| Medication Side Effects Involving the Heart | 177 | ||
| Cardiotoxic Drugs | 177 | ||
| QT-Prolonging Medications | 177 | ||
| Anti-Hypertensives | 177 | ||
| 7 - Diseases of the Respiratory System | 184 | ||
| Introduction | 184 | ||
| Neoplasms | 184 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 184 | ||
| Upper Airways | 184 | ||
| Vocal Cord Polyps | 184 | ||
| Nasal Polyps | 185 | ||
| Lungs and Pleura | 185 | ||
| Solitary Pulmonary Nodule | 185 | ||
| Bronchial Carcinoid Tumor | 187 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 188 | ||
| Upper Airways | 188 | ||
| Lip—Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 188 | ||
| Oral Cavity—Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 188 | ||
| Pharynx-Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 188 | ||
| Larynx—Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 189 | ||
| Trachea, Lower Airways, and Pleura | 190 | ||
| Bronchus and/or Lung | 190 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 190 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 191 | ||
| Large Cell Carcinoma | 192 | ||
| Small Cell Carcinoma | 192 | ||
| Pleura | 193 | ||
| Mesothelioma | 193 | ||
| Metastasis to Lung | 193 | ||
| Metastasis to Pleura | 194 | ||
| Respiratory Failure/Respiratory Arrest and Pulmonary Vascular Disorders | 195 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 195 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension | 197 | ||
| Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations | 198 | ||
| Non-cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema | 198 | ||
| Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema | 199 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism | 200 | ||
| Air Embolism | 201 | ||
| Fat Embolism | 202 | ||
| Respiratory Failure due to Enteral Feeding | 202 | ||
| Disorders of the Pleura, Mediastinum, and Chest Wall | 202 | ||
| Chylothorax | 202 | ||
| Costochondritis | 203 | ||
| Empyema | 204 | ||
| Mediastinitis | 204 | ||
| Pleural Effusion | 205 | ||
| Pleuritis | 206 | ||
| Spontaneous Pneumothorax | 207 | ||
| Traumatic and Mechanical Disorders | 207 | ||
| Upper Airways | 207 | ||
| Epistaxis | 207 | ||
| Barotrauma | 208 | ||
| Laryngeal/Pharyngeal Obstruction | 208 | ||
| Tracheal Stenosis | 209 | ||
| Tracheomalacia | 209 | ||
| Blunt Tracheal Injury | 210 | ||
| Penetrating Neck/Tracheal Injury | 210 | ||
| Foreign Body Aspiration (Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea) | 212 | ||
| Nasal Cavity/Sinuses | 213 | ||
| Septal Perforation | 213 | ||
| Lower Airways and Pleura | 214 | ||
| Atelectasis | 214 | ||
| Blunt Chest Wall and Diaphragm Injury | 214 | ||
| Penetrating Chest Wound | 215 | ||
| Traumatic Pneumothorax/Tension Pneumothorax | 216 | ||
| Hemothorax | 217 | ||
| Pulmonary Contusion | 218 | ||
| Pneumomediastinum | 218 | ||
| Drowning/Near Drowning | 219 | ||
| Foreign Body Aspiration (Bronchi and Lungs) | 219 | ||
| Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract | 220 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 220 | ||
| Central Sleep Apnea | 220 | ||
| Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome | 221 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 222 | ||
| Bronchogenic Cysts | 222 | ||
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia | 222 | ||
| Pulmonary Sequestration | 223 | ||
| Immotile Cilia Syndrome/Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia | 224 | ||
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula | 225 | ||
| Notes | 227 | ||
| 8 - Nutritional and Digestive Disorders | 231 | ||
| Infectious Disorders | 231 | ||
| Enteric Infections | 232 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 232 | ||
| Escherichia coli | 232 | ||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 234 | ||
| Yersinia enterocolitica | 234 | ||
| Campylobacter spp | 234 | ||
| Vibrio cholerae | 235 | ||
| Salmonella spp | 235 | ||
| Shigella spp | 236 | ||
| Hepatic Abscess | 236 | ||
| Pyogenic | 236 | ||
| Amebic Abscess | 237 | ||
| Echinococcus | 238 | ||
| Peritonitis | 238 | ||
| Primary Peritonitis | 239 | ||
| Secondary Peritonitis | 239 | ||
| Whipple Disease | 240 | ||
| Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 240 | ||
| Infectious Esophagitis | 240 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 241 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 241 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 242 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 243 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 243 | ||
| Rotavirus Enteritis | 243 | ||
| Mumps | 244 | ||
| Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic | 244 | ||
| Fungal | 245 | ||
| Thrush | 245 | ||
| Parasitic | 245 | ||
| Cryptosporidium | 245 | ||
| Cyclospora | 246 | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 246 | ||
| Giardia | 247 | ||
| Cystoisospora (isospora) belli | 247 | ||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 247 | ||
| Immunologic and Inflammatory Disorders | 248 | ||
| Autoimmune Hepatitis | 248 | ||
| Celiac Disease | 248 | ||
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 249 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 250 | ||
| Crohn Disease | 251 | ||
| Ulcerative Colitis | 251 | ||
| Microscopic Colitis | 252 | ||
| Toxic Megacolon | 252 | ||
| Neoplasms | 253 | ||
| Gastric Polyps | 253 | ||
| Oral Leukoplakia | 254 | ||
| Oral Cancer | 254 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 254 | ||
| Salivary Gland Neoplasm | 255 | ||
| Barrett Esophagus | 255 | ||
| Esophageal Cancer | 256 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 256 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 256 | ||
| Gastrinoma and Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome | 257 | ||
| Carcinoid Tumors | 257 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 258 | ||
| Stomach | 259 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 259 | ||
| Gastric Lymphoma | 259 | ||
| Colon, Rectum, Anus | 260 | ||
| Hereditary Colon Cancer Syndromes | 260 | ||
| Familial Adenomatous Polyposis | 260 | ||
| Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (Lynch Syndrome) | 261 | ||
| Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome | 262 | ||
| Gardner Syndrome | 262 | ||
| Turcot Syndrome | 263 | ||
| MUTYH-Associated Polyposis | 263 | ||
| Biliary Tract | 263 | ||
| Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma | 263 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 264 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater | 264 | ||
| Liver | 265 | ||
| Cavernous Hemangioma | 265 | ||
| Focal Nodular Hyperplasia | 265 | ||
| Hepatic Adenoma | 266 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 266 | ||
| Peritoneal Cancer | 267 | ||
| Pancreas | 267 | ||
| Exocrine Pancreas, Pancreatic Carcinoma (Table 8.7) | 267 | ||
| Signs, Symptoms and Ill-Defined Disorders | 269 | ||
| Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 269 | ||
| Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 270 | ||
| Constipation | 270 | ||
| Diarrhea | 270 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 271 | ||
| Disorders of the Salivary Glands and Esophagus | 271 | ||
| Stones | 271 | ||
| Sialadenitis | 272 | ||
| Suppurative Parotitis | 272 | ||
| Esophagus | 273 | ||
| Achalasia | 273 | ||
| Dysphagia | 273 | ||
| Zenker Diverticulum | 274 | ||
| Esophagitis/Esophageal Reflux (GERD) | 274 | ||
| Esophagitis, Pill | 275 | ||
| Mallory–Weiss Syndrome | 275 | ||
| Paraesophageal (Hiatal) Hernia | 275 | ||
| Diffuse Esophageal Spasm | 276 | ||
| Disorders of the Stomach, Small Intestine, Colon, Rectum, and Anus | 277 | ||
| Stomach | 277 | ||
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 277 | ||
| Peptic Ulcer Perforation | 278 | ||
| Small Intestine and Colon | 279 | ||
| Appendicitis | 279 | ||
| Angiodysplasia | 279 | ||
| Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis | 280 | ||
| Hirschsprung Disease | 281 | ||
| Paralytic Ileus | 281 | ||
| Impaction | 282 | ||
| Intestinal Obstruction/Stricture | 282 | ||
| Irritable Colon/Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 283 | ||
| Ischemic Bowel | 283 | ||
| Malnutrition | 284 | ||
| Malabsorption | 285 | ||
| Dumping Syndrome | 285 | ||
| Lactose Intolerance | 286 | ||
| Short-Bowel Syndrome | 287 | ||
| Rectum and Anus | 287 | ||
| Abscess of Anal and Rectal Regions | 287 | ||
| Anorectal Fistula | 288 | ||
| Anal Fissure | 288 | ||
| Fecal Incontinence | 289 | ||
| Proctitis | 289 | ||
| Hemorrhoids | 290 | ||
| Rectal Prolapse | 291 | ||
| Disorder of the Peritoneal Cavity | 291 | ||
| Ascites | 291 | ||
| Disorders of the Liver and Biliary System, Noninfectious | 292 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 292 | ||
| Dubin–Johnson Syndrome | 293 | ||
| Rotor Syndrome | 294 | ||
| Gilbert Syndrome | 294 | ||
| Crigler–Najjar Syndrome | 295 | ||
| End-Stage Liver Disease (Including Indications for Transplantation) | 295 | ||
| Ischemic Hepatitis | 296 | ||
| Hepatic Coma/Encephalopathy | 297 | ||
| Fatty Liver, Alcoholic Hepatitis | 297 | ||
| Hepatorenal Syndrome | 298 | ||
| Hepatopulmonary Syndrome | 299 | ||
| Jaundice | 299 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 300 | ||
| Portal Hypertension/Esophageal Varices | 301 | ||
| Biliary System | 301 | ||
| Cholestasis | 301 | ||
| Ascending Cholangitis | 302 | ||
| Cholelithiasis and Acute Cholecystitis | 302 | ||
| Choledocholithiasis | 303 | ||
| Cholestasis Due to Parenteral Nutrition | 304 | ||
| Gallstone Ileus | 304 | ||
| Mirizzi Syndrome | 305 | ||
| Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 305 | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 306 | ||
| Disorders of the Pancreas | 306 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 306 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 308 | ||
| Hereditary Pancreatitis | 309 | ||
| Pancreatic Cyst/Pseudocyst | 309 | ||
| Pancreatic Insufficiency | 309 | ||
| Traumatic and Mechanical Disorders | 310 | ||
| Blind Loop Syndrome | 310 | ||
| Adhesions | 310 | ||
| Hernias | 311 | ||
| Direct Inguinal Hernia | 311 | ||
| Indirect Inguinal Hernia | 311 | ||
| Femoral Hernia | 312 | ||
| Umbilical Hernia | 312 | ||
| Penetrating Wounds, Abdominal | 313 | ||
| Perforation of Hollow Viscus and Blunt Trauma | 313 | ||
| Perforation/Rupture of Esophagus (Boerhaave Syndrome) | 314 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 314 | ||
| Intussusception | 314 | ||
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 315 | ||
| Volvulus | 316 | ||
| Annular Pancreas | 316 | ||
| Biliary Atresia | 317 | ||
| Cleft Lip and/or Palate | 317 | ||
| Esophageal Atresia | 318 | ||
| Malrotation Without Volvulus | 318 | ||
| Meckel Diverticulum | 319 | ||
| Pyloric Stenosis | 319 | ||
| Gastric Outlet Obstruction | 320 | ||
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula | 320 | ||
| Wilson Disease | 320 | ||
| Adverse Drug Effects | 321 | ||
| Chronic Laxative Abuse | 321 | ||
| Opioids | 322 | ||
| Drug-Induced Gastritis, Duodenitis, and Peptic Ulcer (NSAIDs) | 322 | ||
| Drug-Induced Hepatitis | 323 | ||
| Drug-Induced Pancreatitis (e.g., Thiazides) | 323 | ||
| 9 - Gynecologic Disorders | 329 | ||
| Introduction | 329 | ||
| Breast Disorders | 329 | ||
| Infectious, Immunologic, and Inflammatory Disorders | 329 | ||
| Mastitis | 329 | ||
| Breast Abscess | 330 | ||
| Inflammatory Disease of Breast (Fat Necrosis) | 331 | ||
| Benign and Undefined Disorders | 332 | ||
| Solitary Breast Cyst | 332 | ||
| Fibrocystic Change | 332 | ||
| Fibroadenoma | 333 | ||
| Phyllodes Tumor (Cystosarcoma Phyllodes) | 334 | ||
| Intraductal Papilloma | 334 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 334 | ||
| Breast Cancer | 334 | ||
| Paget Disease of the Breast | 336 | ||
| Disorders of the Cervix, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina, and Vulva | 337 | ||
| Endocervical and Endometrial Polyps | 337 | ||
| Leiomyomata Uteri (Uterine Fibroids) | 338 | ||
| Benign Ovarian Cysts and Neoplasms | 339 | ||
| Precancerous and Malignant Neoplasms | 340 | ||
| Cervical Cancer | 340 | ||
| Endometrial Hyperplasia | 341 | ||
| Endometrial/Uterine Cancer | 341 | ||
| Ovarian Cancer | 342 | ||
| Vulvar Dysplasia and Cancer | 343 | ||
| Gestational Trophoblastic Disease | 343 | ||
| 10 - Renal, Urinary, and Male Reproductive System | 349 | ||
| Introduction | 349 | ||
| Infectious Disorders | 349 | ||
| Upper Urinary Tract | 349 | ||
| Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis | 349 | ||
| Renal and Perinephric Abscess | 350 | ||
| (Acute) Pyelonephritis | 350 | ||
| Pyonephrosis | 351 | ||
| Genitourinary Tuberculosis | 351 | ||
| Lower Urinary Tract and Urinary Tract Infections of Unspecified Location | 351 | ||
| UTI/Cystitis | 352 | ||
| Urethritis | 352 | ||
| Chlamydia | 352 | ||
| Immunologic and Inflammatory Disorders | 353 | ||
| Upper Urinary Tract | 353 | ||
| Alport Syndrome | 353 | ||
| Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (Glomerular Disease Due to Hepatitis C) | 353 | ||
| Membranous Glomerulosclerosis (Glomerular Disease Due to Hepatitis B) | 354 | ||
| Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN) | 354 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (Berger Disease) | 355 | ||
| Lupus Nephritis | 355 | ||
| Minimal Change Disease (Lipoid Nephrosis) | 356 | ||
| Thin Basement Membrane Disease/Nephropathy | 356 | ||
| Acute Interstitial Nephritis (Tubulointerstitial Nephritis) | 356 | ||
| Acute Tubular Necrosis | 356 | ||
| Papillary Necrosis | 358 | ||
| HIV Nephropathy | 358 | ||
| Lower Urinary Tract | 358 | ||
| Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome | 358 | ||
| Neoplasms | 359 | ||
| Renal Oncocytoma | 359 | ||
| Renal Cyst | 359 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 359 | ||
| Wilms Tumor/Nephroblastoma | 359 | ||
| Renal Cell Carcinoma | 360 | ||
| Transitional Cell Carcinoma | 360 | ||
| Metabolic and Regulatory Disorders | 361 | ||
| Acute | 361 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury (Table 10.2) | 361 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 362 | ||
| End-Stage Renal Disease | 362 | ||
| Cystinuria | 363 | ||
| Fanconi Syndrome | 363 | ||
| Hypertensive Renal Disease (Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis) | 364 | ||
| Nephrolithiasis (Renal and Ureteral Calculi) | 364 | ||
| Renal Tubular Acidosis | 365 | ||
| Vascular Disorders | 366 | ||
| Renal Artery Stenosis | 366 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 366 | ||
| Fibromuscular Dysplasia | 366 | ||
| Acute Arterial Event | 367 | ||
| Renal Vein Thrombosis | 367 | ||
| Renal Infarction | 367 | ||
| Traumatic and Mechanical Disorders | 368 | ||
| Bladder Rupture | 368 | ||
| Neurogenic Bladder | 368 | ||
| Urinary Tract Obstruction | 368 | ||
| Posterior Urethral Valves | 369 | ||
| Renal Laceration | 369 | ||
| Ureteral Laceration/Avulsion/Disruption | 370 | ||
| Urethral Diverticulum | 370 | ||
| Urinary Incontinence | 370 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 371 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 371 | ||
| Double Ureter | 371 | ||
| Horseshoe Kidney | 371 | ||
| Renal Hypodysplasia and Agenesis | 372 | ||
| 11 - Disorders of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium | 377 | ||
| Introduction | 377 | ||
| Obstetric Complications | 377 | ||
| Ectopic Pregnancy | 377 | ||
| Cervical Insufficiency | 378 | ||
| Disorders of the Newborn | 379 | ||
| Turner Syndrome | 379 | ||
| Erb-Duchenne Palsy (Upper Trunk Lesion) | 380 | ||
| Klumpke Palsy (Brachial Plexus Lower Trunk injury) | 381 | ||
| 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (aka DiGeorge Syndrome, aka Velocardiofacial Syndrome, aka Conotruncal Anomaly Face Syndrome) | 382 | ||
| Congenital Infections | 384 | ||
| 12 - Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue | 389 | ||
| Introduction | 389 | ||
| Neoplasms | 389 | ||
| Epidermoid Cyst | 389 | ||
| Hemangiomas | 390 | ||
| Subcutaneous Lipoma | 390 | ||
| Cutaneous Xanthoma | 391 | ||
| Seborrheic Keratosis | 392 | ||
| Nevus | 392 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 393 | ||
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | 393 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 393 | ||
| Melanoma | 394 | ||
| Kaposi Sarcoma | 394 | ||
| Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma/Mycosis Fungoides | 396 | ||
| Trauma and Mechanical Injury | 397 | ||
| Burns | 397 | ||
| Bites and Stings | 399 | ||
| Dog/Animal Bite | 399 | ||
| Human Bite | 399 | ||
| Snake Bite | 400 | ||
| Bee Sting | 401 | ||
| Mechanical Injury | 401 | ||
| Decubitus Ulcers | 401 | ||
| Notes | 403 | ||
| 13 - Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue | 406 | ||
| Introduction | 406 | ||
| Immunologic Disorders | 406 | ||
| Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies | 406 | ||
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | 406 | ||
| Arthritis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 407 | ||
| Reactive Arthritis (aka Reiter Disease/Reiter Arthritis) | 407 | ||
| Psoriatic Arthropathy | 408 | ||
| Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | 408 | ||
| Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis | 409 | ||
| Polymyalgia Rheumatica | 410 | ||
| Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders | 411 | ||
| Gangrene | 411 | ||
| Necrotizing Fasciitis | 411 | ||
| Osteochondritis Dissecans | 412 | ||
| Transient Synovitis (Toxic Synovitis) | 412 | ||
| Septic Arthritis | 413 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 413 | ||
| Myofascial Pain Syndrome | 414 | ||
| Neoplasms | 414 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 414 | ||
| Osteoid Osteoma | 414 | ||
| Osteoblastoma | 415 | ||
| Osteochondroma | 415 | ||
| Enchondroma | 416 | ||
| Giant Cell Tumor | 416 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms of Bone and Muscle | 416 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 416 | ||
| Ewing’s Sarcoma | 417 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 417 | ||
| Degenerative and Metabolic Disorders | 418 | ||
| Degenerative | 418 | ||
| Patellofemoral Syndrome (Formerly Patellar Chondromalacia) | 418 | ||
| Intervertebral Disc Herniation | 418 | ||
| Osgood-Schlatter Disease | 420 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 420 | ||
| Metabolic | 421 | ||
| Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 421 | ||
| Osteodystrophy | 421 | ||
| Osteomalacia/Rickets | 422 | ||
| Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head | 422 | ||
| Osteopenia/Osteoporosis | 423 | ||
| Osteitis Deformans (Paget Disease of Bone) | 423 | ||
| Spondylolisthesis | 424 | ||
| Gout | 424 | ||
| Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease) | 425 | ||
| Dupuytren’s Contracture | 426 | ||
| Myositis Ossificans | 426 | ||
| Rhabdomyolysis | 426 | ||
| Traumatic and Mechanical Disorders | 427 | ||
| Subluxation of the Radial Head (Nursemaid’s Elbow) | 427 | ||
| Anterior Dislocation of the Shoulder | 427 | ||
| Scoliosis | 428 | ||
| Flexible Kyphosis and Scheuermann Kyphosis | 428 | ||
| Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis | 429 | ||
| Erb-Duchenne Palsy (Upper Trunk Lesion) | 429 | ||
| Klumpke’s Palsy (Brachial Plexus Lower Trunk Injury) | 430 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 430 | ||
| Achondroplasia/Dwarfism | 430 | ||
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 430 | ||
| Genu Valgum (Knock-Knee)/Genu Varum (Bow-Leg) | 431 | ||
| Tibia Vara (Blount Disease) | 432 | ||
| Metatarsus Adductus | 432 | ||
| Talipes Equinovarus (Club Foot) | 432 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 433 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne and Becker) | 433 | ||
| McArdle Disease (Glycogen Storage Disease V or GSD V) | 434 | ||
| Mitochondrial Myopathies | 434 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Drugs on the Musculoskeletal System | 435 | ||
| Drug-induced Myopathy | 435 | ||
| Malignant Hyperthermia | 435 | ||
| 14 - Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 440 | ||
| Introduction | 440 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus and Other Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas | 441 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 441 | ||
| Islet Cell Disorders—Hypoglycemia | 444 | ||
| Islet Cell Disorders—Hyperglycemia | 446 | ||
| Islet Cell Disorders—Non-Glycemic | 448 | ||
| Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders | 450 | ||
| Thyroid—Structural | 450 | ||
| Thyroid—Endocrine (Hypo) | 450 | ||
| Thyroid—Endocrine (Hyper) | 452 | ||
| Thyroid—Neoplasm | 455 | ||
| Adrenal Disorders | 462 | ||
| Non-Neoplastic | 462 | ||
| Neoplastic | 466 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 467 | ||
| Hyperpituitarism | 470 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias | 476 | ||
| MEN I | 476 | ||
| MEN II | 476 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 477 | ||
| Congenital Hypothyroidism (Cretinism) | 477 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 477 | ||
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome | 480 | ||
| 15 - Gunner Jim’s Guide to Exam Day Success | 485 | ||
| Your Way of Taking Notes on the Questions You Complete Is Vital to Your Success | 486 | ||
| Index | 488 | ||
| A | 488 | ||
| B | 490 | ||
| C | 491 | ||
| D | 494 | ||
| E | 494 | ||
| F | 496 | ||
| G | 496 | ||
| H | 497 | ||
| I | 498 | ||
| J | 500 | ||
| K | 500 | ||
| L | 500 | ||
| M | 501 | ||
| N | 503 | ||
| O | 505 | ||
| P | 506 | ||
| Q | 508 | ||
| R | 508 | ||
| S | 509 | ||
| T | 511 | ||
| U | 512 | ||
| V | 513 | ||
| W | 514 | ||
| X | 514 | ||
| Y | 514 | ||
| Z | 514 | ||
| How to Contribute to Gunner Goggles Surgery | ES2 |