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Agricultural Transformation in Ethiopia

Agricultural Transformation in Ethiopia

Atakilte Beyene

(2018)

Abstract

For thousands of years, Ethiopia has depended on its smallholding farmers to provide the bulk of its food needs. But now, such farmers find themselves under threat from environmental degradation, climate change and declining productivity. As a result, smallholder agriculture has increasingly become subsistence-oriented, with many of these farmers trapped in a cycle of poverty. Smallholders have long been marginalised by mainstream development policies, and only more recently has their crucial importance been recognised for addressing rural poverty through agricultural reform.

This collection, written by leading Ethiopian scholars, explores the scope and impact of Ethiopia’s policy reforms over the past two decades on the smallholder sector. Focusing on the Lake Tana basin in northwestern Ethiopia, an area with untapped potential for growth, the contributors argue that any effective policy will need to go beyond agriculture to consider the role of health, nutrition and local food customs, as well as including increased safeguards for smallholder’s land rights. They in turn show that smallholders represent a vitally overlooked component of development strategy, not only in Ethiopia but across the global South.


‘Atakilte Beyene’s collection draws on the analytical perspectives of seven exceptionally well-grounded Ethiopian rural development specialists. A book with valuable lessons for the rest of the African continent and smallholder rural areas globally.’
Deborah Fahy Bryceson, University of Edinburgh

‘Edited by one of the field’s most seasoned researchers, this cohesive anthology is a real tour de force.’
Tekeste Negash, Uppsala University (Emeritus)

‘Provides a detailed and case-based overview of the challenges smallholder farmers in Ethiopia face in state-led development programmes and initiatives. As such it will be an important reference work.’
Harald Aspen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

‘This timely volume contributes insightful perspectives on the current development of Ethiopia’s smallholder sector, and shows how smallholders still remain under prioritized in the country’s drive to transform agriculture and the economy at large.’
Magnus Jirström, Lund University


Atakilte Beyene is a senior researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute. His work has involved extensive field studies in Ethiopia and Tanzania, and he has previously held positions at Stockholm University, the Stockholm Environment Institute, and Ethiopia’s Tigray Development Association. His other works include the edited collection Biofuels, Land Grabbing and Food Security in Africa (Zed 2011).

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
About the editor iii
Title Page v
Copyright vi
Contents vii
Acknowledgements ix
Note on reference citations of Ethiopian authors x
Contributor Biographies xi
List of Abbreviations xiv
List of Tables and Figures xvi
State policies and questions of agrarian transformation 1
Introduction 1
Socio-technical perspectives of smallholder agriculture 4
Diverse pathways of agricultural change 5
The political landscape of the state–smallholder relationship 8
Brief introduction to the chapters 11
Enduring issues concerning smallholder agriculture 14
Note 17
References 17
1: Agricultural input supply and output marketing systems\r 23
Introduction 23
Agricultural input use and supply systems of smallholder farmers 23
Marketing systems of agricultural products of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia 35
Institutional support services for agricultural input supply and output marketing 36
The role of cooperatives in agricultural input supply and output marketing 39
Conclusion 40
References 42
2: Agricultural Investment Alternatives and the Smallholder Farming Sector\r 45
Introduction 45
Brief background to agricultural modernization in Ethiopia 47
Methods and data sources 49
Case 1: Large-scale agricultural investment and the smallholders in Gambella and Benishangul 50
Case 2: Potato value chain in traditional versus contract farming 54
Conclusions 60
References 61
3: Large-scale canal irrigation management by smallholder farmers\r 63
Ethiopia’s focus on water 63
Irrigation – underdeveloped, but emerging 65
Policy drive for modern irrigation for smallholders 66
Collective management and collaboration 67
Case study: Koga Dam and Irrigation Scheme 67
Issues and gaps in irrigation management 72
Conclusions 76
Notes 77
References 77
4: Determinants of Climate-resilient Agricultural Practices among Smallholder Farmers\r 80
Introduction 80
Why is conservation agriculture relevant for the Ethiopian highlands? 82
Survey design and administration 83
Modelling the decision to convert conventional farming into conservation farming 84
Results and discussions 88
Conclusion and policy recommendations 95
Notes 96
References 96
5: SocioCultural Dimensions of Food: The Case of Teff\r 100
Introduction 100
Studies on food: a brief review 101
The study area 103
Brief description of the crop 104
Food items from teff 105
Sociocultural and symbolic uses of teff 108
Sociocultural and ritual practices in teff cultivation 110
Discussion 112
Conclusion 114
Acknowledgement 116
References 116
6: The Impact of Malaria Epidemics on Agricultural Production in Dembia and Fogera, 1950–2000\r 119
Introduction 119
Rural health and farm labour 120
Malaria epidemics in Dembia and Fogera districts, 1950–58 122
Malaria epidemics since 1959 134
Conclusion 135
Notes 136
References 138
7: Women farmers’ land rights in the context of constraining cultural norms\r 143
Introduction 143
Methods 144
Gendered agriculture 144
Selected descriptions from the qualitative data 151
Gender division of labour, agriculture and the future generation 154
Conclusion 157
Note 157
References 157
8: Rural transformation through robust land rights\r 160
Introduction 160
Historical overview 161
Land rights in present-day Ethiopia 164
Rural land laws 168
Expropriation 174
Conclusion 175
Recommendations 176
Notes 177
References 178
Concluding remarks 180
References 185
Index 186