BOOK
Consultative Hemostasis and Thrombosis E-Book
Craig S. Kitchens | Barbara A Konkle | Craig M. Kessler
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
With authoritative coverage of rare and common hemostatic disorders, Consultative Hemostasis and Thrombosis, 4th Edition, keeps you both up to date with all that’s new in this fast-moving field as well as reviewing background and development and citing pertinent classical literature. Broad differential diagnoses are provided, underscoring the editors’ position that correct treatment begins with correct diagnosis. This trusted resource by Drs. Craig S. Kitchens, Craig M. Kessler, Barbara A. Konkle, Michael B. Streiff, and David A. Garcia is designed for rapid reference and critical decision making at the point of care.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Consultative Hemostasis and Thrombosis | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| Second half title page | xv | ||
| I General Information | 1 | ||
| 1 The Consultative Process | 2 | ||
| Abstract | 2.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 2.e1 | ||
| Extent of the Consultation | 3 | ||
| Confirmatory Consultation | 3 | ||
| Brief Consultation | 4 | ||
| Comprehensive Consultation | 4 | ||
| Urgent Consultation on a Catastrophically Ill Patient | 4 | ||
| “Undiagnosing” Consultation | 4 | ||
| Telemedicine Consultations | 6 | ||
| Curbside Consultation | 6 | ||
| Reason for Consultation | 7 | ||
| Helping Another Physician | 7 | ||
| Second Opinion Requested by the Primary Physician | 7 | ||
| Second Opinion Requested by the Patient | 7 | ||
| Second Opinion Sought by a Third-Party Payor | 8 | ||
| Other Third Parties | 8 | ||
| Disgruntled Patient or Family | 8 | ||
| Inappropriate Consultations | 8 | ||
| Consultant’s Point of View | 9 | ||
| Duties of the Referring Physician and the Consultant | 9 | ||
| Timing | 10 | ||
| How to Do the Consultation | 11 | ||
| Role of the Clinical Laboratory | 11 | ||
| Recommendations | 11 | ||
| Concerns | 12 | ||
| Outcomes | 12 | ||
| Total Agreement | 12 | ||
| Supporting Consultation | 12 | ||
| Finding Another Physician for the Patient | 13 | ||
| Consultant Assumes Primary Care of the Patient | 13 | ||
| Serious Troubles | 13 | ||
| Redirecting the Thrust of a Workup | 13 | ||
| Major Disagreements Between Physicians | 13 | ||
| Duration of Consultation | 14 | ||
| Noncompliant Patients | 14 | ||
| End-of-Life Issues | 14 | ||
| Family Members | 15 | ||
| When a Diagnosis Is Not Forthcoming | 15 | ||
| When Should a Consultant Request Consultation? | 15 | ||
| References | 16 | ||
| 2 A Systematic Approach to the Bleeding Patient | 17 | ||
| Abstract | 17.e1 | ||
| Key Words | 17.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 17 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 17 | ||
| Obtaining a Detailed History | 18 | ||
| Have You Ever Experienced a Serious Hemorrhagic Complication During or After a Surgical Procedure? | 18 | ||
| Have You Ever Experienced Excessive Vaginal Bleeding During Pregnancy or Immediately After Childbirth or Perineal Bleeding From an Episiotomy? | 19 | ||
| Have You Experienced Persistent Menorrhagia in the Absence of Fibroids or Other Uterine Abnormalities? | 19 | ||
| Do You Experience Brisk or Prolonged Bleeding After Epistaxis or Minor Cuts or Exaggerated Bruising After Minor Trauma? | 20 | ||
| Have You Ever Developed Hemarthrosis, Retroperitoneal Hematoma, or Soft Tissue Hematoma in the Absence of Major Trauma? | 20 | ||
| Have You Ever Experienced Spontaneous Bleeding, Poor Wound Healing, or Dehiscence of a Surgical Wound? | 20 | ||
| Has Any Member of Your Family Experienced Severe Bleeding Complications, Perhaps Requiring Transfusion of Packed Red Blood Cells? | 20 | ||
| Do You Have Any Known Medical Problems? | 21 | ||
| Do You Take Any Prescription Medications, Over-the-Counter Medications, or Homeopathic Remedies on a Regular Basis? | 21 | ||
| Have You Noticed Any Unusual Rashes or Easy Bruisability? | 22 | ||
| Objective Findings on the Physical Examination | 22 | ||
| Integrating Patient History and Physical Examination Findings With Laboratory Results | 23 | ||
| Basic Laboratory Evaluation of Coagulation and Hemostasis | 23 | ||
| Basic Laboratory Tests to Distinguish Between Platelet and Coagulation Defects | 25 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment of the Procoagulant System | 29 | ||
| Laboratory Monitoring of the Direct Oral Specific Anti–Factor Iia and Anti–Factor Xa Anticoagulants | 30 | ||
| Tests for Lupus Anticoagulants | 31 | ||
| Global Hemostatic Assessment Instruments | 32 | ||
| Formulating Treatment Strategies for Managing Acute Hemorrhagic Episodes: How to Use Coagulation Laboratory Data | 33 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| II Hemorrhagic Processes | 38 | ||
| 3 Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B | 39 | ||
| Abstract | 39.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 39.e1 | ||
| Epidemiology and Genetics | 39 | ||
| Carrier Testing | 40 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis | 40 | ||
| Postnatal Diagnosis | 40 | ||
| Clinical Features of the Hemophilias | 41 | ||
| Manifestations Early in Life | 41 | ||
| Intraarticular Bleeding: Hemarthroses and Hemophilic Arthropathy | 41 | ||
| Intramuscular Hemorrhage | 42 | ||
| Hematuria/Hemospermia | 42 | ||
| Intracranial Hemorrhage | 43 | ||
| Gastrointestinal and Oropharyngeal Bleeding | 43 | ||
| Pseudotumor Formation in Hemophilia | 44 | ||
| Laboratory Characteristics | 44 | ||
| Therapeutic Modalities for the Hemophilias | 45 | ||
| Hemophilia Treatment Centers | 45 | ||
| Clotting Factor Replacement Therapy With Coagulation Factor Concentrates | 45 | ||
| Desmopressin | 51 | ||
| Ancillary Treatments | 51 | ||
| Antifibrinolytic Agents | 51 | ||
| Fibrin Glues or Sealants and Hemostatic Preparations | 52 | ||
| Dental Care | 52 | ||
| The Aging Patient | 52 | ||
| Treatment Complications | 52 | ||
| Inhibitors | 52 | ||
| Infectious Complications of Replacement Therapy in Hemophilia | 53 | ||
| Gene Therapy | 54 | ||
| References | 55 | ||
| 4 Less Common Congenital Disorders of Hemostasis | 59 | ||
| Abstract | 59.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 59.e1 | ||
| Disorders of Fibrinogen | 59 | ||
| Afibrinogenemia/Hypofibrinogenemia | 59 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Genetics | 59 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 59 | ||
| Diagnosis | 61 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 61 | ||
| Treatment | 61 | ||
| Dysfibrinogenemia | 62 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Genetics | 62 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 62 | ||
| Diagnosis | 62 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 63 | ||
| Treatment | 63 | ||
| Prothrombin Deficiency (Hypoprothrombinemia and Dysprothrombinemia) | 63 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Genetics | 63 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 64 | ||
| Diagnosis | 64 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 64 | ||
| Treatment | 64 | ||
| Factor V Deficiency | 65 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Genetics | 65 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 65 | ||
| Diagnosis | 65 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 65 | ||
| Treatment | 66 | ||
| Factor VII Deficiency | 66 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Genetics | 66 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 66 | ||
| Diagnosis | 67 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 67 | ||
| Treatment | 67 | ||
| Factor X Deficiency | 67 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Genetics | 67 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 67 | ||
| Diagnosis | 68 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 68 | ||
| Treatment | 68 | ||
| Factor XI Deficiency | 68 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Genetics | 69 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 69 | ||
| Diagnosis | 69 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 69 | ||
| Treatment | 69 | ||
| Deficiency of Contact Factors | 70 | ||
| Factor XII Deficiency | 70 | ||
| Pathogenesis and genetics. | 70 | ||
| Clinical manifestations. | 70 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 70 | ||
| Differential diagnosis. | 70 | ||
| Treatment. | 70 | ||
| Prekallikrein Deficiency | 70 | ||
| High-Molecular-Weight Kininogen Deficiency | 70 | ||
| Factor XIII Deficiency | 71 | ||
| Pathogenesis and genetics. | 71 | ||
| Clinical manifestations. | 71 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 71 | ||
| Differential diagnosis. | 71 | ||
| Treatment. | 71 | ||
| Familial Combined Factor Deficiencies | 71 | ||
| Combined Factor V/Factor VIII Deficiency (Type I) | 72 | ||
| III Thrombotic Processes | 241 | ||
| 14 Thrombophilia | 242 | ||
| Abstract | 242.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 242.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 242 | ||
| Should All Patients With Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism Receive Lifelong Anticoagulation? | 242 | ||
| Weighing Bleeding Risk | 244 | ||
| Pursuit of Thrombophilia Testing May Divert Attention From More Important Clinical Risk Factors | 244 | ||
| What Are the Pitfalls of Genetic Testing? | 244 | ||
| When Is It Helpful to Test Unaffected Family Members for Genetic Mutations? | 245 | ||
| Pregnancy | 245 | ||
| Estrogen Use | 245 | ||
| Major Surgery | 246 | ||
| Airplane Flights | 247 | ||
| Summary | 247 | ||
| Testing Considerations for Particular Disorders | 247 | ||
| Antithrombin III Deficiency | 247 | ||
| Background | 247 | ||
| Testing | 248 | ||
| Acquired Antithrombin III Deficiencies | 248 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 249 | ||
| Protein C Deficiency | 249 | ||
| Background | 249 | ||
| Testing | 249 | ||
| Acquired Protein C Deficiency | 249 | ||
| IV Therapeutic Agents | 528 | ||
| 27 Parenteral Antithrombotic Agents | 529 | ||
| Abstract | 529.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 529.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 529 | ||
| Parenteral Antithrombotic Agents | 529 | ||
| Heparin | 529 | ||
| Mechanism and Pharmacology | 529 | ||
| Administration and Monitoring | 529 | ||
| Heparin Resistance | 531 | ||
| Indications and Clinical Use | 531 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 531 | ||
| Reversal of Effect | 532 | ||
| Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin | 532 | ||
| Mechanism and Pharmacology | 532 | ||
| Administration and Monitoring | 533 | ||
| Indications and Clinical Use | 533 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 534 | ||
| Reversal of Effect | 534 | ||
| Pentasaccharides | 534 | ||
| Mechanism and Pharmacology | 534 | ||
| Administration and Monitoring | 534 | ||
| Indications and Clinical Use | 534 | ||
| V Issues Specific to Women | 636 | ||
| 31 Thrombotic Risk of Contraceptives and Other Hormonal Therapies | 637 | ||
| Abstract | 637.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 637.e1 | ||
| Basic Science | 637 | ||
| Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Thrombosis | 638 | ||
| Venous Thromboembolism | 638 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 639 | ||
| Stroke | 639 | ||
| Hormonal Contraception and Thrombophilia | 640 | ||
| Counseling Thrombophilic Women in Hormonal Contraception Use | 640 | ||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy and Thrombosis | 642 | ||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease | 642 | ||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy and Stroke | 643 | ||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy and Venous Thromboembolic Disease | 643 | ||
| Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, Aromatase Inhibitors, and Thrombosis | 645 | ||
| Aromatase Inhibitors | 645 | ||
| Estrogen Therapy in Transgender Females | 646 | ||
| Summary | 646 | ||
| References | 646 | ||
| 32 Bleeding and the Management of Hemorrhagic Disorders in Pregnancy | 651 | ||
| Abstract | 651.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 651.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 651 | ||
| Normal Placentation | 651 | ||
| Placental Separation and Expulsion | 651 | ||
| Involution of the Uterus | 651 | ||
| Obstetric Bleeding | 651 | ||
| Miscarriage | 652 | ||
| Ectopic Pregnancy | 652 | ||
| Bleeding After the First Trimester of Pregnancy | 652 | ||
| Postpartum Hemorrhage | 653 | ||
| Risk Factors for Postpartum Hemorrhage | 653 | ||
| Preexisting Anemia | 653 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 653 | ||
| Obstetric Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage | 656 | ||
| Hematologic Management of Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage | 656 | ||
| Other Hemostatic Agents | 657 | ||
| Laboratory Testing in Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage | 658 | ||
| Pregnancy and Childbirth in Women With Bleeding Disorders | 658 | ||
| Management of Pregnancy and Childbirth in Women With Bleeding Disorders | 659 | ||
| Summary | 660 | ||
| References | 660 | ||
| 33 Thrombophilia in Pregnancy | 665 | ||
| Abstract | 665.e1 | ||
| Key Words | 665.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 665 | ||
| Anticoagulant Therapy During Pregnancy | 665 | ||
| Heparin and Heparinoid Compounds | 665 | ||
| Vitamin K Antagonists | 666 | ||
| Parenteral Direct Thrombin Inhibitors | 666 | ||
| Oral Direct Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors (Direct Oral Anticoagulants [DOACs]) | 666 | ||
| Aspirin | 667 | ||
| Thrombolytic Therapy | 667 | ||
| Acute Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy | 667 | ||
| Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy | 668 | ||
| Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis | 668 | ||
| Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism | 669 | ||
| Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy | 672 | ||
| Prevention of Pregnancy-Associated Venous Thromboembolism | 673 | ||
| Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnant Women With Thrombophilia and No History of Venous Thrombosis | 674 | ||
| Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnant Women With Prior Deep Vein Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism | 675 | ||
| Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism During the Postpartum Period | 676 | ||
| Prevention of Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications | 678 | ||
| Thrombophilia and Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications | 678 | ||
| Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications in Women With Antiphospholipid Syndrome | 678 | ||
| Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications in Women Without Antiphospholipid Antibodies or Known Inherited Thrombophilias | 680 | ||
| Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications in Women With Inherited Thrombophilias | 682 | ||
| Peripartum Anticoagulant Management | 683 | ||
| Screening for Thrombophilia | 684 | ||
| References | 684 | ||
| VI Special Issues | 695 | ||
| 34 Surgery and Hemostasis | 696 | ||
| Abstract | 696.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 696.e1 | ||
| Surgery for Patients With Congenital Hemostatic Defects | 696 | ||
| Effects of Surgery on Hemostasis | 699 | ||
| Thrombotic Signals as a Result of Surgery | 699 | ||
| Prophylaxis Against Thrombosis | 701 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery | 702 | ||
| Orthotopic Liver Transplantation | 705 | ||
| Preoperative Hemostatic Testing | 705 | ||
| Screening for Hemostatic Defects | 705 | ||
| Screening for Thrombotic Disorders | 707 | ||
| Invasive Procedures in Patients With Abnormal Coagulation Tests | 708 | ||
| Massive Transfusion Protocols in Trauma | 709 | ||
| Consultation on Patients With Intraoperative or Postoperative Hemorrhage | 709 | ||
| Closing Comments and Opinions | 712 | ||
| References | 713 | ||
| 35 Anticoagulation in the Perioperative Period | 721 | ||
| Abstract | 721.e1 | ||
| Key Words | 721.e1 | ||
| General Approach | 721 | ||
| Thrombosis Risk by Reason for Antithrombotic Therapy | 721 | ||
| Venous Disease | 721 | ||
| Arterial Disease | 721 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction and Stroke | 721 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 721 | ||
| Mechanical Prosthetic Valves | 722 | ||
| Bleeding Risk | 723 | ||
| Recommended Approaches Listed by Antithrombotic Agents | 723 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents | 723 | ||
| Aspirin | 723 | ||
| P2Y12 Inhibitors | 723 | ||
| Vorapaxar | 723 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 724 | ||
| Heparins | 724 | ||
| Warfarin | 724 | ||
| Continuing Warfarin | 724 | ||
| Bridging | 724 | ||
| Simple Warfarin Interruption | 725 | ||
| Direct Oral Anticoagulants | 725 | ||
| Special Situations | 726 | ||
| Common Procedures | 726 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Procedures | 726 | ||
| Cardiac Device Surgery | 726 | ||
| Percutaneous Coronary Interventions | 726 | ||
| Neuraxial Anesthesia | 727 | ||
| Drug Eluting Stents | 727 | ||
| Antithrombotic Reversal for Emergency Surgery | 728 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents | 728 | ||
| Warfarin | 729 | ||
| Heparin | 729 | ||
| Direct Oral Anticoagulants | 730 | ||
| Summary | 730 | ||
| References | 730 | ||
| 36 Understanding and Managing the Coagulopathy of Liver Disease | 734 | ||
| Abstract | 734.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 734.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 734 | ||
| Hemostatic Alterations in Different Types of Liver Disease | 734 | ||
| Acute Liver Failure | 734 | ||
| Cholestatic Liver Disease | 734 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 735 | ||
| Difficulty in Interpreting Hemostasis Test Results in Patients With Liver Disease | 735 | ||
| (Mis)Use of the International Normalized Ratio in Liver Disease | 736 | ||
| The Concept of Rebalanced Hemostasis in Liver Disease | 736 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment of Bleeding Complications (Boxes 36.1 and 36.2) | 737 | ||
| Prophylactic Preprocedural Correction of a Prolonged International Normalized Ratio Is Not Indicated | 737 | ||
| Prophylactic Preprocedural Correction of Moderate Thrombocytopenia Is Not Indicated | 738 | ||
| How to Change Clinical Practice? | 739 | ||
| Wait-and-See: A Rational Approach to Procedural Hemostasis Management | 739 | ||
| Treatment of Spontaneous Bleeding | 739 | ||
| Variceal Bleeding | 740 | ||
| Role of Infection and Renal Failure | 740 | ||
| Thrombotic Complications and Treatment (Boxes 36.3 & 36.4) | 740 | ||
| Venous Thrombosis | 740 | ||
| Arterial Thrombosis | 741 | ||
| Portal Vein Thrombosis | 741 | ||
| Hepatic Artery Thrombosis Following Liver Transplantation | 741 | ||
| Hemostatic Management During Liver Transplantation | 741 | ||
| Conclusion | 742 | ||
| References | 742 | ||
| 37 Outpatient Oral Anticoagulant Therapy | 747 | ||
| Abstract | 747.e1 | ||
| Key Words | 747.e1 | ||
| Vitamin K Antagonists | 747 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 747 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics | 747 | ||
| Warfarin and Drug Interactions | 748 | ||
| Therapeutic Range and Monitoring | 749 | ||
| Practical Aspects of Warfarin Management | 750 | ||
| Initiation and Maintenance Dosing | 750 | ||
| Management of Nontherapeutic International Normalized Ratios | 751 | ||
| Management of Oral Anticoagulation During Invasive Procedures | 752 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation of Bleeding | 753 | ||
| Predicting and Managing the Risks of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy | 754 | ||
| Anticoagulation Management Services | 754 | ||
| Patient Self-Testing and Patient Self-Management | 755 | ||
| Target-Specific, Direct Oral Anticoagulants | 756 | ||
| Limitations of Warfarin | 756 | ||
| Direct Factor IIa Inhibitors | 756 | ||
| Dabigatran | 756 | ||
| Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors | 761 | ||
| Rivaroxaban | 761 | ||
| Apixaban | 761 | ||
| Edoxaban | 763 | ||
| Betrixaban | 763 | ||
| Practical Management of the Direct Oral Anticoagulants | 764 | ||
| Selecting Patients for Direct, Target- or Factor-Specific Oral Anticoagulants Therapy (Atrial Fibrillation and Venous Thromboembolism) | 764 | ||
| Initiation of Direct, Target- or Factor-Specific Oral Anticoagulants Therapy (Atrial Fibrillation and Venous Thromboembolism) | 764 | ||
| Care Transitions and Patient Follow-Up Strategies | 766 | ||
| Monitoring or Measuring Direct, Target- or Factor-Specific Oral Anticoagulants Activity | 766 | ||
| Managing Drug–Drug Interactions | 767 | ||
| Managing Invasive Procedures | 768 | ||
| Managing Bleeding or Urgent Surgery | 768 | ||
| Managing Transitions Between Classes of Anticoagulants | 771 | ||
| Limitations of the Direct Oral Anticoagulants | 771 | ||
| Implications for Clinical Practice | 772 | ||
| References | 772 | ||
| 38 Hematologic Interventions for Acute Central Nervous System Disease | 778 | ||
| Abstract | 778.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 778.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 778 | ||
| Acute Ischemic Stroke | 778 | ||
| Antithrombotic Therapy | 778 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents | 778 | ||
| Anticoagulant Agents | 779 | ||
| Bleeding Risk Associated With Parenteral Anticoagulation | 779 | ||
| Effect in Subgroups | 779 | ||
| Large Vessel Atherosclerotic Stenosis/Occlusion | 779 | ||
| Cardioembolism | 779 | ||
| Hypercoagulable States | 780 | ||
| Thrombolytic Therapy | 780 | ||
| Mechanical Thrombectomy | 781 | ||
| Consultation Strategies | 781 | ||
| Cerebral Venous Thrombosis | 782 | ||
| Consultation Strategies | 782 | ||
| Overview of Central Nervous System Bleeding | 782 | ||
| Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 783 | ||
| Consultation Strategies | 783 | ||
| Treatment | 784 | ||
| Hyperacute Hemostatic Therapy | 784 | ||
| Reversal Strategies With Particular Coagulation Abnormalities | 784 | ||
| Oral Vitamin K Antagonists | 784 | ||
| Oral Direct Thrombin Inhibitors | 785 | ||
| Direct Oral Anticoagulants | 785 | ||
| Oral Antiplatelet Agents | 786 | ||
| Parenteral Anticoagulants | 787 | ||
| Unfractionated Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins, and Heparinoids | 787 | ||
| Intravenous Direct Thrombin Inhibitors | 787 | ||
| Thrombolytic Agents | 787 | ||
| GPIIb/IIIa Inhibitors | 787 | ||
| Other Agents With Antithrombotic Effects | 788 | ||
| Systemic Disorders Associated With Bleeding | 788 | ||
| Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 788 | ||
| Procoagulant Therapy to Prevent Early Rebleeding | 788 | ||
| Treatment of Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia | 788 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 789 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Coagulopathy | 789 | ||
| Hematologic Interventions for Traumatic Brain Injury | 790 | ||
| Correction of Coagulation Test Results Before Neurosurgical Procedures | 790 | ||
| Restarting or Initating Antithrombotic Therapy After Central Nervous System Hemorrhage | 791 | ||
| Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients After Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 791 | ||
| Consultation Strategies | 793 | ||
| Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients After Hemorrhagic Conversion of Ischemic Stroke | 793 | ||
| Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients After Subdural Hematoma | 793 | ||
| References | 793 | ||
| 39 Paradoxical Embolic Stroke | 802 | ||
| Abstract | 802.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 802.e1 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Patent Foramen Ovale in Stroke | 802 | ||
| Complete Evaluation of A Young Patient With Stroke | 802 | ||
| Medical Management of Patent Foramen Ovale | 804 | ||
| Percutaneous CLOSURE of Patent Foramen Ovale | 806 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defects | 807 | ||
| Atrial Septal Aneurysms | 807 | ||
| Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale and Underlying Hypercoagulability | 807 | ||
| Conclusion | 808 | ||
| References | 808 | ||
| 40 Hemorrhage Control and Thrombosis Following Severe Injury | 811 | ||
| Abstract | 811.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 811.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 811 | ||
| Massive Transfusion and the Coagulopathy of Trauma | 811 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 811 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 813 | ||
| Treatment of Postinjury Coagulopathy | 813 | ||
| Pharmaceutical Treatment of Postinjury Coagulopathy (Recombinant Factor VIIa, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin Complex Concentrates, Tranexamic Acid) | 814 | ||
| Patients With Congenital Bleeding Diatheses | 814 | ||
| Patients With Acquired Bleeding Diatheses and Comorbid Conditions | 814 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 815 | ||
| Thrombosis in Trauma Patients | 815 | ||
| Thrombocytosis in Trauma Patients | 815 | ||
| Summary | 816 | ||
| References | 816 | ||
| 41 Hemostatic Aspects of Sickle Cell Disease | 819 | ||
| Abstract | 819.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 819.e1 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 819 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Sickle Cell Disease | 819 | ||
| The Red Blood Cell and Hemoglobin S Polymerization | 819 | ||
| Leukocytes | 820 | ||
| Platelets | 821 | ||
| Endothelium | 821 | ||
| Inflammation | 822 | ||
| Hemostatic Changes | 822 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 823 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 824 | ||
| The Role of Hemostatic Abnormalities in Vaso-Occlusion | 824 | ||
| Thrombophilic Deoxyribonucleic Acid Mutations | 826 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Transfusion | 826 | ||
| Hydroxyurea Therapy | 826 | ||
| Acute Chest Syndrome | 827 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 827 | ||
| Clinical Management | 828 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension in Sickle Cell Disease | 829 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 829 | ||
| Clinical Management | 830 | ||
| Stroke | 831 | ||
| New Drugs in Sickle Cell Disease | 832 | ||
| References | 833 | ||
| Index | 843 | ||
| A | 843 | ||
| B | 846 | ||
| C | 847 | ||
| D | 849 | ||
| E | 850 | ||
| F | 851 | ||
| G | 852 | ||
| H | 852 | ||
| I | 855 | ||
| J | 856 | ||
| K | 856 | ||
| L | 856 | ||
| M | 857 | ||
| N | 857 | ||
| O | 858 | ||
| P | 858 | ||
| Q | 861 | ||
| R | 861 | ||
| S | 862 | ||
| T | 863 | ||
| U | 867 | ||
| V | 867 | ||
| W | 868 | ||
| X | 869 | ||
| Z | 869 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |