BOOK
Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness E-Book
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The new edition of the hugely successful Ross and Wilson Anatomy & Physiology in Health and Illness continues to bring its readers the core essentials of human biology presented in a clear and straightforward manner. Fully updated throughout, the book now comes with enhanced learning features including helpful revision questions and an all new art programme to help make learning even easier. The 13th edition retains its popular website, which contains a wide range of ‘critical thinking’ exercises as well as new animations, an audio-glossary, the unique Body Spectrum© online colouring and self-test program, and helpful weblinks. Ross and Wilson Anatomy & Physiology in Health and Illness will be of particular help to readers new to the subject area, those returning to study after a period of absence, and for anyone whose first language isn’t English.
- Latest edition of the world’s most popular textbook on basic human anatomy and physiology with over 1.5 million copies sold worldwide
- Clear, no nonsense writing style helps make learning easy
- Accompanying website contains animations, audio-glossary, case studies and other self-assessment material, the unique Body Spectrum© online colouring and self-test software, and helpful weblinks
- Includes basic pathology and pathophysiology of important diseases and disorders
- Contains helpful learning features such as Learning Outcomes boxes, colour coding and design icons together with a stunning illustration and photography collection
- Contains clear explanations of common prefixes, suffixes and roots, with helpful examples from the text, plus a glossary and an appendix of normal biological values.
- Particularly valuable for students who are completely new to the subject, or returning to study after a period of absence, and for anyone whose first language is not English
- All new illustration programme brings the book right up-to-date for today’s student
- Helpful ‘Spot Check’ questions at the end of each topic to monitor progress
- Fully updated throughout with the latest information on common and/or life threatening diseases and disorders
- Review and Revise end-of-chapter exercises assist with reader understanding and recall
- Over 150 animations – many of them newly created – help clarify underlying scientific and physiological principles and make learning fun
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgements | ix | ||
| Online Student Resources | xi | ||
| Help for Faculty | xiii | ||
| Common prefixes, suffixes and roots | xv | ||
| Key_page | xviii | ||
| Key | xviii | ||
| Key | xix | ||
| 1 The body and its constituents | 1 | ||
| 1 Anatomy and organisation of the body | 1 | ||
| Levels of structural complexity | 2 | ||
| Survival needs of the body | 2 | ||
| Communication | 3 | ||
| Transport systems | 4 | ||
| Blood | 4 | ||
| Plasma. | 4 | ||
| Blood cells. | 4 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 4 | ||
| Blood vessels. | 4 | ||
| Heart. | 5 | ||
| Lymphatic system | 5 | ||
| Internal communication | 5 | ||
| Nervous system | 6 | ||
| Endocrine system | 6 | ||
| Communication with the external environment | 7 | ||
| Special senses | 7 | ||
| Verbal communication | 7 | ||
| Non-verbal communication | 7 | ||
| Intake of raw materials and elimination of waste | 7 | ||
| Intake of oxygen | 7 | ||
| Ingestion of nutrients (eating) | 7 | ||
| Digestion | 8 | ||
| Alimentary canal | 8 | ||
| Accessory organs | 8 | ||
| Metabolism | 8 | ||
| Elimination of wastes | 8 | ||
| Carbon dioxide | 8 | ||
| Urine | 8 | ||
| Faeces | 9 | ||
| Protection of the body itself and of the species | 9 | ||
| Protection against the external environment | 9 | ||
| Defence against infection | 9 | ||
| Non-specific defence mechanisms | 9 | ||
| Specific defence mechanisms | 9 | ||
| Movement | 10 | ||
| Survival of the species | 10 | ||
| Transmission of inherited characteristics | 10 | ||
| Reproduction | 10 | ||
| Introduction to anatomy | 11 | ||
| Anatomical terms | 11 | ||
| The anatomical position | 11 | ||
| Directional terms | 11 | ||
| Regional terms | 11 | ||
| Body planes | 12 | ||
| Median plane | 12 | ||
| Frontal (coronal) plane | 12 | ||
| Transverse plane | 12 | ||
| Anatomical reference icons used in this book | 13 | ||
| Organisation of the body | 13 | ||
| The skeleton | 13 | ||
| Axial skeleton | 13 | ||
| Skull | 13 | ||
| Functions | 13 | ||
| Vertebral column | 13 | ||
| 2 Communication | 61 | ||
| 4 The blood | 61 | ||
| Plasma | 62 | ||
| Plasma proteins | 62 | ||
| Albumins | 62 | ||
| Globulins | 62 | ||
| Clotting factors | 62 | ||
| Electrolytes | 62 | ||
| Nutrients | 62 | ||
| Waste products | 62 | ||
| Hormones | 62 | ||
| Gases | 63 | ||
| Cellular content of blood 4.1 | 63 | ||
| Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 4.2 | 63 | ||
| Lifespan and function of erythrocytes | 63 | ||
| Haemoglobin | 65 | ||
| Oxygen transport | 65 | ||
| Low pH | 66 | ||
| Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) | 66 | ||
| Temperature | 66 | ||
| Control of erythropoiesis | 66 | ||
| Destruction of erythrocytes | 66 | ||
| Blood groups | 66 | ||
| The ABO system | 67 | ||
| The Rhesus system 4.3 | 67 | ||
| Leukocytes (white blood cells) 4.4 | 68 | ||
| Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) | 68 | ||
| Neutrophils | 68 | ||
| Eosinophils | 68 | ||
| Basophils | 69 | ||
| Agranulocytes | 69 | ||
| Monocytes | 69 | ||
| The mononuclear phagocyte system | 69 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 70 | ||
| Platelets (thrombocytes) 4.5 | 70 | ||
| Haemostasis | 70 | ||
| 1. Vasoconstriction | 70 | ||
| 2. Platelet plug formation | 70 | ||
| 3. Coagulation (blood clotting) | 71 | ||
| 4. Thrombolysis | 71 | ||
| Control of coagulation | 72 | ||
| Erythrocyte disorders | 73 | ||
| Anaemias | 73 | ||
| Iron deficiency anaemia | 73 | ||
| Deficient intake | 73 | ||
| High requirements | 73 | ||
| Malabsorption | 74 | ||
| Vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency anaemias | 74 | ||
| Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia | 74 | ||
| Pernicious anaemia | 74 | ||
| Dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 | 74 | ||
| Other causes of vitamin B12 deficiency | 74 | ||
| Complications of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia | 74 | ||
| Folic acid deficiency anaemia | 74 | ||
| Aplastic anaemia | 74 | ||
| Haemolytic anaemias | 74 | ||
| Congenital haemolytic anaemias | 75 | ||
| Sickle cell anaemia | 75 | ||
| Thalassaemias | 75 | ||
| Haemolytic disease of the newborn | 75 | ||
| Acquired haemolytic anaemias | 75 | ||
| Chemical agents | 76 | ||
| Autoimmunity | 76 | ||
| Blood transfusion reactions | 76 | ||
| Polycythaemia | 76 | ||
| Primary polycythaemia | 76 | ||
| Secondary polycythaemia | 76 | ||
| Leukocyte disorders | 77 | ||
| Leukopenia | 77 | ||
| Granulocytopenia (neutropenia) | 77 | ||
| Leukocytosis | 77 | ||
| Leukaemia | 77 | ||
| Causes of leukaemia | 77 | ||
| Ionising radiation | 77 | ||
| Chemicals | 77 | ||
| Genetic factors | 77 | ||
| Types of leukaemia | 77 | ||
| Acute leukaemias | 77 | ||
| Acute myeloblastic leukaemia | 78 | ||
| Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | 78 | ||
| Chronic leukaemias | 78 | ||
| Chronic myeloid leukaemia | 78 | ||
| Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia | 78 | ||
| Haemorrhagic diseases | 78 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 78 | ||
| Reduced platelet production | 78 | ||
| Increased platelet destruction | 78 | ||
| Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura | 78 | ||
| Vitamin K deficiency | 79 | ||
| Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn | 79 | ||
| Deficiency in adults | 79 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 79 | ||
| Congenital disorders | 79 | ||
| The haemophilias | 79 | ||
| von Willebrand disease | 79 | ||
| Review and revise | 79 | ||
| 5 The cardiovascular system | 81 | ||
| Blood vessels | 82 | ||
| Arteries and arterioles | 82 | ||
| Anastomoses and end-arteries | 83 | ||
| Capillaries and sinusoids | 83 | ||
| Capillary refill time | 84 | ||
| Veins and venules | 84 | ||
| Blood supply | 84 | ||
| Capillary exchange | 84 | ||
| Exchange of gases | 84 | ||
| Exchange of other substances | 85 | ||
| Capillary fluid dynamics | 85 | ||
| Heart | 86 | ||
| Position 5.2 | 86 | ||
| Organs associated with the heart | 86 | ||
| Structure | 86 | ||
| The heart wall | 86 | ||
| Pericardium | 86 | ||
| Myocardium | 86 | ||
| Fibrous tissue in the heart | 87 | ||
| Endocardium | 87 | ||
| Interior of the heart 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 | 87 | ||
| Flow of blood through the heart | 88 | ||
| Blood supply to the heart (the coronary circulation) | 89 | ||
| Arterial supply | 89 | ||
| Venous drainage | 89 | ||
| Conducting system of the heart 5.6, 5.7 | 89 | ||
| Sinoatrial node | 90 | ||
| Atrioventricular node | 90 | ||
| Atrioventricular bundle | 92 | ||
| Nerve supply to the heart | 92 | ||
| Factors affecting heart rate | 92 | ||
| Cardiac cycle | 92 | ||
| Stages of the cardiac cycle | 92 | ||
| Heart sounds | 93 | ||
| Electrical activity in the heart 5.8 | 93 | ||
| Cardiac output | 94 | ||
| Stroke volume | 94 | ||
| Arterial blood pressure | 95 | ||
| Blood volume | 95 | ||
| Venous return | 95 | ||
| Effect of gravity | 95 | ||
| Muscular contraction | 95 | ||
| Respiratory pump | 95 | ||
| Heart rate | 95 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 95 | ||
| Circulating chemicals | 95 | ||
| Position | 95 | ||
| Gender | 95 | ||
| Age | 95 | ||
| Temperature | 96 | ||
| Baroreceptor reflex | 96 | ||
| Blood pressure | 96 | ||
| Systolic and diastolic pressures | 96 | ||
| Relationship between pressure, flow and blood vessel diameter | 96 | ||
| Tunica media and vessel diameter | 96 | ||
| Blood vessel diameter and blood flow | 96 | ||
| Autoregulation | 97 | ||
| Factors determining blood pressure | 97 | ||
| Cardiac output | 97 | ||
| Peripheral resistance | 98 | ||
| Control of blood pressure | 98 | ||
| Short-term blood pressure regulation | 98 | ||
| Baroreceptors | 98 | ||
| Chemoreceptors | 99 | ||
| Higher centres in the brain | 100 | ||
| Long-term blood pressure regulation | 100 | ||
| Pressure in the pulmonary circulation | 100 | ||
| Pulse | 100 | ||
| Factors affecting the pulse | 101 | ||
| Circulation of the blood | 101 | ||
| Pulmonary circulation 5.9 | 101 | ||
| Systemic or general circulation | 104 | ||
| Major blood vessels | 104 | ||
| Aorta | 104 | ||
| Thoracic aorta | 105 | ||
| Ascending aorta. | 105 | ||
| Arch of the aorta. | 105 | ||
| Descending aorta in the thorax. | 105 | ||
| Abdominal aorta | 105 | ||
| Venae cavae | 105 | ||
| Superior vena cava | 105 | ||
| Inferior vena cava | 105 | ||
| Circulation in the head and neck | 105 | ||
| Arterial supply | 105 | ||
| Carotid arteries | 105 | ||
| External carotid artery (Fig. 5.29). | 105 | ||
| Internal carotid artery. | 106 | ||
| Circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis). | 106 | ||
| Venous return | 107 | ||
| Circulation in the upper limb | 108 | ||
| Arterial supply | 108 | ||
| The subclavian arteries | 108 | ||
| Venous return | 108 | ||
| Circulation in the thorax | 110 | ||
| Arterial supply | 110 | ||
| Venous return | 111 | ||
| Circulation in the abdomen | 111 | ||
| Arterial supply | 111 | ||
| Paired branches | 111 | ||
| Unpaired branches | 111 | ||
| Venous return | 112 | ||
| Portal circulation 5.10 | 112 | ||
| Portal vein | 112 | ||
| Circulation in the pelvis and lower limb | 114 | ||
| Arterial supply | 114 | ||
| Common iliac arteries | 114 | ||
| Venous return | 115 | ||
| Deep veins | 115 | ||
| Superficial veins | 116 | ||
| Summary of the main blood vessels | 116 | ||
| Fetal circulation | 116 | ||
| Features of the fetal circulation 5.11 | 116 | ||
| Placenta | 116 | ||
| Structure | 116 | ||
| Functions | 116 | ||
| Exchange of nutrients and wastes | 116 | ||
| Protection of the fetus | 116 | ||
| Maintenance of pregnancy | 119 | ||
| Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). | 119 | ||
| Progesterone and oestrogen. | 119 | ||
| Fetal adaptations | 119 | ||
| Ductus venosus | 119 | ||
| Ductus arteriosus | 119 | ||
| Foramen ovale | 119 | ||
| Changes at birth | 119 | ||
| Effects of ageing on the cardiovascular system | 120 | ||
| Ageing and the heart | 120 | ||
| Ageing and blood vessels | 121 | ||
| Shock | 122 | ||
| Hypovolaemic shock | 122 | ||
| Cardiogenic shock | 122 | ||
| Septic shock (bacteraemic, endotoxic) | 122 | ||
| Neurogenic shock | 122 | ||
| Anaphylactic shock | 122 | ||
| Physiological changes during shock | 122 | ||
| Compensated shock | 122 | ||
| Uncompensated shock | 123 | ||
| Thrombosis and embolism | 123 | ||
| Thrombosis | 124 | ||
| Slow blood flow | 124 | ||
| Damage to the blood vessel intima | 124 | ||
| Increased blood coagulability | 124 | ||
| Embolism | 124 | ||
| Pulmonary embolism | 124 | ||
| Infarction and ischaemia | 124 | ||
| Blood vessel pathology | 125 | ||
| Atheroma | 125 | ||
| Pathological changes | 125 | ||
| Causes of atheroma | 125 | ||
| Effects of atheroma 5.12 | 125 | ||
| Narrowing of an artery | 125 | ||
| Occlusion of an artery | 125 | ||
| Complications of atheroma | 126 | ||
| Thrombosis and infarction | 126 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 126 | ||
| Aneurysm | 126 | ||
| Arteriosclerosis | 126 | ||
| Aneurysms | 127 | ||
| Types of aneurysm | 127 | ||
| Venous thrombosis | 127 | ||
| Superficial thrombophlebitis | 127 | ||
| Deep vein thrombosis | 127 | ||
| Varicosed veins | 128 | ||
| Sites and effects of varicose veins | 128 | ||
| Varicose veins of the legs | 128 | ||
| Haemorrhoids | 129 | ||
| Scrotal varicocele | 129 | ||
| Oesophageal varices | 129 | ||
| Tumours of blood and lymph vessels | 129 | ||
| Angiomas | 129 | ||
| Haemangiomas | 129 | ||
| Capillary haemangiomas. | 129 | ||
| Oedema | 129 | ||
| Sites of oedema | 129 | ||
| Causes of oedema | 129 | ||
| Increased venous hydrostatic (blood) pressure | 129 | ||
| Decreased plasma osmotic pressure | 129 | ||
| Impaired lymphatic drainage | 130 | ||
| Increased small-vessel permeability | 130 | ||
| Effusions and ascites | 130 | ||
| Pleural effusion | 130 | ||
| Ascites | 130 | ||
| Diseases of the heart | 131 | ||
| Heart (cardiac) failure | 131 | ||
| Compensatory mechanisms in heart failure | 131 | ||
| Acute heart failure | 131 | ||
| Chronic heart failure | 131 | ||
| Right-sided (congestive cardiac) failure | 131 | ||
| Resistance to blood flow through the lungs | 132 | ||
| Weakness of the myocardium | 132 | ||
| Left-sided (left ventricular) failure | 132 | ||
| Disorders of heart valves 5.13 | 132 | ||
| Stenosis | 132 | ||
| Incompetence 5.14 | 132 | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 132 | ||
| Angina pectoris | 133 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 133 | ||
| Complications | 133 | ||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 133 | ||
| Acute rheumatic heart disease | 133 | ||
| Chronic rheumatic heart disease | 133 | ||
| Infective endocarditis | 133 | ||
| Bacteraemia | 134 | ||
| Depressed immune response | 134 | ||
| Heart abnormalities | 134 | ||
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 134 | ||
| Sinus bradycardia | 134 | ||
| Sinus tachycardia | 134 | ||
| Asystole | 134 | ||
| Fibrillation | 134 | ||
| Heart block | 135 | ||
| Congenital abnormalities | 135 | ||
| Patent ductus arteriosus | 135 | ||
| Atrial septal defect | 135 | ||
| Coarctation of the aorta | 135 | ||
| Fallot’s tetralogy | 135 | ||
| Disorders of blood pressure | 136 | ||
| Hypertension | 136 | ||
| Essential hypertension | 136 | ||
| Risk factors | 136 | ||
| Malignant (accelerated) hypertension | 137 | ||
| Secondary hypertension | 137 | ||
| Effects and complications of hypertension | 137 | ||
| Heart | 137 | ||
| Brain | 138 | ||
| Kidneys | 138 | ||
| Blood vessels | 138 | ||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 138 | ||
| Hypotension | 138 | ||
| References and further reading | 138 | ||
| Review and revise | 138 | ||
| 6 The lymphatic system | 141 | ||
| Functions of the lymphatic system | 141 | ||
| Tissue drainage | 141 | ||
| Absorption in the small intestine | 143 | ||
| Immunity | 143 | ||
| Lymph and lymph vessels | 143 | ||
| Lymph 6.1 | 143 | ||
| Lymph capillaries | 143 | ||
| Larger lymph vessels | 143 | ||
| Thoracic duct | 143 | ||
| Right lymphatic duct | 143 | ||
| Circulation of lymph 6.3 | 143 | ||
| Lymphatic organs and tissues | 144 | ||
| Lymph nodes 6.4 | 144 | ||
| Structure | 144 | ||
| Functions | 145 | ||
| Defence | 145 | ||
| Maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes | 145 | ||
| Tonsils | 145 | ||
| Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) | 145 | ||
| Palatine tonsils | 146 | ||
| Lingual tonsils | 146 | ||
| Spleen 6.5 | 146 | ||
| Organs associated with the spleen | 146 | ||
| Structure | 146 | ||
| 3 Intake of raw materials and elimination of waste | 261 | ||
| 10 The respiratory system | 261 | ||
| Nose and nasal cavity | 262 | ||
| Position and structure | 262 | ||
| Bones forming the nasal cavity | 263 | ||
| Lining of the nasal cavity 10.3 | 263 | ||
| Openings into the nasal cavity | 263 | ||
| Functions | 263 | ||
| Respiratory function of the nose | 263 | ||
| Warming | 263 | ||
| Filtering and cleaning | 263 | ||
| Humidification | 264 | ||
| The sense of smell | 264 | ||
| Pharynx | 264 | ||
| Position | 264 | ||
| Structures associated with the pharynx | 264 | ||
| Nasopharynx | 265 | ||
| Oropharynx | 265 | ||
| Laryngopharynx | 265 | ||
| Structure | 265 | ||
| Mucous membrane lining | 265 | ||
| Submucosa | 265 | ||
| Smooth muscle | 265 | ||
| Blood and nerve supply | 265 | ||
| Functions | 265 | ||
| Passageway for air and food | 265 | ||
| Warming and humidifying | 265 | ||
| Hearing | 265 | ||
| Protection | 265 | ||
| Speech | 265 | ||
| Larynx | 266 | ||
| Position | 266 | ||
| Structures associated with the larynx | 266 | ||
| Structure | 266 | ||
| Cartilages | 266 | ||
| Thyroid cartilage | 266 | ||
| Cricoid cartilage | 266 | ||
| Arytenoid cartilages | 266 | ||
| Epiglottis | 266 | ||
| Blood and nerve supply | 267 | ||
| Interior of the larynx | 267 | ||
| Functions | 267 | ||
| Production of sound | 267 | ||
| Speech | 268 | ||
| Protection of the lower respiratory tract | 268 | ||
| Passageway for air | 268 | ||
| Humidifying, filtering and warming | 268 | ||
| Trachea | 268 | ||
| Position | 268 | ||
| Structures associated with the trachea | 269 | ||
| Structure | 269 | ||
| Blood and nerve supply, lymph drainage | 269 | ||
| Functions | 269 | ||
| Support and patency | 269 | ||
| Mucociliary escalator | 270 | ||
| Cough reflex | 270 | ||
| Warming, humidifying and filtering | 270 | ||
| Lungs | 270 | ||
| Position and gross structure | 270 | ||
| Apex | 270 | ||
| Base | 270 | ||
| Costal surface | 270 | ||
| Medial surface | 271 | ||
| Pleura and pleural cavity | 272 | ||
| Visceral pleura | 272 | ||
| Parietal pleura | 272 | ||
| Pleural cavity | 272 | ||
| Interior of the lungs | 272 | ||
| Pulmonary blood supply | 272 | ||
| Bronchi and bronchioles | 273 | ||
| Right bronchus | 273 | ||
| Left bronchus | 273 | ||
| Structure 10.4 | 273 | ||
| Structural changes in the bronchial passages | 273 | ||
| Cartilage | 273 | ||
| Smooth muscle | 273 | ||
| Epithelial lining | 273 | ||
| Blood and nerve supply, lymph drainage | 274 | ||
| Functions | 274 | ||
| Control of air entry | 274 | ||
| Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli 10.5 | 274 | ||
| Structure | 274 | ||
| Nerve supply to bronchioles | 274 | ||
| Functions | 275 | ||
| External respiration | 275 | ||
| Defence against infection | 275 | ||
| Respiration | 275 | ||
| Breathing (pulmonary ventilation) | 275 | ||
| Exchange of gases | 275 | ||
| Breathing | 275 | ||
| Muscles of breathing | 275 | ||
| Intercostal muscles | 275 | ||
| External intercostal muscles | 276 | ||
| Internal intercostal muscles | 276 | ||
| Diaphragm 10.6 | 276 | ||
| Accessory muscles of respiration | 276 | ||
| The ‘sprung’ ribcage | 276 | ||
| Cycle of breathing 10.7 | 277 | ||
| Inspiration | 277 | ||
| Expiration | 278 | ||
| Physiological variables affecting breathing | 278 | ||
| Elasticity | 278 | ||
| Compliance | 278 | ||
| Airway resistance | 278 | ||
| Lung volumes and capacities | 278 | ||
| Tidal volume | 278 | ||
| Inspiratory reserve volume | 278 | ||
| Inspiratory capacity | 278 | ||
| Functional residual capacity | 278 | ||
| Expiratory reserve volume | 278 | ||
| Residual volume | 278 | ||
| Vital capacity | 278 | ||
| Total lung capacity | 279 | ||
| Alveolar ventilation | 279 | ||
| Exchange of gases | 279 | ||
| Composition of air | 279 | ||
| Alveolar air | 279 | ||
| Diffusion of gases | 279 | ||
| External respiration 10.8 | 280 | ||
| Internal respiration 10.9 | 280 | ||
| Transport of gases in the bloodstream | 280 | ||
| Oxygen | 281 | ||
| Carbon dioxide | 281 | ||
| Regulation of airflow and blood flow in the lung | 281 | ||
| Control of respiration | 281 | ||
| The respiratory centre | 281 | ||
| Chemoreceptors | 281 | ||
| Central chemoreceptors | 281 | ||
| Peripheral chemoreceptors | 281 | ||
| Exercise and respiration | 282 | ||
| Other factors that influence respiration | 282 | ||
| Effects of ageing on the respiratory system | 283 | ||
| Disorders of the upper respiratory tract | 284 | ||
| Infectious and inflammatory disorders | 284 | ||
| Common cold and influenza | 284 | ||
| Sinusitis | 284 | ||
| Tonsillitis | 284 | ||
| Pharyngitis, laryngitis and tracheitis | 284 | ||
| Diphtheria | 284 | ||
| Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) | 285 | ||
| Obstructive lung disorders | 285 | ||
| Bronchitis | 285 | ||
| Acute bronchitis | 285 | ||
| Chronic bronchitis | 285 | ||
| Increased size and number of mucus glands | 285 | ||
| Oedema and other inflammatory changes | 285 | ||
| Reduction in number and function of ciliated cells | 285 | ||
| Fibrosis of the airways | 285 | ||
| Breathlessness (dyspnoea) | 285 | ||
| Emphysema | 286 | ||
| Pulmonary emphysema | 286 | ||
| Panacinar emphysema | 286 | ||
| Centrilobular emphysema | 286 | ||
| Interstitial emphysema | 286 | ||
| Asthma | 286 | ||
| Atopic (childhood-onset, extrinsic) asthma | 287 | ||
| Non-atopic (adult-onset, intrinsic) asthma | 287 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 287 | ||
| Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) | 288 | ||
| Restrictive disorders | 288 | ||
| Pneumoconioses | 288 | ||
| Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis | 288 | ||
| Silicosis | 288 | ||
| Asbestosis | 289 | ||
| Extrinsic allergic alveolitis | 289 | ||
| Pulmonary toxins | 289 | ||
| Paraquat | 289 | ||
| Drugs | 289 | ||
| High-concentration oxygen therapy | 289 | ||
| Lung infections | 289 | ||
| Pneumonia | 289 | ||
| Impaired coughing | 290 | ||
| Damage to the epithelial lining of the tract | 290 | ||
| Impaired alveolar phagocytosis | 290 | ||
| Hospitalisation | 290 | ||
| Other factors | 290 | ||
| Causative organisms | 290 | ||
| Lobar pneumonia | 290 | ||
| Bronchopneumonia | 290 | ||
| Lung abscess | 291 | ||
| Outcomes | 291 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 291 | ||
| Pulmonary tuberculosis | 291 | ||
| Primary tuberculosis | 291 | ||
| Secondary tuberculosis | 291 | ||
| Non-pulmonary tuberculosis | 291 | ||
| Miliary tuberculosis | 291 | ||
| Lymph node tuberculosis | 291 | ||
| Joint and bone tuberculosis | 291 | ||
| Other affected tissues | 291 | ||
| Lung tumours | 292 | ||
| Bronchial carcinoma | 292 | ||
| Spread of bronchial carcinoma | 292 | ||
| Local spread | 292 | ||
| Lymphatic spread | 292 | ||
| Blood spread | 292 | ||
| Pleural mesothelioma | 292 | ||
| Lung collapse | 292 | ||
| Obstruction of an airway (absorption collapse) | 292 | ||
| Impaired surfactant function | 293 | ||
| Pressure collapse | 293 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 293 | ||
| Spontaneous pneumothorax | 293 | ||
| Traumatic pneumothorax | 293 | ||
| Tension pneumothorax | 293 | ||
| Haemothorax | 293 | ||
| Pleural effusion | 293 | ||
| Alveolar hypoventilation | 294 | ||
| Review and revise | 294 | ||
| 11 Introduction to nutrition | 297 | ||
| The balanced diet | 297 | ||
| Fruit and vegetables | 298 | ||
| Potatoes, bread, rice, pasta and other starchy carbohydrates | 298 | ||
| Dairy and dairy alternatives | 298 | ||
| Beans, pulses, fish, eggs, meat and other proteins | 299 | ||
| Oils and spreads | 299 | ||
| Foods and drinks high in fat, salt and sugars | 299 | ||
| Additional recommendations | 300 | ||
| Groups of people with specific dietary requirements | 300 | ||
| Nutrients | 300 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 300 | ||
| Glycaemic index | 300 | ||
| Functions of digestible carbohydrates | 300 | ||
| Proteins | 301 | ||
| Amino acids | 301 | ||
| Nitrogen balance | 301 | ||
| Biological value of protein | 301 | ||
| Functions of proteins | 301 | ||
| Fats | 301 | ||
| Fats (triglycerides) | 301 | ||
| Cholesterol | 302 | ||
| Functions of fats | 302 | ||
| Vitamins | 302 | ||
| Fat-soluble vitamins | 302 | ||
| Vitamin A (retinol) | 302 | ||
| Vitamin D | 302 | ||
| Vitamin E | 303 | ||
| Vitamin K | 303 | ||
| Water-soluble vitamins | 303 | ||
| Vitamin B complex | 303 | ||
| Vitamin B1 (thiamin) | 303 | ||
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | 303 | ||
| Vitamin B3 (niacin) | 303 | ||
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 303 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) | 304 | ||
| Folic acid (folate) | 304 | ||
| Pantothenic acid | 304 | ||
| Biotin | 304 | ||
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | 304 | ||
| Minerals, trace elements and water | 304 | ||
| Minerals and trace elements | 304 | ||
| Calcium | 304 | ||
| Phosphate | 304 | ||
| Sodium | 304 | ||
| Potassium | 305 | ||
| Iron | 305 | ||
| Iodine | 305 | ||
| Water | 305 | ||
| Functions of water | 305 | ||
| Non-starch polysaccharide | 305 | ||
| Functions of NSP (dietary fibre) | 305 | ||
| Ageing and nutrition | 306 | ||
| Nutritional disorders in older adults | 306 | ||
| Malnutrition | 306 | ||
| Obesity | 306 | ||
| Vitamin deficiency | 306 | ||
| Constipation | 306 | ||
| Disorders of nutrition | 307 | ||
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 307 | ||
| Kwashiorkor | 307 | ||
| Marasmus | 307 | ||
| Malabsorption | 307 | ||
| Obesity | 307 | ||
| Conditions with dietary implications | 308 | ||
| References and further reading | 309 | ||
| Review and revise | 309 | ||
| 12 The digestive system | 311 | ||
| Ingestion | 312 | ||
| Propulsion | 312 | ||
| Digestion | 312 | ||
| Absorption | 312 | ||
| Elimination | 313 | ||
| Organs of the digestive system | 313 | ||
| Alimentary canal | 314 | ||
| Accessory organs | 314 | ||
| Basic structure of the alimentary canal | 314 | ||
| Adventitia or serosa | 314 | ||
| Peritoneum | 314 | ||
| Muscle layer | 315 | ||
| Submucosa | 315 | ||
| Mucosa | 316 | ||
| Mucous membrane | 316 | ||
| Nerve supply | 316 | ||
| The parasympathetic supply | 317 | ||
| The sympathetic supply | 317 | ||
| Mouth | 318 | ||
| Tongue | 318 | ||
| Blood supply | 318 | ||
| Nerve supply | 319 | ||
| Functions | 319 | ||
| Teeth | 319 | ||
| Structure | 319 | ||
| Blood supply | 319 | ||
| Nerve supply | 320 | ||
| Functions | 320 | ||
| Salivary glands | 320 | ||
| Parotid glands | 320 | ||
| Submandibular glands | 320 | ||
| Sublingual glands | 321 | ||
| Structure | 321 | ||
| Blood supply | 321 | ||
| Composition of saliva | 321 | ||
| Secretion of saliva | 321 | ||
| Functions of saliva | 321 | ||
| Chemical digestion of polysaccharides | 321 | ||
| Lubrication of food | 321 | ||
| Cleaning and lubrication of the mouth | 321 | ||
| Non-specific defence | 321 | ||
| Taste | 321 | ||
| Pharynx | 322 | ||
| Blood supply | 322 | ||
| Nerve supply | 322 | ||
| Oesophagus | 322 | ||
| Structure | 323 | ||
| Blood supply | 323 | ||
| Arterial supply | 323 | ||
| Venous drainage | 323 | ||
| Functions of the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus | 323 | ||
| Formation of a bolus | 323 | ||
| Swallowing (deglutition) 12.3 | 323 | ||
| 1. Oral stage | 323 | ||
| 2. Pharyngeal stage | 323 | ||
| 3. Oesophageal stage | 323 | ||
| Stomach | 324 | ||
| Organs associated with the stomach | 324 | ||
| Structure | 324 | ||
| Walls of the stomach | 325 | ||
| Muscle layer | 325 | ||
| Mucosa | 326 | ||
| Blood supply | 326 | ||
| Gastric juice and functions of the stomach | 326 | ||
| Gastric juice | 326 | ||
| Functions of gastric juice | 326 | ||
| Secretion of gastric juice | 326 | ||
| 1. Cephalic phase | 328 | ||
| 2. Gastric phase | 328 | ||
| 3. Intestinal phase | 328 | ||
| Functions of the stomach | 328 | ||
| Small intestine | 328 | ||
| Duodenum | 328 | ||
| Jejunum | 328 | ||
| Ileum | 328 | ||
| Structure | 329 | ||
| Peritoneum | 329 | ||
| Mucosa | 329 | ||
| Blood supply | 330 | ||
| Intestinal juice | 330 | ||
| Functions | 330 | ||
| Chemical digestion in the small intestine | 331 | ||
| Pancreatic juice | 331 | ||
| 4 Protection and survival | 393 | ||
| 14 The skin | 393 | ||
| Structure and functions of the skin | 393 | ||
| Structure | 393 | ||
| Epidermis | 393 | ||
| Dermis | 395 | ||
| Blood and lymph vessels | 395 | ||
| Sensory nerve endings | 395 | ||
| Sweat glands | 395 | ||
| Hairs | 396 | ||
| Arrector pili | 396 | ||
| Sebaceous glands | 396 | ||
| Nails | 396 | ||
| Functions | 397 | ||
| Protection | 397 | ||
| Regulation of body temperature | 397 | ||
| Heat production | 397 | ||
| Heat loss | 397 | ||
| Mechanisms of heat loss | 397 | ||
| Control of body temperature | 398 | ||
| Activity of the sweat glands | 398 | ||
| Regulation of blood flow through the skin | 398 | ||
| Fever | 398 | ||
| Hypothermia | 398 | ||
| Formation of vitamin D | 399 | ||
| Cutaneous sensation | 399 | ||
| Absorption | 399 | ||
| Excretion | 399 | ||
| Wound healing | 399 | ||
| Conditions required for wound healing | 399 | ||
| Systemic factors | 399 | ||
| Local factors | 399 | ||
| Primary healing (healing by first intention) | 399 | ||
| Inflammation | 399 | ||
| Proliferation | 399 | ||
| Maturation | 399 | ||
| Secondary healing (healing by second intention) | 399 | ||
| Inflammation | 400 | ||
| Proliferation | 400 | ||
| Maturation | 400 | ||
| Fibrosis (scar formation) | 400 | ||
| Adhesions | 400 | ||
| Fibrosis of infarcts | 400 | ||
| Tissue shrinkage | 400 | ||
| Complications of wound healing | 400 | ||
| Infection | 401 | ||
| Effects of ageing on the skin | 402 | ||
| Disorders of the skin | 403 | ||
| Infections | 403 | ||
| Viral infections | 403 | ||
| Human papilloma virus | 403 | ||
| Herpes viruses | 403 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 403 | ||
| Impetigo | 403 | ||
| Cellulitis | 403 | ||
| Fungal infections (mycoses) | 403 | ||
| Ringworm and tinea pedis | 403 | ||
| Non-infective inflammatory conditions | 403 | ||
| Dermatitis (eczema) | 403 | ||
| Atopic dermatitis | 403 | ||
| Contact dermatitis | 403 | ||
| Psoriasis | 403 | ||
| Acne vulgaris | 404 | ||
| Pressure ulcers | 404 | ||
| Burns | 404 | ||
| Complications of burns | 405 | ||
| Dehydration and hypovolaemia | 405 | ||
| Shock | 405 | ||
| Hypothermia | 405 | ||
| Infection | 405 | ||
| Kidney failure | 405 | ||
| Contractures | 405 | ||
| Malignant tumours | 405 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma | 405 | ||
| Malignant melanoma | 405 | ||
| Kaposi’s sarcoma | 405 | ||
| Review and revise | 405 | ||
| 15 Resistance and immunity | 407 | ||
| Non-specific (innate) defence mechanisms | 407 | ||
| Specific (adaptive) defence mechanisms | 407 | ||
| Non-specific defence mechanisms | 407 | ||
| Epithelial barriers | 408 | ||
| Phagocytosis 15.1 | 408 | ||
| Natural antimicrobial substances | 408 | ||
| Hydrochloric acid | 408 | ||
| Lysozyme | 408 | ||
| Antibodies | 408 | ||
| Saliva | 408 | ||
| Interferons | 408 | ||
| Complement 15.2 | 409 | ||
| The inflammatory response | 409 | ||
| Causes of inflammation | 409 | ||
| Acute inflammation | 409 | ||
| Increased blood flow | 409 | ||
| Increased tissue fluid formation | 410 | ||
| Migration of leukocytes | 410 | ||
| Chemotaxis | 410 | ||
| Increased temperature | 410 | ||
| Pain | 411 | ||
| Suppuration (pus formation) | 411 | ||
| Outcomes of acute inflammation | 411 | ||
| Resolution | 411 | ||
| Development of chronic inflammation | 411 | ||
| Chronic inflammation | 411 | ||
| Immunological surveillance | 411 | ||
| Immunity | 411 | ||
| Specificity | 412 | ||
| Memory | 412 | ||
| Tolerance | 412 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 412 | ||
| T-cells | 412 | ||
| B-cells | 412 | ||
| Cell-mediated immunity 15.3 | 412 | ||
| Cytotoxic T-cells | 412 | ||
| Helper T-cells | 413 | ||
| Regulatory T-cells | 413 | ||
| Memory T-cells | 413 | ||
| Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity 15.4 | 413 | ||
| Plasma cells | 413 | ||
| Antibodies | 414 | ||
| Memory B-cells | 414 | ||
| Acquired immunity | 414 | ||
| The primary response | 415 | ||
| The secondary response | 415 | ||
| Active naturally acquired immunity | 415 | ||
| Having the disease | 415 | ||
| Having a subclinical infection | 415 | ||
| Active artificially acquired immunity | 415 | ||
| Passive naturally acquired immunity | 416 | ||
| Passive artificially acquired immunity | 416 | ||
| Summary of the immune response to a bacterial infection | 416 | ||
| Ageing and immunity | 416 | ||
| Abnormal immune function | 417 | ||
| Hypersensitivity (allergy) 15.7 | 417 | ||
| Type I, anaphylactic hypersensitivity | 417 | ||
| Type II, antibody-mediated hypersensitivity | 417 | ||
| Type III, immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity | 417 | ||
| Type IV, delayed type (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity | 417 | ||
| Autoimmune disease | 417 | ||
| Immunodeficiency | 418 | ||
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 418 | ||
| Stages of HIV infection | 419 | ||
| Review and revise | 419 | ||
| 16 The musculoskeletal system | 421 | ||
| Bone | 422 | ||
| Functions of bones | 422 | ||
| Types of bone | 422 | ||
| Answers to self-assessment questions | 513 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 513 | ||
| Glossary | 525 | ||
| Normal values | 533 | ||
| Metric measures, units and SI symbols | 533 | ||
| Conversion of kPa and mmHg | 533 | ||
| Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) | 533 | ||
| Some normal plasma levels in adults | 533 | ||
| Arterial blood gases | 533 | ||
| Blood pressure (adult) | 533 | ||
| Heart rate | 534 | ||
| Respiratory parameters (adults) | 534 | ||
| Blood count | 534 | ||
| Energy sources in the diet | 534 | ||
| Urine | 534 | ||
| Body temperatures | 534 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid pressure | 534 | ||
| Intraocular pressure | 534 | ||
| Bibliography | 535 | ||
| Index | 537 | ||
| A | 537 | ||
| B | 539 | ||
| C | 540 | ||
| D | 543 | ||
| E | 543 | ||
| F | 544 | ||
| G | 545 | ||
| H | 546 | ||
| I | 547 | ||
| J | 548 | ||
| K | 548 | ||
| L | 549 | ||
| M | 550 | ||
| N | 551 | ||
| O | 552 | ||
| P | 553 | ||
| Q | 555 | ||
| R | 555 | ||
| S | 556 | ||
| T | 558 | ||
| U | 559 | ||
| V | 559 | ||
| W | 560 | ||
| X | 560 | ||
| Y | 560 | ||
| Z | 560 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |