Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Since the publication of the first edition in 2013, the utilization of dry needling in clinical practice has expanded dramatically throughout the world. Indeed, more and more professionals have been using dry needling to effectively reducing acute and chronic pain, as well as improving motor performance, range of motion, and strength.
Following the success of the previous edition, the updated Trigger Point Dry Needling: An Evidence and Clinical-Based Approach remains the first authoritative guide on the market.
With a completely revised text and now full colour illustrations, it provides excellent clarity within content and images for even more uniform and consistent instructions on the needling techniques.
Written and edited by a group of international experts, this is the most-up-to-date resource for physiotherapists, chiropractors, myotherapists, and other professionals as physicians, acupuncturists, osteopaths and athletic trainers.
- New chapters on the use of dry needling for Neurological Conditions and dry needling for Fascia, Scar, and Tendon;
- Clinical chapters with new full colour illustrations;
- Worldwide editors and contributors;
- New chapters on the use of dry needling for Neurological Conditions and dry needling for Fascia, Scar, and Tendon;
- Clinical chapters with new full colour illustrations;
- Worldwide editors and contributors;
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Trigger Point Dry Needling: An Evidence and Clinical-Based Approach | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgements | xiii | ||
| Dedication | xiii | ||
| Contributors | xv | ||
| Part 1: Basis of trigger point dry needling | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Myofascial Trigger Points | 1 | ||
| Myofascial trigger point overview | 1 | ||
| Neurophysiological basis of muscle referred pain | 2 | ||
| Clinical Characteristics of Muscle Referred Pain | 2 | ||
| Mechanisms and Neurophysiological Models of Referred Pain | 2 | ||
| Convergent-projection theory | 3 | ||
| Convergence-facilitation theory | 3 | ||
| Axon-reflex theory | 3 | ||
| Thalamic-convergence theory | 3 | ||
| Central hyperexcitability theory | 3 | ||
| Neurophysiological aspects of myofascial trigger points | 4 | ||
| The Nature of Trigger Points | 4 | ||
| Taut bands | 4 | ||
| The motor endplate | 4 | ||
| Local twitch response | 6 | ||
| Muscle pain | 6 | ||
| Sensitisation Mechanisms of Trigger Points | 7 | ||
| Trigger point as a focus of peripheral sensitisation | 7 | ||
| Trigger point nociception induces central sensitisation | 8 | ||
| Muscle referred pain is a process of reversible central sensitisation | 9 | ||
| Sympathetic facilitation of local and referred muscle pain | 9 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Trigger Points: The Integrated Hypothesis | 10 | ||
| Other Hypothetical Models | 11 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| Chapter 2 Proposed Mechanisms and Effects of Trigger Point Dry Needling | 21 | ||
| Introduction | 21 | ||
| Mechanisms and effects of trigger point dry needling | 22 | ||
| Summary | 25 | ||
| References | 25 | ||
| Chapter 3 Dry Needling for Fascia, Scar, and Tendon | 31 | ||
| Introduction | 31 | ||
| Fascia and scar dry needling | 31 | ||
| Introduction to Fascia | 31 | ||
| Sensory Aspects of Fascia | 32 | ||
| Biomechanical Aspects of Fascia | 32 | ||
| Dry Needling of Fascia | 33 | ||
| Dry Needling of Scar Tissue Adhesions | 34 | ||
| Dry needling and tendon | 34 | ||
| Clinical Reasoning for Tendon Needling | 34 | ||
| Needling Therapies for Tendons | 35 | ||
| Clinical Guidelines for Tendon Dry Needling | 35 | ||
| Mechanisms of Dry Needling for the Tendon | 37 | ||
| References | 37 | ||
| Chapter 4 Dry Needling for Neurological Conditions | 43 | ||
| Introduction | 43 | ||
| Spasticity and muscle tone | 43 | ||
| Pain in neurological conditions | 44 | ||
| Botulinum toxin a for spasticity and related pain | 44 | ||
| Dry needling for neurological conditions | 45 | ||
| Clinical reasoning for dry needling in neurological conditions | 46 | ||
| Clinical guidelines for dry needling in spasticity | 47 | ||
| Diagnostic Clinical Decision | 47 | ||
| Dry Needling Procedure | 47 | ||
| Mechanisms of dry needling on neurological conditions | 48 | ||
| Clinical considerations | 49 | ||
| References | 50 | ||
| Chapter 5 Trigger Point Dry Needling: Safety Guidelines | 55 | ||
| Introduction | 55 | ||
| Trigger point dry needling: safety | 55 | ||
| Hygiene | 58 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 58 | ||
| Handwashing with soap | 58 | ||
| Hand decontamination with alcohol-based hand rub | 59 | ||
| Gloves | 59 | ||
| Patient Skin Preparation | 60 | ||
| Needle and Medical Waste Disposal | 60 | ||
| Needlestick Injury | 60 | ||
| Contraindications and precautions | 61 | ||
| Absolute Contraindications | 61 | ||
| Relative Contraindications | 61 | ||
| Abnormal bleeding tendency | 61 | ||
| Compromised immune system | 61 | ||
| Vascular disease | 61 | ||
| Diabetes | 61 | ||
| Pregnancy | 62 | ||
| Children | 62 | ||
| Frail patients | 62 | ||
| Patients with epilepsy | 62 | ||
| Psychological status | 62 | ||
| Patient allergies | 62 | ||
| Patient medication | 62 | ||
| Unsuitable patient for any reason | 62 | ||
| Anatomical considerations | 62 | ||
| Pleura and lung | 63 | ||
| Blood vessels | 63 | ||
| Nerves | 63 | ||
| Organs | 63 | ||
| Joints | 63 | ||
| Prosthetic implants | 63 | ||
| Implanted devices | 63 | ||
| Other | 64 | ||
| Procedural safety issues | 64 | ||
| Painful treatment | 64 | ||
| Bruising and bleeding | 64 | ||
| Fainting and autonomic responses | 64 | ||
| Needle issues | 64 | ||
| Forgotten patient | 65 | ||
| Infection | 65 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 65 | ||
| Drowsiness and fatigue | 65 | ||
| General guidelines for principles of practice | 65 | ||
| Patient selection | 66 | ||
| Principles of dry needling application | 67 | ||
| Patient Education and Consent | 67 | ||
| Procedural Education | 67 | ||
| Practical Application | 67 | ||
| Positioning | 67 | ||
| Palpation | 68 | ||
| Technique | 68 | ||
| Aftercare | 69 | ||
| Electrical stimulation via dry needles | 69 | ||
| Summary | 70 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 70 | ||
| References | 70 | ||
| Chapter 6 Dry Needling Across Different Disciplines | 73 | ||
| Introduction: scope of practice | 73 | ||
| Dry needling by multiple disciplines | 73 | ||
| Medicine | 74 | ||
| Veterinary Medicine | 74 | ||
| Dental Medicine | 74 | ||
| Physical Therapy/Chiropractic/Myotherapy | 75 | ||
| Acupuncture | 75 | ||
| Opposition to dry needling by nonacupuncturists | 75 | ||
| Summary | 76 | ||
| References | 76 | ||
| Part 2: Clinical and evidence-informed approach of TrP dry needling | 79 | ||
| Chapter 7 Deep Dry Needling of the Head and Neck Muscles | 79 | ||
| Introduction | 79 | ||
| Clinical presentation of trigger points in head and neck pain syndromes | 80 | ||
| Trigger Points in Headache and Orofacial Pain Populations | 80 | ||
| Myofascial trigger points in temporomandibular pain | 80 | ||
| Myofascial trigger points in tension-type headache | 81 | ||
| Myofascial trigger points in migraine headache | 83 | ||
| Myofascial trigger points in other headaches | 84 | ||
| Trigger Points in Neck Pain Populations | 84 | ||
| Dry needling of head muscles | 86 | ||
| Corrugator Supercilii Muscle | 86 | ||
| Procerus Muscle | 86 | ||
| Masseter Muscle | 87 | ||
| Temporalis Muscle | 87 | ||
| Zygomatic Muscle | 88 | ||
| Buccinator and Risorius Muscles | 88 | ||
| Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle | 89 | ||
| Medial Pterygoid Muscle | 89 | ||
| Lateral Pterygoid Muscle | 90 | ||
| Digastric Muscles | 91 | ||
| Dry needling of neck–shoulder muscles | 92 | ||
| Trapezius Muscle: Upper Portion | 92 | ||
| Levator Scapulae Muscle | 92 | ||
| Sternocleidomastoid Muscle | 93 | ||
| Splenius Capitis Muscle | 94 | ||
| Splenius Cervicis Muscle | 95 | ||
| Semispinalis Capitis and Cervicis Muscles | 95 | ||
| Cervical Multifidi Muscles | 96 | ||
| Suboccipital Muscles | 96 | ||
| Scalene Muscles | 96 | ||
| Longus Colli Muscle | 98 | ||
| References | 98 | ||
| Chapter 8 Deep Dry Needling of the Shoulder Muscles | 105 | ||
| Introduction | 105 | ||
| Clinical relevance of myofascial trigger points in shoulder pain syndromes | 105 | ||
| Shoulder Pain and Movement Dysfunction | 106 | ||
| Trigger Points and Range of Motion Restrictions | 107 | ||
| Trigger Points and Stability | 107 | ||
| Dry needling of the shoulder muscles | 107 | ||
| Supraspinatus Muscle | 107 | ||
| Infraspinatus Muscle | 107 | ||
| Teres Minor Muscle | 108 | ||
| Subscapularis Muscle | 108 | ||
| Deltoid Muscle | 109 | ||
| Teres Major Muscle | 110 | ||
| Pectoralis Minor Muscle | 111 | ||
| Pectoralis Major Muscle | 111 | ||
| Subclavius Muscle | 113 | ||
| References | 114 | ||
| Chatper 9 Deep Dry Needling of the Arm and Hand Muscles | 117 | ||
| Introduction | 117 | ||
| Clinical relevance of trigger points in arm and hand pain syndromes | 117 | ||
| Dry needling of the arm and hand muscles | 118 | ||
| Coracobrachialis Muscle | 118 | ||
| Biceps Brachii Muscle | 119 | ||
| Triceps Brachii Muscle | 120 | ||
| Anconeus Muscle | 120 | ||
| Brachialis Muscle | 121 | ||
| Brachioradialis Muscle | 121 | ||
| Supinator Muscle | 122 | ||
| Wrist and Finger Extensor Muscles | 122 | ||
| Pronator Teres Muscle | 124 | ||
| Wrist and Finger Flexor Muscles | 124 | ||
| Extensor Pollicis Longus and Brevis and Abductor Pollicis Longus Muscles | 125 | ||
| Extensor Indicis Muscle | 126 | ||
| The Thenar Muscles | 127 | ||
| Interosseous and Lumbrical Muscles | 127 | ||
| The Hypothenar Muscles | 129 | ||
| References | 130 | ||
| Chapter 10 Deep Dry Needling of the Trunk Muscles | 133 | ||
| Introduction | 133 | ||
| Clinical relevance of trigger points in syndromes related to the trunk | 134 | ||
| Dry needling of the trunk muscles | 136 | ||
| Rhomboid Major and Minor Muscles | 136 | ||
| Serratus Posterior Superior Muscle | 137 | ||
| Middle Trapezius Muscle | 138 | ||
| Lower Trapezius Muscle | 139 | ||
| Latissimus Dorsi Muscle | 140 | ||
| Serratus Anterior Muscle | 142 | ||
| Longissimus Thoracis Muscle | 143 | ||
| Iliocostalis Thoracis and Lumborum Muscles | 144 | ||
| Thoracic and Lumbar Multifidus Muscles | 145 | ||
| Serratus Posterior Inferior Muscle | 146 | ||
| Quadratus Lumborum Muscle | 146 | ||
| Psoas Major Muscle | 147 | ||
| Rectus Abdominus Muscle | 148 | ||
| Pyramidalis Muscle | 149 | ||
| External and Internal Oblique Abdominal Muscles | 150 | ||
| References | 151 | ||
| Chapter 11 Deep Dry Needling of the Hip and Pelvic Muscles | 155 | ||
| Introduction | 155 | ||
| Clinical relevance of trigger points in syndromes related to the pelvis | 156 | ||
| Clinical relevance of trigger points in syndromes related to the hip and thigh | 157 | ||
| Dry needling of the abdominal, hip, pelvis, and thigh muscles | 158 | ||
| Hip Muscles | 158 | ||
| Gluteus maximus muscle | 158 | ||
| Gluteus medius muscle | 158 | ||
| Gluteus minimus muscle | 159 | ||
| Tensor fascia latae muscle | 160 | ||
| Iliacus muscle | 160 | ||
| Obturator internus muscle | 161 | ||
| Obturator externus/gemellus inferior and superior muscles | 162 | ||
| Quadratus femoris muscle | 162 | ||
| Piriformis muscle | 164 | ||
| Pelvic Diaphragm Muscles | 164 | ||
| Ischiocavernosus muscle | 164 | ||
| Bulbospongiosus (bulbocavernosus) muscle | 165 | ||
| Superficial and deep transverse perinei muscles | 166 | ||
| Pubococcygeus muscle of the pelvic diaphragm | 166 | ||
| Iliococcygeus muscle of the pelvic diaphragm | 167 | ||
| Coccygeus muscle of the pelvic diaphragm | 167 | ||
| Thigh Muscles | 168 | ||
| Adductor longus muscle | 168 | ||
| Adductor brevis muscle | 168 | ||
| Adductor magnus muscle | 169 | ||
| Pectineus muscle | 169 | ||
| Gracilis muscle | 170 | ||
| Rectus femoris muscle | 170 | ||
| Vastus lateralis muscle | 171 | ||
| Vastus medialis muscle | 171 | ||
| Vastus intermedius muscle | 171 | ||
| Genu articularis muscle | 172 | ||
| Biceps femoris muscle | 172 | ||
| Semimembranosus and semitendinosis muscles | 173 | ||
| Sartorius muscle | 173 | ||
| References | 174 | ||
| Chapter 12 Deep Dry Needling of the Leg and Foot Muscles | 179 | ||
| Introduction | 179 | ||
| Clinical relevance of trigger points in leg and foot pain syndromes | 179 | ||
| Dry needling of the leg and foot muscles | 182 | ||
| Popliteus Muscle | 182 | ||
| Gastrocnemius Muscle | 182 | ||
| Plantaris Muscle | 184 | ||
| Soleus Muscle | 184 | ||
| Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle | 185 | ||
| Tibialis Posterior Muscle | 185 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle | 186 | ||
| Fibularis Longus and Brevis Muscles | 186 | ||
| Fibularis Tertius Muscle | 187 | ||
| Tibialis Anterior Muscle | 187 | ||
| Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle | 187 | ||
| Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle | 188 | ||
| Extensor Digitorum Brevis and Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscles | 188 | ||
| Abductor Hallucis Muscle | 189 | ||
| Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle | 189 | ||
| Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle | 190 | ||
| Quadratus Plantaris/Flexor Accessorius Muscle | 191 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle | 191 | ||
| Adductor Hallucis Muscle | 192 | ||
| Dorsal and Plantar Interossei Muscles | 193 | ||
| References | 193 | ||
| Part 3: Other dry needling approaches | 197 | ||
| Chapter 13 Superficial Dry Needling | 197 | ||
| Introduction | 197 | ||
| Superficial dry needling | 197 | ||
| Variable reactivity to needle-evoked nerve stimulation | 197 | ||
| Procedure recommended for the carrying out of superficial dry needling | 198 | ||
| The initial consultation | 198 | ||
| Systematic search for trigger points | 198 | ||
| Muscle stretching exercises | 198 | ||
| Measures to be taken to prevent trigger point reactivation | 198 | ||
| Postural Disorders | 198 | ||
| Management of Stress | 199 | ||
| Biochemical Disorders | 199 | ||
| Summary | 199 | ||
| References | 199 | ||
| Chapter 14 Dry Needling from a Western Medical Acupuncture Perspective | 201 | ||
| Introduction and historical development | 201 | ||
| Dry Needling—A Historical Perspective | 201 | ||
| Traditional Acupuncture | 201 | ||
| Western Medical Acupuncture | 202 | ||
| Neurophysiological mechanisms of the technique | 202 | ||
| Neurophysiology of Acupuncture Needling | 202 | ||
| Local effects | 202 | ||
| Segmental effects | 203 | ||
| Heterosegmental effects | 203 | ||
| General effects | 203 | ||
| Trigger Point Needling | 204 | ||
| Clinical research | 204 | ||
| Methodological Difficulties of Clinical Acupuncture Research | 204 | ||
| Evidence for Acupuncture Needling in Chronic Pain Conditions | 205 | ||
| Chronic low back pain | 205 | ||
| Chronic headache | 205 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 205 | ||
| Shoulder pain | 206 | ||
| Evidence for Needling in Myofascial Pain | 206 | ||
| Clinical application of the technique | 206 | ||
| Safety Aspects | 206 | ||
| Point Selection | 207 | ||
| Needle Technique | 207 | ||
| Clinical Aspects | 229 | ||
| Prognosis | 230 | ||
| Summary | 230 | ||
| References | 230 | ||
| Chapter 15 Intramuscular Stimulation | 235 | ||
| Introduction | 235 | ||
| Neurophysiological mechanism of gunn intramuscular stimulation | 237 | ||
| Clinical application of gunn intramuscular stimulation | 242 | ||
| Introduction | 242 | ||
| Patient History and Past Treatment | 243 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 244 | ||
| Sensory findings | 244 | ||
| Motor Findings | 244 | ||
| Observation | 244 | ||
| Range of motion | 244 | ||
| Palpable Bands | 244 | ||
| Autonomic Findings | 244 | ||
| Vasomotor Disturbances | 244 | ||
| Sudomotor Reflex | 244 | ||
| Pilomotor Reflex | 245 | ||
| Trophic Changes | 245 | ||
| Trophic Oedema | 245 | ||
| Treatment | 246 | ||
| Number of Treatments | 248 | ||
| Duration of Session | 248 | ||
| Needle Insertion | 248 | ||
| Needle-Grasp | 248 | ||
| Concurrent Treatments | 249 | ||
| Reassessment | 250 | ||
| The Tools of Gunn Intramuscular Stimulation | 250 | ||
| Needle/Sizes | 250 | ||
| Plunger | 250 | ||
| Cleaning and Sterilisation | 251 | ||
| Case study example | 251 | ||
| References | 251 | ||
| Chapter 16 Fu’s Subcutaneous Needling | 255 | ||
| Concept and Terminology | 255 | ||
| Origin of fu’s subcutaneous needling | 257 | ||
| Contemplation of De-Qi | 257 | ||
| Clinical Application of Wrist–Ankle Acupuncture | 257 | ||
| Ancient Techniques | 257 | ||
| Development of fu’s subcutaneous needling | 259 | ||
| Innovation of the Fu’s Subcutaneous Needling Needle | 259 | ||
| Increase of Fu’s Subcutaneous Needling Indications | 259 | ||
| Stage 1: Fu’s subcutaneous needling was mainly used to treat patients with soft tissue injuries of the extremities | 259 | ||
| Stage 2: Fu’s subcutaneous needling was used to treat patients with nonvisceral diseases in the trunk | 260 | ||
| Stage 3: Fu’s subcutaneous needling was used to treat patients with benign painful visceral problems | 260 | ||
| Stage 4: Fu’s subcutaneous needling was used to handle painful problems in the head and face and nonpainful diseases | 260 | ||
| Fu’s subcutaneous needling manipulations | 260 | ||
| Structure of the Fu’s Subcutaneous Needling Needle | 260 | ||
| Preparation Before Treatment | 261 | ||
| Select a treatment posture | 261 | ||
| Palpate the tightened muscles | 261 | ||
| Locate the insertion area | 262 | ||
| Sterilise | 262 | ||
| Needling Method | 262 | ||
| Needle insertion | 262 | ||
| Swaying movement | 264 | ||
| Reperfusion technique | 264 | ||
| Reperfusion approach for the neck area | 267 | ||
| Reperfusion approach for the shoulder | 267 | ||
| Usual reperfusion approach for back pain | 267 | ||
| Usual reperfusion approach for knee pain | 267 | ||
| Retention | 267 | ||
| Precautions, contraindications, and management of side effects | 270 | ||
| Factors that influence fu’s subcutaneous needling effects | 271 | ||
| Main Factors That Influence Short-Term Effects | 271 | ||
| Factors That Influence Long-Term Effects | 271 | ||
| Fu’s subcutaneous needling features | 272 | ||
| Manipulation Features | 272 | ||
| The selection of the Fu’s subcutaneous needling insertion area is based on the nature of tightened muscles or other focal d ... | 272 | ||
| The Fu’s subcutaneous needling needle is inserted into nondiseased areas | 272 | ||
| The insertion of Fu’s subcutaneous needling needle is restricted to the subcutaneous tissue | 272 | ||
| De-Qi is not required during Fu’s subcutaneous needling treatment | 272 | ||
| The Fu’s subcutaneous needling needle is retained in the subcutaneous tissues for a prolonged period of time | 272 | ||
| The tip of Fu’s subcutaneous needling needle is directed to the painful region | 273 | ||
| The Fu’s subcutaneous needling needle is swayed from side to side | 273 | ||
| The involved muscles and joints can move easily during Fu’s subcutaneous needling treatment | 273 | ||
| Characteristics of Effectiveness | 273 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 273 | ||
| References | 273 | ||
| Index | 277 |