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Abstract
Shining a light on the very different experiences of work in the digital age, this book provides a unique contribution to the reform discussion on the consequences of the fourth industrial revolution. Drawing on a wide range of international expertise, contributors examine important policy challenges arising from the transformation of work as a result of the introduction of digital technology at work.
Authors in this volume discuss the effects of automation, platform business models, stagnating productivity, increasing regional disparities, and rising levels of inequality within and between countries. They consider how to unlock the vast economic and social potential of new technologies and the implications for policy reform to meet these challenges.
Mastering them requires developing a new inclusive narrative and progressive reform agenda. Such an agenda would be economic and political, and not determined universally by technology. The narrative is not only about what policymakers need to do, which is rather a lot. It is also about reforming established organisations and institutions, understanding new emerging players and supporting disaffected citizens in how the effects of these changes are going to affect their lives. The authors clearly pinpoint what needs to be done to support the transition to work in the digital era.
Work in the Digital Age is a valuable contribution to understanding how technology is disrupting the way we work and threatening the safety net that has long undergirded successful economies. We need a clear vision for the path forward, and this book helps provide that.
Steven Hill, Journalist in Residence, Berlin Social Science Center
Work in the Digital Age is a cutting-edge collection of articles on the future of work, offering a comprehensive treatment of current debates regarding the effects of new technology on employment, labour relations and inequality. As the authors make clear, the implications for public policy are profound. This book is an essential guide to the challenges of equity and policy that are emerging as digital technologies reshape the workplace.
Michael J. Handel, Northeastern University
The transformation of employment in the digital era raises fears of insecurity, technologically induced unemployment and more stress at work. The political and academic discourse of digital technology and its impact on work is often alarmist and resorts to drastic policy recommendations. The collection of essays in Work in the Digital Age is a highly welcomed contribution that offers a rich understanding of the complex interaction between the role of new technologies in the world of work and the welfare state. There will be no simple solutions to maintain good work and a good society in the digital age. Policymakers have to shape it themselves and need high quality intellectual input of this sort.
Anke Hassel, Professor of Public Policy, Hertie School of Governance, and Academic Director of the Institute of Economic and Social Research (WSI)
Work in the Digital Age is a superb collection of articles that together provide a wide-ranging, comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities for labour in a period of rapid technological change. This volume is essential reading for academics and policymakers alike.
Kathleen Thelen, Ford Professor of Political Science, MIT
Florian Ranft is Head of Policy and International at Policy Network.
Jacqueline O’Reilly is Professor of Comparative Human Resources at the University of Sussex Business School.
Max Neufeind is a researcher and policy adviser on the future of work.
Everybody is in favour of technological innovation and modernisation, yet not enough research and discussion is devoted to the actual consequences for society. Work in the Digital Age brings together leading European academics and thinkers to help us find our course, as the future hurtles toward us at breakneck speed.
László Andor, Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (2010-2014)
How does the process of digitalisation transform the nature of work? Do the new technologies lead to labour disruption including rising wealth inequality or increasing regional disparities? Do they offer the potential for new and exciting business opportunities and economic growth? What are the major challenges for policymakers? This excellent volume offers a range of compelling answers to these pertinent questions by some of the world’s leading labour market experts.
Jette Steen Knudsen, Professor of Policy and International Business, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University
We are living in a time of major change in the labour market. Automation is altering both the amount and the nature of work as well as the skills, protections, and opportunities of people in all corners of society. Coming alongside unprecedented advances in human health and the ageing of populations, these changes throw up many challenges for policymakers. The proposals outlined in this impressive collection are an important contribution to the conversation about how to enable all citizens to have the opportunities they need to succeed in the new world of work.
Seamus Nevin, Head of Policy Research, Institute of Directors, London
Work in the Digital Age should be required reading for the many groups around the world that are being formed to plan for the future of work in the age of digitisation. These European experts explore the broad terrain of private actions, public policies, and social dialogue needed to ensure that technological innovations can be shaped to benefit society while providing adequate compensation and adjustment opportunities for those who might otherwise bear the costs. As such, they lead the way for the rest of us.
Thomas A. Kochan, George Maverick Bunker Professor of Management MIT Sloan School of Management and Co-Director, MIT Sloan Institute for Work and Employment Research
The editors of Work in the Digital Age have done the rest of us a great service in bringing together this remarkable group of contributors. Carefully balancing broad themes and detailed country studies, the collection is a must-read for scholars and students from multiple disciplines interested in how current technological change is affecting work and employment.
Christian Lyhne Ibsen, Michigan State University
This edited volume provides a very valuable overview over the general discussion about the potential impact of new technologies on the future of work. The book is unique in the way in which it brings together a series of case studies showing how the topic is discussed in different countries. It is essential reading for everybody interested in this crucial public policy debate.
Henning Mayer, Editor-in-Chief, Social Europe
Work in the Digital Age is the major contemporary challenge. This book not only provides access to the outstanding trends, developments and challenges in the world of work and how to deal with them, it also provides country-specific access to the topic of digitalisation through country case studies.
Wolfgang Schroeder, University of Kassel
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Cover | Cover | ||
Praise for Work in the Digital Age | i | ||
WORK IN THE DIGITAL AGE | v | ||
About Policy Network | vi | ||
WORK IN THE DIGITAL AGE Challenges of the FourthIndustrial Revolution | ix | ||
CONTENTS | xi | ||
PREFACE | xvii | ||
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | xxi | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
Debating the fourth industrial revolution | 3 | ||
The changing face of work in the digital age | 7 | ||
Labour relations and the welfare state | 12 | ||
Comparing the digital transformation of work across countries | 16 | ||
Challenges of work in the digital age | 19 | ||
Notes | 20 | ||
References | 21 | ||
Debating the fourth industrial revolution | 25 | ||
The destructive creation of employment in the digital age | 27 | ||
Similarities with the past: The fear of job losses and a productivity paradox | 31 | ||
Differences with the past: From general purpose to global platform technologies | 35 | ||
Conclusions | 38 | ||
Notes | 43 | ||
References | 44 | ||
Finance, the trajectory of tech firms and consequences for work | 49 | ||
The decline in the cost of technological and business experimentation | 52 | ||
Abundant capital and the toleration of operation losses | 53 | ||
The rise of the unicorns | 56 | ||
Financial weapons in digital markets: consequences for labour | 57 | ||
Notes | 59 | ||
References | 60 | ||
Predicting the immediate impacts of the fourth industrial revolution by gender | 64 | ||
Recommendations for change | 69 | ||
Note | 71 | ||
References | 71 | ||
Automation risks seem to be overestimated | 76 | ||
Hurdles to digitalisation limit automation potential in the short- to mid-run | 78 | ||
Digitalisation is changing jobs but not replacing them | 79 | ||
Technological change creates more jobs than it destroys | 79 | ||
Digitalisation alters qualification and skills requirements | 81 | ||
Trend towards both up- and deskilling | 82 | ||
From rising polarisation to rising inequality? | 83 | ||
Need for a comprehensive policy response | 85 | ||
References | 86 | ||
The economy has become dematerialised | 90 | ||
Improvement in life expectancy | 90 | ||
Improvement in access to education | 91 | ||
Shift in the economic ‘base’ | 92 | ||
Implications for industry | 92 | ||
Sharing more in the data-driven economy | 95 | ||
Use new systems to share data | 96 | ||
Make data pools common | 96 | ||
Keep global trade flows open | 96 | ||
Fight the precariousness of the data economy | 97 | ||
Provide greater access to education | 98 | ||
A dystopian vision and its alternative | 98 | ||
Notes | 99 | ||
References | 100 | ||
We are not facing a fourth industrial revolution | 104 | ||
Major issues of concern | 107 | ||
Unemployment | 108 | ||
Good jobs | 109 | ||
Labour market status | 110 | ||
Inequality | 110 | ||
Business disruption | 112 | ||
Worker transition and dislocation | 113 | ||
Note | 114 | ||
References | 115 | ||
The changing face of work in the digital age | 117 | ||
Notes | 130 | ||
References | 131 | ||
Effects in the production process | 135 | ||
The increasing centrality of (digital) information | 136 | ||
Mass customisation | 136 | ||
Servitisation | 137 | ||
Increased resource efficiency | 137 | ||
Effects on work and employment | 138 | ||
Notes | 140 | ||
Technology will not simply happen to us | 142 | ||
Digitalisation as a distribution problem of work and money | 144 | ||
Mastering the robot: An inclusive \nrobot agenda | 147 | ||
References | 149 | ||
Crowd work: Surveys in key European countries | 154 | ||
The extent of crowd work | 155 | ||
Employment status | 156 | ||
Conclusions and policy implications | 157 | ||
Note | 161 | ||
References | 161 | ||
Disruption or reproduction? | 165 | ||
Reproducing inequality | 167 | ||
Changing consumer patterns | 168 | ||
Has the sharing economy peaked? | 170 | ||
Policies for the future | 171 | ||
Notes | 172 | ||
References | 172 | ||
Notes | 183 | ||
References | 183 | ||
Labour relations and the welfare state in the digital age | 185 | ||
Redefining the employment relationship | 191 | ||
Surveillance and control | 194 | ||
References | 197 | ||
How outsourcing undermines worker power and drives growing inequality | 200 | ||
The vicious circle of expanding precarious work | 202 | ||
Policy solutions to precarious work | 204 | ||
Conclusions | 207 | ||
References | 208 | ||
The emerging transformation of social dialogue in the digital age | 210 | ||
Integrating non-standard forms of employment into existing collective bargaining frameworks | 212 | ||
New forms of unionism for new types of workers | 214 | ||
Concerns raised by the on-demand and gig economy | 216 | ||
Notes | 219 | ||
References | 220 | ||
The UK in context | 224 | ||
Reversing the telescope | 226 | ||
Post-Brexit insecurity? | 229 | ||
Notes | 231 | ||
References | 232 | ||
Headlines vs reality | 236 | ||
Technical skills and productivity | 237 | ||
UKCES 2015 Employer Skills Survey | 238 | ||
Challenges with technical education | 240 | ||
Supporting local economies to resolve skills mismatch | 241 | ||
Greater co-operation across the kEy stakeholders | 242 | ||
Policy focus and adaptability | 243 | ||
Notes | 244 | ||
References | 244 | ||
New risks? | 248 | ||
New political conflicts and cleavages | 251 | ||
Conclusion: A new class alliance for renewed social protection? | 253 | ||
A universal basic income: A genuinely liberal solution | 254 | ||
Improving the situation of independent workers: A Bismarckian solution | 255 | ||
Develop and finance social rights and social services for all: The flexicurity model | 256 | ||
Notes | 257 | ||
References | 257 | ||
Scenario 1: Towards a greater development \nof learning organisations | 261 | ||
Scenario 2: New virtual learning organisations | 262 | ||
Scenario 3: The super-interim model | 264 | ||
Scenario 4: A new age Taylorism | 265 | ||
Divided or inclusive society? Choose \nyour model wisely | 266 | ||
References | 269 | ||
Comparing digital discourses | 271 | ||
High digital density EU countries | 273 | ||
Measuring the size of the fourth industrial revolution – where, what and whom | 276 | ||
Social partners: Unilateral or \ntripartite responses? | 278 | ||
Closing remarks | 281 | ||
Note | 282 | ||
References | 282 | ||
The long tradition of tripartite co-operation and consensus | 286 | ||
The emerging labour market model | 289 | ||
The way ahead for policymakers | 292 | ||
Notes | 293 | ||
References | 294 | ||
A trade union movement resilient to structural change1 | 296 | ||
Incorporating lifelong learning into the Swedish model | 298 | ||
Platform work and the algorithm-based employer | 299 | ||
Conclusion | 302 | ||
Notes | 303 | ||
References | 303 | ||
Work in the digital age | 306 | ||
A sectoral perspective | 309 | ||
A longer-term policy perspective | 310 | ||
References | 312 | ||
Medium digital density EU countries | 315 | ||
The platform economy debate as a showcase of the crisis of Belgian self-regulation | 319 | ||
The platform economy: A historical \nopportunity to reinvigorate self-regulation? | 322 | ||
Where to go from here? | 324 | ||
Fostering the collective organisation of platform workers through inclusive union strategies | 325 | ||
Leveraging digital technologies to enforce firms’ compliance | 326 | ||
Fostering a counter narrative of firm accountability | 327 | ||
Notes | 328 | ||
References | 328 | ||
Three key trends | 334 | ||
Low productivity and stagnant pay | 334 | ||
Inequality | 335 | ||
A changing labour market | 336 | ||
Three challenges for policymakers | 337 | ||
Create more good jobs | 338 | ||
End exploitation at work | 339 | ||
Renew the social security system | 340 | ||
References | 342 | ||
The Irish welfare system | 346 | ||
The Irish labour market | 348 | ||
Welfare’s future | 353 | ||
Note | 356 | ||
References | 356 | ||
The debate in Austria | 358 | ||
Employment | 359 | ||
Precarity | 362 | ||
Quality of work | 364 | ||
References | 367 | ||
Challenges to the German model | 372 | ||
Dichotomies in the German debate | 376 | ||
The increasing dichotomy between jobs and income | 376 | ||
The conflict between humans and machines | 376 | ||
The conflict between work and leisure | 377 | ||
Policy options | 378 | ||
Conclusion | 380 | ||
References | 381 | ||
From the economic boom to the great recession in Spain | 385 | ||
The impact of computerisation: Technological changes in labour dynamics | 387 | ||
Political discussion: Beyond the welfare \nstate weakness | 395 | ||
References | 398 | ||
Portugal’s potential: 60 policy measures | 402 | ||
Risking a lost generation: Youth unemployment | 404 | ||
Lingering skill mismatches and Portugal’s policy options for the digital age | 407 | ||
Public debate regarding Work \n4.0 in Portugal | 409 | ||
Notes | 412 | ||
References | 412 | ||
Low digital density EU countries | 415 | ||
Integration of technology and \neconomic effects | 417 | ||
Education and skills | 420 | ||
Digitalisation and change in the working environment | 422 | ||
Political and public-private measures | 426 | ||
References | 428 | ||
Central and eastern Europe: A second-rank \nEuropean industrial base | 431 | ||
Dependence on foreign direct investment | 432 | ||
Why has the FDI-driven convergence \ndisappointed? | 434 | ||
Vulnerabilities: Weak innovation, skills composition and value chain status | 435 | ||
Digitalisation as an opportunity | 436 | ||
Key policy challenges: Innovation rather than cheap labour | 437 | ||
Notes | 439 | ||
References | 439 | ||
New technologies are not automatically better | 442 | ||
New technologies are not responsible \nfor poor job quality | 444 | ||
Changes in work and welfare in Slovenia in the time of digital revolution | 445 | ||
Fourth revolution? | 447 | ||
References | 447 | ||
How Latvia learned the importance \nof infrastructure | 450 | ||
Telecommunications: A vehicle for digitalisation? | 451 | ||
The many faces of the digital economy | 453 | ||
A digital economy with no one in it? | 455 | ||
Final thoughts and areas for \nurgent attention | 458 | ||
References | 459 | ||
Another revolution on the horizon | 462 | ||
A popular destination for outsourcing, traditional and innovative sectors | 462 | ||
Digital skills | 464 | ||
Debating the upcoming revolution | 465 | ||
Government initiatives | 466 | ||
Conclusions | 467 | ||
References | 469 | ||
Previous reform efforts | 472 | ||
Education as the main challenge | 474 | ||
Make investing in schooling a priority | 475 | ||
Fix the way students are oriented towards university and jobs | 475 | ||
It’s not just about education, but also about training . . . and retraining | 476 | ||
Universities must embrace urbanisation and technology . . . or die | 477 | ||
It’s not only about education and training, it’s also about work and capital . . . and the approach can no longer be ideological | 478 | ||
Italy needs more high value-added \njobs to fight inequality | 479 | ||
Notes | 480 | ||
References | 481 | ||
Greece: A traumatised economy and society \nemerging from the crisis | 485 | ||
The fourth industrial revolution and Greece: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats | 489 | ||
Policy priorities for harnessing the potential benefits of the fourth industrial revolution in Greece | 491 | ||
References | 493 | ||
Global perspectives | 495 | ||
Utopia, dystopia or the same old scene? | 498 | ||
Canada’s quantum leap? | 500 | ||
Expo 67: Consolidating the third and visualising the fourth industrial revolution | 501 | ||
In 2017, with echoes of 1967, the pendulum swings progressive once again | 503 | ||
So, does Canada get it? | 505 | ||
Final thoughts | 506 | ||
Notes | 508 | ||
References | 508 | ||
The fourth industrial revolution | 513 | ||
Automation and employment and unemployment | 514 | ||
Impacts on the quality of work | 517 | ||
New risks, new social contract | 519 | ||
Possible futures | 521 | ||
Note | 523 | ||
References | 523 | ||
The digital revolution accelerates the race for development | 527 | ||
The impact of digital automation on the Indian labour market | 529 | ||
How can India create livelihoods in the digital age? | 531 | ||
References | 533 | ||
Framing: From hype to discourse \nand scenarios | 541 | ||
Initial education and training: Equipping everyone with the right skills | 543 | ||
Secure transitions and employability: An active working life for all | 546 | ||
Employment relations and social protection: Safeguarding standards | 551 | ||
Tax and transfer policies: Addressing income and wealth inequality | 557 | ||
Infrastructure and innovation: Investing in the future | 561 | ||
Taking a regional perspective | 562 | ||
Conclusion: Update, recharge and reload \nthe concept of work in society | 563 | ||
References | 564 |