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Work in the Digital Age

Work in the Digital Age

Max Neufeind | Jacqueline O'Reilly | Florian Ranft

(2018)

Additional Information

Abstract

Shining a light on the very different experiences of work in the digital age, this book provides a unique contribution to the reform discussion on the consequences of the fourth industrial revolution. Drawing on a wide range of international expertise, contributors examine important policy challenges arising from the transformation of work as a result of the introduction of digital technology at work.
Authors in this volume discuss the effects of automation, platform business models, stagnating productivity, increasing regional disparities, and rising levels of inequality within and between countries. They consider how to unlock the vast economic and social potential of new technologies and the implications for policy reform to meet these challenges.
Mastering them requires developing a new inclusive narrative and progressive reform agenda. Such an agenda would be economic and political, and not determined universally by technology. The narrative is not only about what policymakers need to do, which is rather a lot. It is also about reforming established organisations and institutions, understanding new emerging players and supporting disaffected citizens in how the effects of these changes are going to affect their lives. The authors clearly pinpoint what needs to be done to support the transition to work in the digital era.
Work in the Digital Age is a valuable contribution to understanding how technology is disrupting the way we work and threatening the safety net that has long undergirded successful economies. We need a clear vision for the path forward, and this book helps provide that.
Steven Hill, Journalist in Residence, Berlin Social Science Center
Work in the Digital Age is a cutting-edge collection of articles on the future of work, offering a comprehensive treatment of current debates regarding the effects of new technology on employment, labour relations and inequality. As the authors make clear, the implications for public policy are profound. This book is an essential guide to the challenges of equity and policy that are emerging as digital technologies reshape the workplace.
Michael J. Handel, Northeastern University
The transformation of employment in the digital era raises fears of insecurity, technologically induced unemployment and more stress at work. The political and academic discourse of digital technology and its impact on work is often alarmist and resorts to drastic policy recommendations. The collection of essays in Work in the Digital Age is a highly welcomed contribution that offers a rich understanding of the complex interaction between the role of new technologies in the world of work and the welfare state. There will be no simple solutions to maintain good work and a good society in the digital age. Policymakers have to shape it themselves and need high quality intellectual input of this sort.
Anke Hassel, Professor of Public Policy, Hertie School of Governance, and Academic Director of the Institute of Economic and Social Research (WSI)
Work in the Digital Age is a superb collection of articles that together provide a wide-ranging, comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities for labour in a period of rapid technological change. This volume is essential reading for academics and policymakers alike.
Kathleen Thelen, Ford Professor of Political Science, MIT
Florian Ranft is Head of Policy and International at Policy Network.

Jacqueline O’Reilly is Professor of Comparative Human Resources at the University of Sussex Business School.

Max Neufeind is a researcher and policy adviser on the future of work.
Everybody is in favour of technological innovation and modernisation, yet not enough research and discussion is devoted to the actual consequences for society. Work in the Digital Age brings together leading European academics and thinkers to help us find our course, as the future hurtles toward us at breakneck speed.
László Andor, Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (2010-2014)
How does the process of digitalisation transform the nature of work? Do the new technologies lead to labour disruption including rising wealth inequality or increasing regional disparities? Do they offer the potential for new and exciting business opportunities and economic growth? What are the major challenges for policymakers? This excellent volume offers a range of compelling answers to these pertinent questions by some of the world’s leading labour market experts.
Jette Steen Knudsen, Professor of Policy and International Business, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University
We are living in a time of major change in the labour market. Automation is altering both the amount and the nature of work as well as the skills, protections, and opportunities of people in all corners of society. Coming alongside unprecedented advances in human health and the ageing of populations, these changes throw up many challenges for policymakers. The proposals outlined in this impressive collection are an important contribution to the conversation about how to enable all citizens to have the opportunities they need to succeed in the new world of work.
Seamus Nevin, Head of Policy Research, Institute of Directors, London
Work in the Digital Age should be required reading for the many groups around the world that are being formed to plan for the future of work in the age of digitisation. These European experts explore the broad terrain of private actions, public policies, and social dialogue needed to ensure that technological innovations can be shaped to benefit society while providing adequate compensation and adjustment opportunities for those who might otherwise bear the costs. As such, they lead the way for the rest of us.
Thomas A. Kochan, George Maverick Bunker Professor of Management MIT Sloan School of Management and Co-Director, MIT Sloan Institute for Work and Employment Research
The editors of Work in the Digital Age have done the rest of us a great service in bringing together this remarkable group of contributors. Carefully balancing broad themes and detailed country studies, the collection is a must-read for scholars and students from multiple disciplines interested in how current technological change is affecting work and employment.
Christian Lyhne Ibsen, Michigan State University
This edited volume provides a very valuable overview over the general discussion about the potential impact of new technologies on the future of work. The book is unique in the way in which it brings together a series of case studies showing how the topic is discussed in different countries. It is essential reading for everybody interested in this crucial public policy debate.
Henning Mayer, Editor-in-Chief, Social Europe
Work in the Digital Age is the major contemporary challenge. This book not only provides access to the outstanding trends, developments and challenges in the world of work and how to deal with them, it also provides country-specific access to the topic of digitalisation through country case studies.
Wolfgang Schroeder, University of Kassel

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Praise for Work in the Digital Age i
WORK IN THE DIGITAL AGE v
About Policy Network vi
WORK IN THE DIGITAL AGE Challenges of the FourthIndustrial Revolution ix
CONTENTS xi
PREFACE xvii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxi
INTRODUCTION 1
Debating the fourth industrial revolution 3
The changing face of work in the digital age 7
Labour relations and the welfare state 12
Comparing the digital transformation of work across countries 16
Challenges of work in the digital age 19
Notes 20
References 21
Debating the fourth industrial revolution 25
The destructive creation of employment in the digital age 27
Similarities with the past: The fear of job losses and a productivity paradox 31
Differences with the past: From general purpose to global platform technologies 35
Conclusions 38
Notes 43
References 44
Finance, the trajectory of tech firms and consequences for work 49
The decline in the cost of technological and business experimentation 52
Abundant capital and the toleration of operation losses 53
The rise of the unicorns 56
Financial weapons in digital markets: consequences for labour 57
Notes 59
References 60
Predicting the immediate impacts of the fourth industrial revolution by gender 64
Recommendations for change 69
Note 71
References 71
Automation risks seem to be overestimated 76
Hurdles to digitalisation limit automation potential in the short- to mid-run 78
Digitalisation is changing jobs but not replacing them 79
Technological change creates more jobs than it destroys 79
Digitalisation alters qualification and skills requirements 81
Trend towards both up- and deskilling 82
From rising polarisation to rising inequality? 83
Need for a comprehensive policy response 85
References 86
The economy has become dematerialised 90
Improvement in life expectancy 90
Improvement in access to education 91
Shift in the economic ‘base’ 92
Implications for industry 92
Sharing more in the data-driven economy 95
Use new systems to share data 96
Make data pools common 96
Keep global trade flows open 96
Fight the precariousness of the data economy 97
Provide greater access to education 98
A dystopian vision and its alternative 98
Notes 99
References 100
We are not facing a fourth industrial revolution 104
Major issues of concern 107
Unemployment 108
Good jobs 109
Labour market status 110
Inequality 110
Business disruption 112
Worker transition and dislocation 113
Note 114
References 115
The changing face of work in the digital age 117
Notes 130
References 131
Effects in the production process 135
The increasing centrality of (digital) information 136
Mass customisation 136
Servitisation 137
Increased resource efficiency 137
Effects on work and employment 138
Notes 140
Technology will not simply happen to us 142
Digitalisation as a distribution problem of work and money 144
Mastering the robot: An inclusive \nrobot agenda 147
References 149
Crowd work: Surveys in key European countries 154
The extent of crowd work 155
Employment status 156
Conclusions and policy implications 157
Note 161
References 161
Disruption or reproduction? 165
Reproducing inequality 167
Changing consumer patterns 168
Has the sharing economy peaked? 170
Policies for the future 171
Notes 172
References 172
Notes 183
References 183
Labour relations and the welfare state in the digital age 185
Redefining the employment relationship 191
Surveillance and control 194
References 197
How outsourcing undermines worker power and drives growing inequality 200
The vicious circle of expanding precarious work 202
Policy solutions to precarious work 204
Conclusions 207
References 208
The emerging transformation of social dialogue in the digital age 210
Integrating non-standard forms of employment into existing collective bargaining frameworks 212
New forms of unionism for new types of workers 214
Concerns raised by the on-demand and gig economy 216
Notes 219
References 220
The UK in context 224
Reversing the telescope 226
Post-Brexit insecurity? 229
Notes 231
References 232
Headlines vs reality 236
Technical skills and productivity 237
UKCES 2015 Employer Skills Survey 238
Challenges with technical education 240
Supporting local economies to resolve skills mismatch 241
Greater co-operation across the kEy stakeholders 242
Policy focus and adaptability 243
Notes 244
References 244
New risks? 248
New political conflicts and cleavages 251
Conclusion: A new class alliance for renewed social protection? 253
A universal basic income: A genuinely liberal solution 254
Improving the situation of independent workers: A Bismarckian solution 255
Develop and finance social rights and social services for all: The flexicurity model 256
Notes 257
References 257
Scenario 1: Towards a greater development \nof learning organisations 261
Scenario 2: New virtual learning organisations 262
Scenario 3: The super-interim model 264
Scenario 4: A new age Taylorism 265
Divided or inclusive society? Choose \nyour model wisely 266
References 269
Comparing digital discourses 271
High digital density EU countries 273
Measuring the size of the fourth industrial revolution – where, what and whom 276
Social partners: Unilateral or \ntripartite responses? 278
Closing remarks 281
Note 282
References 282
The long tradition of tripartite co-operation and consensus 286
The emerging labour market model 289
The way ahead for policymakers 292
Notes 293
References 294
A trade union movement resilient to structural change1 296
Incorporating lifelong learning into the Swedish model 298
Platform work and the algorithm-based employer 299
Conclusion 302
Notes 303
References 303
Work in the digital age 306
A sectoral perspective 309
A longer-term policy perspective 310
References 312
Medium digital density EU countries 315
The platform economy debate as a showcase of the crisis of Belgian self-regulation 319
The platform economy: A historical \nopportunity to reinvigorate self-regulation? 322
Where to go from here? 324
Fostering the collective organisation of platform workers through inclusive union strategies 325
Leveraging digital technologies to enforce firms’ compliance 326
Fostering a counter narrative of firm accountability 327
Notes 328
References 328
Three key trends 334
Low productivity and stagnant pay 334
Inequality 335
A changing labour market 336
Three challenges for policymakers 337
Create more good jobs 338
End exploitation at work 339
Renew the social security system 340
References 342
The Irish welfare system 346
The Irish labour market 348
Welfare’s future 353
Note 356
References 356
The debate in Austria 358
Employment 359
Precarity 362
Quality of work 364
References 367
Challenges to the German model 372
Dichotomies in the German debate 376
The increasing dichotomy between jobs and income 376
The conflict between humans and machines 376
The conflict between work and leisure 377
Policy options 378
Conclusion 380
References 381
From the economic boom to the great recession in Spain 385
The impact of computerisation: Technological changes in labour dynamics 387
Political discussion: Beyond the welfare \nstate weakness 395
References 398
Portugal’s potential: 60 policy measures 402
Risking a lost generation: Youth unemployment 404
Lingering skill mismatches and Portugal’s policy options for the digital age 407
Public debate regarding Work \n4.0 in Portugal 409
Notes 412
References 412
Low digital density EU countries 415
Integration of technology and \neconomic effects 417
Education and skills 420
Digitalisation and change in the working environment 422
Political and public-private measures 426
References 428
Central and eastern Europe: A second-rank \nEuropean industrial base 431
Dependence on foreign direct investment 432
Why has the FDI-driven convergence \ndisappointed? 434
Vulnerabilities: Weak innovation, skills composition and value chain status 435
Digitalisation as an opportunity 436
Key policy challenges: Innovation rather than cheap labour 437
Notes 439
References 439
New technologies are not automatically better 442
New technologies are not responsible \nfor poor job quality 444
Changes in work and welfare in Slovenia in the time of digital revolution 445
Fourth revolution? 447
References 447
How Latvia learned the importance \nof infrastructure 450
Telecommunications: A vehicle for digitalisation? 451
The many faces of the digital economy 453
A digital economy with no one in it? 455
Final thoughts and areas for \nurgent attention 458
References 459
Another revolution on the horizon 462
A popular destination for outsourcing, traditional and innovative sectors 462
Digital skills 464
Debating the upcoming revolution 465
Government initiatives 466
Conclusions 467
References 469
Previous reform efforts 472
Education as the main challenge 474
Make investing in schooling a priority 475
Fix the way students are oriented towards university and jobs 475
It’s not just about education, but also about training . . . and retraining 476
Universities must embrace urbanisation and technology . . . or die 477
It’s not only about education and training, it’s also about work and capital . . . and the approach can no longer be ideological 478
Italy needs more high value-added \njobs to fight inequality 479
Notes 480
References 481
Greece: A traumatised economy and society \nemerging from the crisis 485
The fourth industrial revolution and Greece: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats 489
Policy priorities for harnessing the potential benefits of the fourth industrial revolution in Greece 491
References 493
Global perspectives 495
Utopia, dystopia or the same old scene? 498
Canada’s quantum leap? 500
Expo 67: Consolidating the third and visualising the fourth industrial revolution 501
In 2017, with echoes of 1967, the pendulum swings progressive once again 503
So, does Canada get it? 505
Final thoughts 506
Notes 508
References 508
The fourth industrial revolution 513
Automation and employment and unemployment 514
Impacts on the quality of work 517
New risks, new social contract 519
Possible futures 521
Note 523
References 523
The digital revolution accelerates the race for development 527
The impact of digital automation on the Indian labour market 529
How can India create livelihoods in the digital age? 531
References 533
Framing: From hype to discourse \nand scenarios 541
Initial education and training: Equipping everyone with the right skills 543
Secure transitions and employability: An active working life for all 546
Employment relations and social protection: Safeguarding standards 551
Tax and transfer policies: Addressing income and wealth inequality 557
Infrastructure and innovation: Investing in the future 561
Taking a regional perspective 562
Conclusion: Update, recharge and reload \nthe concept of work in society 563
References 564