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Book Details
Abstract
This book is a concise but comprehensive text for review and self evaluation in the study of the microscopic anatomy of the major organ systems of the body. It aims to meet the requirements of students of Medicine, Dentistry, Histopathology, Mammalian Biology and the Paramedical Sciences. The subjects have been chosen to complement a program of physiology and dissection or prosection. Basic concepts of cell and tissue biology are presently considered in separate prerequisite units integrated with biochemistry and genetics and are not included in this text. The approach has been to focus on unique features or diagnostic differences between cells, their function and organisation into organs rather than on pure morphologic description. Developmental aspects of certain organs have been described where these contribute to understanding functional relationships between cells in organ systems.A uniform text structure (point form) helps the reader to organise, review and retain pertinent information. A summary procedes each chapter which helps to focus on key concepts. Each topic is also prefaced by a list of objectives which serve as a guide for review. In addition, a list of key words (bold in the text), phrases and concepts that should be defined as a result of reading the text. The terminology follows that in contemporary use giving alternative names according to Nomina Histological where possible. A series of plates illustrates in line drawings the major features of cells in organs based on electron micrographs. In addition, tables show functional relationships between cells or their products.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Chapter 1 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1. SKIN | 1 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 1 | ||
| Skin | 1 | ||
| KEYWORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 2 | ||
| 1. General | 3 | ||
| 2. Functions of Skin | 3 | ||
| 3. Physical Examination of Skin | 4 | ||
| 4. Fingerprints (Dermatoglyphics) | 4 | ||
| 5. Epidermis | 5 | ||
| 6. Development of the Epidermis | 9 | ||
| 7. The Dermal-Epidermal Junction | 9 | ||
| 8. Dermis | 12 | ||
| 9. Vascular Supply of the Dermis | 12 | ||
| 10. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer or Superficial Fascia) | 13 | ||
| 11. Nerve Supply | 13 | ||
| Chapter 2 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 2. SKIN APPENDAGES | 17 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 17 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 17 | ||
| Eccrine Sweat Glands | 17 | ||
| Hair | 18 | ||
| Nails | 18 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 18 | ||
| ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS | 19 | ||
| 1. General | 19 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 19 | ||
| 3. Sweat | 20 | ||
| 4. Development of Sweat Glands | 20 | ||
| 5. Apocrine Sweat Glands | 21 | ||
| HAIR | 21 | ||
| 1. General | 21 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 22 | ||
| 3. Functions of Hair | 23 | ||
| 4. Development of Hair | 24 | ||
| 5. Associated Muscle and Glands | 24 | ||
| NAILS | 25 | ||
| 1. General | 25 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 25 | ||
| 3. Function of Nails | 26 | ||
| 4. Development of Nails | 26 | ||
| 5. Growth of Nails | 27 | ||
| Chapter 3 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1. HYPOPHYSIS, DIFFUSE NEUROENDOCRINE AND CHROMAFFIN SYSTEMS | 29 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 29 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 29 | ||
| Characteristics of Endocrine Glands | 29 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES AND CONCEPTS | 30 | ||
| 1. General | 31 | ||
| 2. Development of the Hypophysis | 32 | ||
| 3. General Structure | 33 | ||
| 4. Detailed Structure | 34 | ||
| 6. Hypothalamic Regulation of the Adenohypophysis | 36 | ||
| 8. Neurohypophysis | 37 | ||
| 9. Hormones Released by the Neurohypophysis | 38 | ||
| 10. Blood Supply of the Hypophysis | 38 | ||
| 11. Histophysiology of the Hypophysis | 39 | ||
| 12. The Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation or Apud Cells) | 40 | ||
| 13. The Chromaffin System | 40 | ||
| Chapter 4 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 2. THYROID, PARATHYROID AND ENDOCRINE PANCREAS | 43 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 43 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 44 | ||
| — Thyroid Gland | 44 | ||
| — Parathyroid Glands | 44 | ||
| — Pancreas | 44 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES AND CONCEPTS | 45 | ||
| THE THYROID GLAND | 45 | ||
| 1. Development | 45 | ||
| 2. General Structure | 47 | ||
| 3. Detailed Structure | 47 | ||
| 4. Histophysiology | 49 | ||
| PARATHYROID GLANDS | 50 | ||
| 1. General | 50 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 51 | ||
| 3. Histophysiology | 53 | ||
| THE PANCREAS | 53 | ||
| 1. General | 53 | ||
| 2. Development | 54 | ||
| 3. Cells of Pancreatic Islets | 54 | ||
| 4. Blood Supply of the Pancreas | 56 | ||
| 5. Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets | 57 | ||
| 6. Control of Islet Secretion | 58 | ||
| 7. Histophysiology | 60 | ||
| 8. Exocrine Pancreas | 60 | ||
| Chapter 5 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 3. SUPRARENAL GLANDS | 61 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 61 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 61 | ||
| The Suprarenal Glands | 61 | ||
| Effects of Suprarenel medulla ACTH | 62 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES AND CONCEPTS | 62 | ||
| 1. General Structure | 62 | ||
| 2. Development | 63 | ||
| 3. Detailed Structure of the Suprarenal Cortex | 63 | ||
| 4. Blood Supply of the Suprarenal Cortex | 64 | ||
| 5. Histophysiology of the Suprarenal Cortex | 64 | ||
| SUPRARENAL MEDULLA | 67 | ||
| 1. General Structure | 67 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 67 | ||
| 3. Histophysiology of the Medulla | 67 | ||
| 4. The Chromaffin System | 68 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 IMMUNE SYSTEM 1. CELLS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE | 93 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 71 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 71 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 72 | ||
| 1. General | 73 | ||
| 2. Terminology | 73 | ||
| 3. Lymphocytes | 74 | ||
| 4. Origin of Lymphocytes | 78 | ||
| 5. Plasma Cells | 79 | ||
| 6. Immune Responses | 81 | ||
| 7. Circulation of Lymphocytes | 81 | ||
| 8. Macrophages (Histiocytes) | 82 | ||
| 9. Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) | 84 | ||
| 10. Mast Cells | 84 | ||
| 11. Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes or Granulocytes(Polymorphs) | 85 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 IMMUNE SYSTEM 2. LYMPH, LYMPH VESSELS, LYMPH NODES AND TONSILS | 93 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 93 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 94 | ||
| Lymph. | 94 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES AND CONCEPTS | 94 | ||
| 1. Lymph | 95 | ||
| 2. Lymph Vessels | 95 | ||
| 3. Movement of Lymph | 96 | ||
| 4. Methods of Studying Lymph Vessels | 96 | ||
| 5. Edema | 97 | ||
| 6. Lymph Nodes | 97 | ||
| 7. Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (Galt) | 101 | ||
| 8. Tonsils | 102 | ||
| Chapter 8 IMMUNE SYSTEM 3. THYMUS AND SPLEEN | 105 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 105 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 105 | ||
| Thymus | 105 | ||
| Spleen | 106 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 106 | ||
| THE THYMUS | 107 | ||
| 1. Development of the Thymus | 107 | ||
| 2. General Structure | 107 | ||
| 3. Tissue Components | 108 | ||
| 4. Blood Supply | 109 | ||
| 5. Fate of T Lymphocytes | 110 | ||
| 6. Functions of Thymus | 110 | ||
| 7. Involution of the Thymus | 112 | ||
| THE SPLEEN | 112 | ||
| 1. Development | 112 | ||
| 2. Structure | 112 | ||
| 3. Blood Circulation Through the Spleen | 114 | ||
| 4. Functions of the Spleen | 115 | ||
| 5. Effects of Splenectomy | 116 | ||
| CHAPTER 9 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 119 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 119 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 119 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 120 | ||
| THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | 121 | ||
| 1. General Functions and Composition of the Circulatory System | 121 | ||
| 2. Cardiac Muscle | 122 | ||
| 3. Structure of the Heart Wall | 123 | ||
| 4. Valves of the Heart | 124 | ||
| 5. The Cardiac Cycle | 125 | ||
| 6. The Impulse Conducting System | 125 | ||
| 7. Basic Organization of Blood Vessels above Precapillaries | 126 | ||
| 8. Tissue Components of Vascular Wall | 127 | ||
| 9. Arteries | 129 | ||
| 10. Capillaries | 131 | ||
| 11. Arteriovenous Anastomoses | 133 | ||
| 12. Post-Capillary (Pericytic) Venules | 133 | ||
| 13. Muscular Venules | 133 | ||
| 14. Small and Medium Sized Veins | 134 | ||
| 15. Large Veins | 134 | ||
| 16. Vasa Vasora | 134 | ||
| 17. Valves | 134 | ||
| Chapter 10 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. THE UPPER AIRWAY | 135 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 135 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 135 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 136 | ||
| 1. General | 136 | ||
| 2. Nasal Cavities | 137 | ||
| 3. Vascularization of Respiratory Mucosa | 138 | ||
| 4. Development of the Nasal Cavities | 139 | ||
| 5. Larynx (Larynx (Gk) A Throat) | 140 | ||
| 6. Trachea | 143 | ||
| Chapter 11 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 2. THE LUNGS | 147 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 147 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 147 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 148 | ||
| 1. General | 148 | ||
| 2. Bronchi | 150 | ||
| 3. Bronchioles | 151 | ||
| 4. Respiratory Bronchioles | 152 | ||
| 5. Alveolar Ducts | 152 | ||
| 6. Atria | 153 | ||
| 7. Alveoli | 153 | ||
| 8. The Air-Blood Interface | 154 | ||
| 9. Pulmonary Circulation | 154 | ||
| 10. Nerve Supply | 155 | ||
| 11. Development of the Lungs | 155 | ||
| Chapter 12 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. ORAL CAVITY | 159 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 159 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 159 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 160 | ||
| THE ORAL CAVITY | 161 | ||
| 1. General | 161 | ||
| 2. Lip (Lippa (Anglo-saxon) Lip also Labium (L) a Lip) | 162 | ||
| 3. Cheek | 162 | ||
| 4. Gingiva (Gingivae (L) Gums) | 162 | ||
| 5. Tongue (Lingua (L) the Tongue also Glossa (Gk) the Tongue) | 163 | ||
| 6. Development of the Tongue | 167 | ||
| 7. The Hard Palate | 168 | ||
| 8. The Soft Palate (Velum Palatinum from Velum (L) a Curtain) | 169 | ||
| 9. Salivary Glands | 169 | ||
| 10. Control of Salivary Gland Function | 173 | ||
| 11. Development of the Oral Cavity | 173 | ||
| 12. Development of Salivary Glands | 175 | ||
| Chapter 13 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 2. TEETH | 177 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 177 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 177 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS: | 178 | ||
| 1. General | 179 | ||
| 2. Enamel | 180 | ||
| 3. Dentin | 182 | ||
| 4. Cementum | 183 | ||
| 5. Pulp | 185 | ||
| 6. Periodontal Ligament | 186 | ||
| 7. Development of Teeth | 189 | ||
| 8. Tooth Eruption | 193 | ||
| 9. Exfoliation | 195 | ||
| Chapter 14 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3. ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH | 197 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 197 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 198 | ||
| Esophagus. | 198 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 198 | ||
| THE ESOPHAGUS | 199 | ||
| 1. General | 199 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 199 | ||
| 3. Blood Supply of the Esophagus | 201 | ||
| 4. Nerve Supply | 201 | ||
| 5. Development | 202 | ||
| THE STOMACH | 202 | ||
| 1. General | 202 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 203 | ||
| 3. Functions of the Stomach | 206 | ||
| 4. Development | 209 | ||
| Chapter 15 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 4. INTESTINES | 211 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 211 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 212 | ||
| Intestines | 212 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 212 | ||
| INTESTINES | 213 | ||
| 1. General Structural Plan of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 213 | ||
| 2. Development | 215 | ||
| SMALL INTESTINE | 217 | ||
| 1. General Features of the Small Intestine | 217 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure and Function | 217 | ||
| 3. Changes in the Small Intestine along Its Length | 221 | ||
| 4. Immune Defense Mechanisms | 221 | ||
| 5. Absorption | 222 | ||
| 6. Further Development of the Midgut | 223 | ||
| LARGE INTESTINE | 225 | ||
| 1. General Features | 225 | ||
| 2. Regional Details | 225 | ||
| 3. Mucosa | 227 | ||
| 4. Nerve Supply of the Large Intestine | 227 | ||
| 5. Development of the Hindgut | 228 | ||
| 6. Functions of the Large Intestine | 229 | ||
| Chapter 16 Digestive System 5. Digestive Glands | 233 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 233 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 234 | ||
| Liver | 234 | ||
| Gall Bladder | 234 | ||
| The Exocrine Pancreas | 234 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 234 | ||
| THE LIVER | 235 | ||
| 1. General | 235 | ||
| 2. General Structure | 236 | ||
| 3. Detailed Structure | 237 | ||
| 4. Sinusoids | 237 | ||
| 5. Bile Ducts | 238 | ||
| 6. Structural Units of the Liver | 238 | ||
| 7. Functions of the Liver | 239 | ||
| 8. Development of the Liver | 240 | ||
| GALL BLADDER | 242 | ||
| 1. General | 242 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 242 | ||
| 3. Functions of the Gall Bladder | 243 | ||
| THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS | 243 | ||
| 1. General | 243 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 243 | ||
| 3. Regulation of Secretion | 244 | ||
| 4. Development of the Duct System | 244 | ||
| 5. Structure of the Duct System | 245 | ||
| Chapter 17 URINARY SYSTEM 1. KIDNEY | 249 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 249 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 249 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 250 | ||
| 1. General | 251 | ||
| 2. General Structure | 251 | ||
| 3. Development | 252 | ||
| 4. Detailed Structure | 255 | ||
| 5. Blood Supply | 259 | ||
| 6. Further Functions of the Kidney | 260 | ||
| Chapter 18 URINARY SYSTEM 2. RENAL PELVIS, CALYCES, URETER, BLADDER AND URETHRA | 263 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 263 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 263 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 264 | ||
| RENAL PELVIS, CALYCES AND URETER | 264 | ||
| 1. General Structure | 264 | ||
| 2. Ureters | 265 | ||
| 3. The Bladder | 266 | ||
| 4. Male Urethra | 267 | ||
| 5. Female Urethra | 268 | ||
| 6. Urination (Micturition) | 269 | ||
| 7. Development of Bladder and Urethra | 270 | ||
| Chapter 19 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1.THETESTIS | 273 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 273 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 273 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 274 | ||
| 1. General | 275 | ||
| 2. Testes. General | 275 | ||
| 3. Detailed Structure. Seminiferous Epithelium | 276 | ||
| 4. Spermatogenesis | 277 | ||
| 5. Cycles of Seminiferous Epithelium | 280 | ||
| 6. Sertoli cells | 280 | ||
| 7. Interstitial cells (of Leydig) | 281 | ||
| 8. Boundary layers of seminiferous tubules comprise: | 283 | ||
| 9. Factors Influencing Testicular Function | 283 | ||
| 10. Development of the Testis | 284 | ||
| Chapter 20 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2. GENITAL DUCT SYSTEM, ACCESSORY GLANDS AND EXTERNAL GEN ITALIA | 317 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 289 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 290 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 290 | ||
| 1. Detailed Structure | 291 | ||
| 2. Development of the Duct System | 293 | ||
| 3. Seminal Vesicles | 294 | ||
| 4. Prostate | 295 | ||
| 5. Bulbourethral Glands | 295 | ||
| 6. Seminal Fluid | 296 | ||
| 7. External Genitalia | 296 | ||
| 8. Development of Genital Ligaments | 297 | ||
| 9. Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testis) | 297 | ||
| 10. Penis | 297 | ||
| 11. Development of the External Genitalia | 299 | ||
| Chapter 21 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. OVARY | 317 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 303 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 303 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 304 | ||
| 1. General | 305 | ||
| 2. General Structure of the Ovary | 306 | ||
| 3. Oogenesis | 306 | ||
| 4. Interstitial cells (Interstitiocytes) | 309 | ||
| 5. Hilum cells | 309 | ||
| 6. Ovulation | 309 | ||
| 7. Corpus Luteum (Luteal Gland) | 310 | ||
| 8. Blood Supply of the Ovary | 311 | ||
| 9. Nerve Supply | 311 | ||
| 10. Lymphatics | 311 | ||
| 11. Hormonal Background of the Ovarian Cycle | 311 | ||
| 12. Development of the Ovary | 313 | ||
| Chapter 22 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2. UTERINE TUBES, UTERUS AND VAGINA | 317 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 317 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 317 | ||
| Uterine tubes | 317 | ||
| The Uterus | 317 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 318 | ||
| UTERINE TUBES | 319 | ||
| 1. General | 319 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 319 | ||
| 3. Functions of the Uterine Tubes | 320 | ||
| THE UTERUS | 321 | ||
| 1. General | 321 | ||
| 2. Peritoneal Relationships | 321 | ||
| 3. Myometrium | 321 | ||
| 4. Mucosa (Endometrium or Tunica Mucosa) | 322 | ||
| 5. The Menstrual Cycle | 323 | ||
| 6. Cervix | 325 | ||
| 7. Functions of the Uterus | 326 | ||
| 8. Vagina | 326 | ||
| 9. Development of the Uterine Tubes, Uterus and Vagina | 328 | ||
| Chapter 23 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 3. EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND MAMMARY GLANDS | 331 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 331 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 331 | ||
| External genitalia | 331 | ||
| Mammary glands | 332 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 332 | ||
| 1. General | 332 | ||
| 2. Development of the External Genitalia | 334 | ||
| MAMMARY GLANDS | 334 | ||
| 1. General | 334 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 335 | ||
| 3. Endocrine and Neural Control of the Mammary Gland | 337 | ||
| 4. Development | 337 | ||
| Chapter 24 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 4. PLACENTA | 339 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 339 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 340 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 340 | ||
| THE PLACENTA | 341 | ||
| 1. General | 341 | ||
| 2. Processes Prior to Fertilization | 341 | ||
| 3. Fertilization | 343 | ||
| 4. Cleavage | 344 | ||
| 5. The Implantation Period | 344 | ||
| 6. The Lacunar Stage of Placental Development | 345 | ||
| 7. The Trabecular Stage of Placental Development | 346 | ||
| 8. Development of Villi | 346 | ||
| 9. Decidua (Endometrium) | 347 | ||
| 10. Structure of the Placenta | 348 | ||
| 11. Blood Supply of the Placenta | 348 | ||
| 12. Structure of the Full Term Placenta | 349 | ||
| 13. Functions of the Placenta | 349 | ||
| THE UMBILICAL CORD | 350 | ||
| 1. General | 350 | ||
| 2. Detailed Structure | 351 | ||
| Chapter 25 THE EYE | 353 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 353 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 353 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 354 | ||
| THE EYE | 355 | ||
| 1. Development of the Optic Cup and Lens Vesicle | 355 | ||
| 2. Development of the Retina, Iris and Ciliary Body | 356 | ||
| 3. The Cornea | 357 | ||
| 4. Sclera | 357 | ||
| 5. Limbus (Sclerocorneal Junction) | 358 | ||
| 6. The Anterior Chamber | 358 | ||
| 7. The Posterior Chamber | 358 | ||
| 8. The Uvea | 359 | ||
| 9. The Lens | 361 | ||
| 10. The Ciliary Zonule or Suspensory Ligament of the Lens | 361 | ||
| 11. Vitreous Body (Humor) | 361 | ||
| 12. Retina | 362 | ||
| 13. Macula Lutea and Fovea Centralis | 367 | ||
| 14. Optic Papilla (Optic Disc or Nerve Head) | 367 | ||
| 15. Retinal Vessels | 367 | ||
| 16. Optic Nerve | 368 | ||
| Chapter 26 THE EAR | 369 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 369 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINE | 370 | ||
| KEY WORDS, PHRASES, CONCEPTS | 370 | ||
| THE EAR | 371 | ||
| 1. General | 371 | ||
| 2. The External Ear | 372 | ||
| 3. The Middle Ear | 374 | ||
| 4. The Internal Ear | 376 | ||
| Index | 391 |