Additional Information
Book Details
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | xxi | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Introduction | xi | ||
| Chapter 1. Physiology of Blood Flow\rand Metabolism | 1 | ||
| 1.1. Anatomy of the Cerebral Circulation | 2 | ||
| 1.2. Geometry of the Cerebral Circulation | 8 | ||
| 1.2.1. Arterial circulation | 8 | ||
| 1.2.2. Microcirculation | 10 | ||
| 1.3. Blood | 14 | ||
| 1.3.1. Physiology of blood | 15 | ||
| 1.3.2. Models of blood | 17 | ||
| 1.4. Blood Vessels | 21 | ||
| 1.4.1. Structure | 22 | ||
| 1.4.2. Mechanical properties | 24 | ||
| 1.4.3. Single vessel model | 27 | ||
| 1.4.4. Vessel collapse | 29 | ||
| 1.5. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain Barriers | 31 | ||
| 1.5.1. Blood–brain barrier | 34 | ||
| 1.5.2. Blood-CSF barrier | 35 | ||
| 1.5.3. Arachnoid barrier | 35 | ||
| 1.6. Brain Cells | 35 | ||
| 1.6.1. Neurons and glial cells | 36 | ||
| 1.6.2. Cellular metabolism | 38 | ||
| 1.7. Conclusions | 42 | ||
| Chapter 2. Models of Blood Flow and Metabolism | 43 | ||
| 2.1. Poiseuille Equation | 43 | ||
| 2.2. Viscosity | 45 | ||
| 2.2.1. Empirical relationships for viscosity | 45 | ||
| 2.2.2. Model-based predictions of viscosity | 50 | ||
| 2.2.3. Conclusions | 53 | ||
| 2.3. One-dimensional Blood Flow | 53 | ||
| 2.3.1. Wave flow | 54 | ||
| 2.3.2. Linearised 1D models | 58 | ||
| 2.3.3. Womersley flow | 61 | ||
| 2.3.4. Non-axisymmetric flow | 66 | ||
| 2.3.5. Conclusions | 68 | ||
| 2.4. Flow in Vascular Network Models | 68 | ||
| 2.4.1. Network flow models | 69 | ||
| 2.4.2. Scaling laws | 73 | ||
| 2.4.3. Conclusions | 78 | ||
| 2.5. Models of the Cerebral Vasculature | 78 | ||
| 2.5.1. Models of the large arterial vessels | 78 | ||
| 2.5.2. Models of the microvasculature | 87 | ||
| 2.5.3. Full cerebral vasculature models | 94 | ||
| 2.5.4. Conclusions | 98 | ||
| 2.6. Transport and Metabolism | 99 | ||
| 2.6.1. Governing equations | 100 | ||
| 2.6.2. Transport from blood to tissue | 104 | ||
| 2.6.3. Oxygen relationships | 108 | ||
| 2.6.4. Conclusions | 111 | ||
| 2.7. Parameter Fitting and Sensitivity Analysis | 111 | ||
| 2.7.1. Parameter fitting | 111 | ||
| 2.7.2. Sensitivity analysis | 113 | ||
| 2.7.3. Model simplification | 114 | ||
| 2.8. Conclusions | 114 | ||
| Chapter 3. Global Control of Blood Flow | 117 | ||
| 3.1. Autoregulation | 118 | ||
| 3.1.1. Mechanisms of autoregulation | 118 | ||
| 3.1.2. Quantification of autoregulation | 123 | ||
| 3.1.2.1. Static autoregulation | 124 | ||
| 3.1.2.2. Dynamic autoregulation | 125 | ||
| 3.2. Cerebrovascular Reactivity | 132 | ||
| 3.2.1. Mechanisms of CVR | 132 | ||
| 3.2.2. Quantification of CVR | 134 | ||
| 3.2.3. Interaction between autoregulation and CVR | 139 | ||
| 3.3. Models of Autoregulation and CVR | 140 | ||
| 3.3.1. Lumped compartment+feedback models | 140 | ||
| 3.3.2. Single vessel models | 146 | ||
| 3.4. Conclusions | 155 | ||
| Chapter 4. Local Control of Perfusion | 157 | ||
| 4.1. Neurovascular Coupling | 157 | ||
| 4.1.1. Physiological basis | 159 | ||
| 4.1.2. Conducted response | 167 | ||
| 4.1.3. Brain metabolism | 170 | ||
| 4.2. Neurogenic Control | 172 | ||
| 4.2.1. Physiological basis | 172 | ||
| 4.2.2. Origins of control | 176 | ||
| 4.3. Models of Neurovascular Coupling | 178 | ||
| 4.3.1. Lumped compartmental models | 179 | ||
| 4.3.2. Cerebral blood volume | 185 | ||
| 4.3.3. Network models | 188 | ||
| 4.3.4. Nitric oxide | 193 | ||
| 4.3.5. Cellular models | 198 | ||
| 4.3.6. Conclusions | 201 | ||
| 4.4. Angiogenesis and Adaptation | 201 | ||
| 4.5. Vasomotion | 210 | ||
| 4.6. Conclusions | 212 | ||
| Chapter 5. Externally-based Measurements | 215 | ||
| 5.1. Ultrasound | 216 | ||
| 5.1.1. Reproducibility | 219 | ||
| 5.1.2. Insonation area | 219 | ||
| 5.1.3. 3D Ultrasound | 222 | ||
| 5.2. Optical Imaging | 225 | ||
| 5.2.1. Near infra-red spectroscopy (diffuse optical spectroscopy) | 225 | ||
| 5.2.2. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy | 233 | ||
| 5.2.3. Other optical methods | 237 | ||
| 5.3. Electroencephalography (EEG) | 238 | ||
| 5.4. Conclusion | 241 | ||
| Chapter 6. Internally-based Measurements | 243 | ||
| 6.1. Development of CBF Measurements | 245 | ||
| 6.2. Tracer Kinetic Theory | 248 | ||
| 6.2.1. Single compartment model | 249 | ||
| 6.2.2. Two compartment exchange model | 251 | ||
| 6.2.3. Spatially distributed compartment models | 253 | ||
| 6.2.4. Deconvolution methods | 253 | ||
| 6.2.5. Conclusions | 255 | ||
| 6.3. Computed Tomography (CT) | 255 | ||
| 6.4. Single Photon Emission CT (SPECT) | 257 | ||
| 6.5. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | 258 | ||
| 6.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 261 | ||
| 6.6.1. Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) / Dynamic Contrast\rEnhancement (DCE) MRI | 265 | ||
| 6.6.2. Arterial Spin Labelling (ASL) | 267 | ||
| 6.6.3. Vessel-encoded ASL | 273 | ||
| 6.6.4. Perfusion quantification | 274 | ||
| 6.6.5. CMRO2 quantification | 279 | ||
| 6.6.6. Other uses of MRI | 286 | ||
| 6.7. Conclusions | 288 | ||
| Chapter 7. Global Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow\rand Metabolism | 289 | ||
| 7.1. Ageing | 289 | ||
| 7.1.1. Autoregulation | 295 | ||
| 7.1.2. Cerebrovascular reactivity | 296 | ||
| 7.1.3. Cerebral metabolic rate | 297 | ||
| 7.2. Hypertension | 298 | ||
| 7.3. Fitness and Exercise | 300 | ||
| 7.3.1. Autoregulation | 302 | ||
| 7.3.2. Cerebrovascular reactivity | 302 | ||
| 7.3.3. Cerebral metabolic rate | 303 | ||
| 7.4. Sex | 303 | ||
| 7.4.1. Pregnancy | 304 | ||
| 7.5. Temperature | 305 | ||
| 7.6. Altitude | 306 | ||
| 7.6.1. Autoregulation | 307 | ||
| 7.6.2. Cerebrovascular reactivity | 307 | ||
| 7.7. Other Effects | 308 | ||
| 7.8. Connectivity | 308 | ||
| 7.9. Conclusions | 310 | ||
| Chapter 8. Local Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow\rand Metabolism | 311 | ||
| 8.1. Stroke | 312 | ||
| 8.1.1. Physiology | 314 | ||
| 8.1.2. Treatment | 316 | ||
| 8.1.3. Hypertension | 319 | ||
| 8.1.4. Imaging | 321 | ||
| 8.1.5. Outcome prediction | 327 | ||
| 8.1.6. Autoregulation | 331 | ||
| 8.1.6.1. Ischaemic stroke | 332 | ||
| 8.1.6.2. Haemorrhagic stroke | 332 | ||
| 8.1.7. Models of ischaemic stroke | 333 | ||
| 8.2. Dementia | 334 | ||
| 8.2.1. Autoregulation | 340 | ||
| 8.2.2. Cerebrovascular reactivity | 340 | ||
| 8.2.3. Cerebral metabolism | 340 | ||
| 8.3. Traumatic Brain Injury | 341 | ||
| 8.3.1. Autoregulation | 342 | ||
| 8.4. Oncology | 343 | ||
| 8.5. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (SVD) | 345 | ||
| 8.6. Aneurysms | 346 | ||
| 8.7. Other Neurodegenerative Diseases | 347 | ||
| 8.8. Conclusions | 348 | ||
| Chapter 9. Conclusions | 351 | ||
| 9.1. Prevention | 352 | ||
| 9.2. Diagnosis | 353 | ||
| 9.3. Treatment | 356 | ||
| References | 359 | ||
| Index | 435 |