BOOK
Cancer Therapeutics And Imaging: Molecular And Cellular Engineering And Nanobiomedicine
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| CONTENTS | v | ||
| Chapter 1 Optically Modulated Theranostic Nanoparticles | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Polymeric nanoparticles | 2 | ||
| 1.2 Carbon nanotubes | 4 | ||
| 1.3 Silica nanoparticles | 7 | ||
| 1.4 Gold nanoparticles | 9 | ||
| 1.5 Lipid based nanoparticles | 15 | ||
| 1.6 Up conversion nanoparticles | 16 | ||
| 1.7 Conclusions | 19 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| Chapter 2 Gene Therapy Treatments for Cancer | 25 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 25 | ||
| 2.1.1 Overview of gene delivery methods | 26 | ||
| 2.1.1.1 Viral gene delivery methods | 27 | ||
| 2.1.1.2 Non-viral gene delivery methods | 30 | ||
| 2.1.1.2.1 Naked plasmid DNA | 33 | ||
| 2.2 Delivery of tumor suppressor genes into tumor cells | 33 | ||
| 2.2.1 Genetic dysregulation in cancer cells | 34 | ||
| 2.2.2 Delivery of tumor suppressor genes | 34 | ||
| 2.2.2.1 Delivery of the gatekeeper p53 gene | 36 | ||
| 2.2.2.2 Delivery of the gatekeeper retinoblastoma protein (Rb) gene | 37 | ||
| 2.2.2.3 Delivery of the caretaker BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes | 38 | ||
| 2.2.2.4 Delivery of the cytokine MDA-7/IL-24 gene | 39 | ||
| 2.2.2.5 Delivery of the adenoviral E1A gene | 40 | ||
| 2.2.2.6 Delivery of the gatekeeper FUS-1 gene | 42 | ||
| 2.2.3 Strategies to enhance tumor suppressor gene expression | 42 | ||
| 2.2.3.1 Optimization of the transgene expression cassette | 43 | ||
| 2.2.3.2 Replication and maintenance of plasmids by S/MAR’s | 45 | ||
| 2.2.3.3 Plasmid DNA sequences can also decrease transgene expression | 46 | ||
| 2.2.3.4 Epigenetic effects on transgene expression | 46 | ||
| 2.3 DNA vaccines reprogram the immune system to attack cancer cells | 47 | ||
| 2.3.1 Overview of the immune system | 48 | ||
| 2.3.1.1 Cancer cells evade natural immune responses | 49 | ||
| 2.3.2 Development of DNA vaccines for cancer treatment | 50 | ||
| 2.3.2.1 Clinical trials of DNA vaccines | 50 | ||
| 2.3.3 Strategies to enhance the activity of DNA vaccines | 51 | ||
| 2.2.3.1 Antigen processing | 53 | ||
| 2.3.2.2 Antigen presentation with MHC1 or MHC2 | 53 | ||
| 2.4 Additional genetic strategies for cancer treatment | 54 | ||
| 2.4.1 Suicide gene therapy | 54 | ||
| 2.4.2 Silencing of oncogenes with RNAi | 55 | ||
| 2.4.3 Oncolytic virotherapy | 56 | ||
| 2.5 Concluding remarks | 57 | ||
| References | 58 | ||
| Chapter 3 Nanocarrier Based Pulmonary Gene Delivery for Lung Cancer: Therapeutic and Imaging Approaches | 89 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 90 | ||
| 3.2 Lung cancer, therapies, gene delivery | 91 | ||
| 3.2.1 Lung cancer | 91 | ||
| 3.2.2 Inhalation delivery | 92 | ||
| 3.2.2.1 Nebulizers | 93 | ||
| 3.2.2.2 Pressurized meter dose inhalers | 94 | ||
| 3.2.2.3 Dry powder inhalers (DPI) | 94 | ||
| 3.2.3 Therapeutic agents | 96 | ||
| 3.2.3.1 Small interfering RNA | 96 | ||
| 3.2.3.2 Micro RNA | 97 | ||
| 3.2.4 Imaging techniques for lung tumors | 98 | ||
| 3.3 Nanocarrier systems | 99 | ||
| 3.3.1 Polymer-based drug carriers | 100 | ||
| 3.3.1.1 Natural polymers | 100 | ||
| 3.3.1.2 Synthetic polymers | 100 | ||
| 3.3.2 Lipid-based drug carriers | 101 | ||
| 3.3.2.1 Liposomes | 101 | ||
| 3.3.2.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) | 101 | ||
| 3.3.2.3 Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) | 101 | ||
| 3.3.3 Carbon nanotubes | 102 | ||
| 3.4 Characterization of nanocarriers | 102 | ||
| 3.4.1 Evaluation of nanocarriers for pulmonary delivery | 102 | ||
| 3.4.1.1 Fine particle fraction | 103 | ||
| 3.4.1.2 Emitted dose | 104 | ||
| 3.4.1.3 Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) | 104 | ||
| 3.4.2 Preclinical models and evaluation | 104 | ||
| 3.4.2.1 Xenograft models | 105 | ||
| 3.4.2.2 Orthotopic models | 105 | ||
| 3.4.2.3 Transgenic tumor models | 105 | ||
| 3.4.3 In vivo characterization | 106 | ||
| 3.5Examples of siRNA and miRNA based delivery systems | 107 | ||
| 3.5.1 Nanocarrier based inhalation delivery of siRNA | 107 | ||
| 3.5.1.1 Folate–chitosan-graft-polyethylenimine based system | 107 | ||
| 3.5.1.2 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | 108 | ||
| 3.5.1.3 Liposome based drug delivery system | 108 | ||
| 3.5.2 Nanocarrier based delivery of DNA | 109 | ||
| 3.5.2.1 Polyethyleneimine based drug delivery | 109 | ||
| 3.5.2.2 Spermine based drug delivery carrier | 110 | ||
| 3.6 Imaging techniques for nanoparticles | 111 | ||
| 3.6.1 Computed tomography (CT) | 111 | ||
| 3.6.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | 113 | ||
| 3.6.3 Nuclear imaging of positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) | 117 | ||
| 3.6.4 Optical imaging techniques | 119 | ||
| 3.7 Conclusion and future directions | 119 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 120 | ||
| Declaration of Interest | 121 | ||
| References | 121 | ||
| Chapter 4 Quantitative Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging in Cancer Therapy | 137 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 138 | ||
| 4.2 Basics of contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging | 139 | ||
| 4.2.1 The ultrasound contrast agent | 139 | ||
| 4.3 CEUS imaging in cancer | 141 | ||
| 4.4 Methods of quantitative CEUS imaging | 142 | ||
| 4.4.1 Perfusion imaging in tumors | 142 | ||
| 4.5 Methods of quantitative CEUS imaging | 145 | ||
| 4.5.1 Microbubble pharmacodynamics | 145 | ||
| 4.5.2 Quantitative molecular imaging in tumors | 146 | ||
| 4.6 Challenges in quantitative CEUS imaging in cancer | 149 | ||
| 4.6.1 Tumor variability | 149 | ||
| 4.7 Conclusion | 150 | ||
| References | 150 | ||
| Chapter 5 Multifunctional Dendritic Nanoparticles as a Nanomedicine Platform | 155 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 156 | ||
| 5.2 Dendrimers used in biomedical applications | 157 | ||
| 5.2.1 Synthetic routes of dendrimers | 157 | ||
| 5.2.2 Types of dendrimers | 158 | ||
| 5.2.3 Biological properties of dendrimers | 160 | ||
| 5.2.4 Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution | 161 | ||
| 5.2.5 Multivalent interactions | 162 | ||
| 5.2.6 Dendrimers for therapeutic applications | 163 | ||
| 5.2.7 Drug delivery | 164 | ||
| 5.2.8 Gene delivery | 165 | ||
| 5.2.9 Anti-pathogen | 166 | ||
| 5.2.10 Dendrimers for diagnostics | 167 | ||
| 5.3 Dendritic polymers used in biomedical applications | 168 | ||
| 5.3.1 Dendritic-block copolymers | 168 | ||
| 5.3.2 Dendrimersomes | 174 | ||
| 5.4 Challenges with clinical translation | 175 | ||
| 5.5 Future perspective | 175 | ||
| References | 176 | ||
| Chapter 6 Oral Drug Delivery Systems for Gastrointestinal Cancer Therapy | 187 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 188 | ||
| 6.2 Types of therapeutic agents | 190 | ||
| 6.2.1 Small molecule drugs | 190 | ||
| 6.2.2 RNA interference | 191 | ||
| 6.2.3 Peptides and proteins | 192 | ||
| 6.3 Challenges for the oral delivery of drugs | 195 | ||
| 6.3.1 Mucus layer | 196 | ||
| 6.3.2 Epithelium and tissue barriers | 197 | ||
| 6.3.3 Enzymatic barrier | 198 | ||
| 6.4 Types of oral delivery systems | 198 | ||
| 6.4.1 Mucoadhesive delivery | 199 | ||
| 6.4.2 Nanoparticles | 200 | ||
| 6.4.2.1 Polymers | 201 | ||
| 6.4.2.2 Liposomes | 203 | ||
| 6.4.2.3 Nanoemulsions | 203 | ||
| 6.5 Influence of physicochemical parameters of nanoparticles | 204 | ||
| 6.5.1 Shape | 204 | ||
| 6.5.2 Size | 205 | ||
| 6.5.3 Surface | 205 | ||
| 6.6 Summary | 206 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 206 | ||
| References | 207 | ||
| Chapter 7 Cancer Therapeutics with Light: Role of Nanoscale and Tissue Engineering in Photodynamic Therapy | 219 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 220 | ||
| 7.2 Selective photosensitizers as therapeutic and imaging agents | 225 | ||
| 7.2.1 Site-specific targeted delivery | 225 | ||
| 7.2.2 Site-activated targeting | 228 | ||
| 7.2.3 Prodrug approaches | 229 | ||
| 7.3 Alternative light sources for photodynamic therapy\rand imaging | 231 | ||
| 7.3.1 Quantum dots | 231 | ||
| 7.3.1.1 Quantum dot-photosensitizer conjugates | 233 | ||
| 7.3.1.2 Quantum dots as photosensitizers | 233 | ||
| 7.3.2 Nanoscintillators | 234 | ||
| 7.3.3 Upconversion nanomaterials | 235 | ||
| 7.3.4 Emerging alternatives | 237 | ||
| 7.3.4.1 Cherenkov radiation | 237 | ||
| 7.3.4.2 Biological sources of light | 237 | ||
| 7.3.4.3 Organic light emitting diodes | 239 | ||
| 7.4 Engineering three-dimensional culture models\rfor light-based therapy | 239 | ||
| 7.4.1 3D models for investigating photosensitizer penetration\rand corresponding photoactivity | 239 | ||
| 7.4.2 3D models in light dosimetry | 242 | ||
| 7.4.2.1 Understanding in vivo PDT dose parameters in 3D models | 242 | ||
| 7.4.3 Assessing treatment response in 3D models | 244 | ||
| 7.4.3.1 Evaluating the efficacy of PDT and PDT combinations | 244 | ||
| 7.4.3.2 Analysis framework for evaluating treatment response | 246 | ||
| 7.5 Perspective and future directions | 247 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 248 | ||
| References | 248 | ||
| Chapter 8 Targeted Contrast Agents for 1H MRI of Tumor Microenvironment | 261 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 262 | ||
| 8.1.1 Magnetic resonance imaging: An introduction | 263 | ||
| 8.1.2 MRI contrast agents | 264 | ||
| 8.1.3 Targeted imaging of cancer | 268 | ||
| 8.2 Lanthanide based agents | 268 | ||
| 8.2.1 Small molecular targeted contrast agents | 270 | ||
| 8.2.1.1 Vascular targeting small molecular probes | 270 | ||
| 8.2.1.2 Extravascular targeted small molecular probes | 272 | ||
| 8.2.2 Macromolecular targeted contrast agents | 276 | ||
| 8.2.2.1 Vascular targeting macromolecular probes | 278 | ||
| 8.2.2.2 Extravascular targeted macromolecular probes | 278 | ||
| 8.2.3 Nano-platform based contrast agents | 283 | ||
| 8.2.3.1 Vascular targeting nano-platform probes | 286 | ||
| 8.2.3.2 Extravascular targeting nano-platform probes | 289 | ||
| 8.3 Iron based agents | 293 | ||
| 8.3.1 Vascular targeting iron based probes | 294 | ||
| 8.3.2 Extravascular targeting iron based probes | 297 | ||
| 8.4 Conclusion and future prospects | 302 | ||
| References | 303 | ||
| Chapter 9 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as Anti-cancer Delivery Systems for Therapy and Diagnostics | 317 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 318 | ||
| 9.2 Characteristics, composition and methods of preparation | 319 | ||
| 9.3 Recent trends in use SLN and NLC for cancer therapy | 322 | ||
| 9.3.1 Pegylation-longevity in the blood | 322 | ||
| 9.3.2 Co-loading of anticancer agents | 325 | ||
| 9.3.3 pH-sensitivity for drug release at lowered pH | 328 | ||
| 9.3.4 Imaging agents | 329 | ||
| 9.3.5 Attachment of targeting ligands to the surface of lipid nanoparticles | 332 | ||
| 9.4 Prospects for SLN and NLC in cancer therapy | 336 | ||
| References | 338 | ||
| Index | 345 |