BOOK
Molecular, Genetic, And Cellular Advances In Cerebrovascular Diseases
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| 1. Imaging in Cerebrovascular Disease | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Imaging of the Arterial and Venous Lumen | 2 | ||
| 1.1.1 CT angiography (CTA/CTV ) | 2 | ||
| 1.1.2 MR angiography (MRA/MRV ) | 4 | ||
| 1.1.3 Catheter-based digital subtraction angiography | 5 | ||
| 1.2 Dynamic Imaging of Blood Flow | 7 | ||
| 1.3 Intracranial Vessel Wall Imaging | 10 | ||
| 1.4 Imaging of Parenchymal Physiology | 12 | ||
| 1.5 Anatomic Brain Imaging | 17 | ||
| 1.6 Summary | 20 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 20 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| 2. Cell Mechanisms and Clinical Targets in Stroke | 25 | ||
| 2.1 Neuroprotection | 25 | ||
| 2.2 Reperfusion | 26 | ||
| 2.3 Neurovascular Unit | 27 | ||
| 2.4 Biphasic Penumbra | 28 | ||
| 2.5 Cofactors and Comorbidities | 29 | ||
| 2.6 Translational Opportunities | 30 | ||
| 2.6.1 Stroke genetics | 30 | ||
| 2.6.2 Remote conditioning | 31 | ||
| 2.7 Summary | 31 | ||
| References | 32 | ||
| 3. Neural Repair for Cerebrovascular Diseases | 35 | ||
| 3.1 Current Therapies | 36 | ||
| 3.2 Spontaneous Recovery from Stroke | 36 | ||
| 3.3 Therapies to Promote Neural Repair | 38 | ||
| 3.3.1 Growth factors | 38 | ||
| 3.3.2 Monoaminergic drugs | 40 | ||
| 3.3.2.1 Dopamine | 41 | ||
| 3.3.2.2 Serotonin | 41 | ||
| 3.3.2.3 Norepinephrine | 42 | ||
| 3.3.2.4 Other drugs | 43 | ||
| 3.3.3 Traditional and alternative medicines | 43 | ||
| 3.3.4 Cell-based therapies | 44 | ||
| 3.3.5 Other therapies | 48 | ||
| 3.3.6 Brain stimulation | 49 | ||
| 3.4 Principles of Neural Repair After Stroke | 50 | ||
| 3.4.1 Time-sensitive | 50 | ||
| 3.4.2 Experience-dependent | 51 | ||
| 3.4.3 Patient stratification | 51 | ||
| 3.4.4 Modality-specific measures | 52 | ||
| 3.4.5 Brain organization | 53 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 53 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| 4. Brain AVM: Current Treatments and Challenges | 69 | ||
| 4.1 Management | 70 | ||
| 4.1.1 Observation | 70 | ||
| 4.1.2 Microsurgical resection | 70 | ||
| 4.1.3 Stereotactic radiosurgery | 75 | ||
| 4.1.4 Endovascular embolization | 75 | ||
| 4.2 Challenges in the Treatment of Brain AVMs | 77 | ||
| 4.2.1 Unruptured AVMs | 78 | ||
| 4.2.2 High-grade AVMs | 78 | ||
| References | 79 | ||
| 5. Animal Models and Prospective Therapeutic Targets for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation | 83 | ||
| 5.1 The Development of bAVM Models | 83 | ||
| 5.1.1 Hemodynamic models | 84 | ||
| 5.1.1.1 Carotid-jugular fistulae models | 84 | ||
| 5.1.1.2 Rete mirabile models | 85 | ||
| 5.1.2 Genetic models | 85 | ||
| 5.1.2.1 Mutation of HHT causative genes | 85 | ||
| 5.1.2.2 Zebrafish model | 86 | ||
| 5.1.2.3 Mouse models | 86 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.1 Alk1 or Eng knockout | 86 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.2 Alk1 or Eng conditional knockout | 87 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.3 Angiogenic stimulation | 87 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.4 Adult onset bAVM mouse models | 88 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.4.1 Brain focal Alk1 or Eng homozygous deletion plus angiogenic\rstimulation | 88 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.4.2 Conditional deletion of Alk1 or Eng globally plus brain\rfocal angiogenic stimulation | 89 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.4.3 Endothelial Alk1 gene deletion plus brain angiogenic\rstimulation | 90 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.5 Developmental models | 91 | ||
| 5.1.2.4.6 SMAD4 mutation | 92 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.7 Other genetic bAVM mouse models | 93 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.7.1 Mutation of matrix Gla protein (Mgp) | 93 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.7.2 Notch gain or loss of function | 93 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.7.3 Rbpj mutation | 94 | ||
| 5.1.2.3.8 Integrin b8 (Itgb8) mutant | 94 | ||
| 5.1.3 Future models | 95 | ||
| 5.2 Knowledge Gained from Animal Models Regarding\rAVM Pathogenesis | 95 | ||
| 5.2.1 Molecular pathways | 95 | ||
| 5.2.1.1 TGF | 95 | ||
| 5.2.1.2 Notch | 96 | ||
| 5.2.1.3 RASA1 | 97 | ||
| 5.2.2 Loss of function of the normal allele (2nd hit) | 97 | ||
| 5.2.2.1 Modifier genes | 98 | ||
| 5.2.2.2 Angiogenesis | 99 | ||
| 5.2.2.3 Endothelial gene mutation | 100 | ||
| 5.2.2.4 Vascular integrity | 100 | ||
| 5.2.2.5 Inflammation and other environmental factors | 101 | ||
| 5.2.2.6 BM-derived cells | 102 | ||
| 5.2.3 Therapeutic development | 103 | ||
| 5.2.3.1 Anti-angiogenesis | 103 | ||
| 5.2.3.2 Anti-inflammation | 105 | ||
| 5.2.3.3 Improvement of vascular integrity | 107 | ||
| 5.2.3.4 Bone marrow or bone marrow-derived monocyte transfusion | 108 | ||
| 5.2.3.5 Promising drugs not tested for bAVM | 109 | ||
| 5.3 Summary | 110 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 111 | ||
| References | 111 | ||
| 6. Biology of Brain Aneurysms | 127 | ||
| 6.1 Histopathology of Normal Intracranial Arteries\rand Aneurysms | 128 | ||
| 6.2 Aneurysm Pathogenesis | 128 | ||
| 6.3 Macrophage Infiltration in Aneurysms | 129 | ||
| 6.4 Matrix Metalloproteinases in Aneurysms | 130 | ||
| 6.5 Mast Cells in Aneurysms | 130 | ||
| 6.6 Pharmacologic Treatments Targeting Inflammation | 131 | ||
| 6.6.1 Statins | 131 | ||
| 6.6.2 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma\ragonists | 132 | ||
| 6.6.3 Renin–angiotensin system | 132 | ||
| 6.7 Conclusion | 132 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| 7. Intracranial Aneurysms: Imaging, Hemodynamics, and Remodeling | 137 | ||
| 7.1 Origin and History of Intracranial Aneurysms | 138 | ||
| 7.2 Treatment Options | 140 | ||
| 7.3 Geometric Morphology of Intracranial Aneurysms | 141 | ||
| 7.4 In vivo Imaging of the Lumen of Intracranial Aneurysms | 143 | ||
| 7.5 In vivo Imaging of the Vessel Wall and the Velocity Field | 148 | ||
| 7.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics | 149 | ||
| 7.7 Image-based Monitoring of Cerebral Aneurysms | 153 | ||
| 7.8 Relationship of Aneurysmal Changes to Hemodynamics | 156 | ||
| 7.9 Summary | 158 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 159 | ||
| References | 159 | ||
| 8. Recent Advances in CADASIL Research | 169 | ||
| 8.1 Discovery | 170 | ||
| 8.2 Epidemiology | 171 | ||
| 8.3 Pathology and Pathogenesis | 172 | ||
| 8.3.1 Unique features of genetic defects | 172 | ||
| 8.3.2 Pathology | 173 | ||
| 8.3.3 Pathogenesis | 175 | ||
| 8.3.3.1 Cerebral vasculature dysfunction | 175 | ||
| 8.3.3.2 Impaired N3ECD processing in VSMCs and ECs | 177 | ||
| 8.3.3.3 GOM deposition and impaired biological functions | 179 | ||
| 8.4 Clinical Syndromes and Neuroimaging Features | 180 | ||
| 8.4.1 Clinical syndromes | 180 | ||
| 8.4.1.1 Migraine with aura | 181 | ||
| 8.4.1.2 Recurrent ischemic strokes | 181 | ||
| 8.4.1.3 Mood disturbance and apathy | 181 | ||
| 8.4.1.4 Cognitive impairment and dementia | 182 | ||
| 8.4.2 Neuroimaging features | 182 | ||
| 8.5 Treatment | 183 | ||
| 8.6 Conclusion | 184 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 185 | ||
| References | 185 | ||
| 9. Dural Fistula | 191 | ||
| 9.1 Definition | 191 | ||
| 9.2 Epidemiology | 192 | ||
| 9.3 Anatomy | 194 | ||
| 9.4 Pathophysiology | 195 | ||
| 9.4.1 Anatomy | 195 | ||
| 9.4.2 Hemodynamic | 196 | ||
| 9.4.3 Basic science | 197 | ||
| 9.4.4 Environmental factors | 199 | ||
| 9.4.5 Summary: Pathophysiology | 199 | ||
| 9.5 Natural History | 200 | ||
| 9.5.1 Classification | 200 | ||
| 9.5.2 Prognostic risk stratification; angioarchitecture | 201 | ||
| 9.5.3 Prognostic risk stratification; clinical presentation | 202 | ||
| 9.5.4 Prognostic risk stratification: clinical outcomes | 204 | ||
| 9.5.5 Summary: Natural history | 204 | ||
| 9.6 Clinical Presentation | 205 | ||
| 9.6.1 Summary: Clinical presentation | 209 | ||
| 9.7 Diagnosis | 209 | ||
| 9.7.1 Overview | 209 | ||
| 9.7.2 Computed tomography | 210 | ||
| 9.7.3 Magnetic resonance | 210 | ||
| 9.7.4 Adjuvant MR techniques | 213 | ||
| 9.7.5 Digital subtraction angiography | 215 | ||
| 9.7.6 Summary: Diagnosis | 217 | ||
| 9.8 Treatment | 218 | ||
| 9.8.1 Overview | 218 | ||
| 9.8.2 Endovascular | 218 | ||
| 9.8.3 Transarterial | 219 | ||
| 9.8.4 Transvenous | 219 | ||
| 9.9 Embolic Agents | 220 | ||
| 9.10 Anatomic Considerations | 222 | ||
| 9.11 Follow-up | 224 | ||
| 9.12 Treatment | 225 | ||
| 9.12.1 Surgery | 225 | ||
| 9.12.2 Radiosurgery | 226 | ||
| 9.12.3 Pediatric | 226 | ||
| 9.12.4 Alternative therapies and research | 227 | ||
| 9.13 Conclusion | 228 | ||
| References | 229 | ||
| 10. Interventional Therapies for Cerebrovascular Diseases | 249 | ||
| 10.1 Acute Ischemic Stroke | 249 | ||
| 10.2 Atherosclerotic Cerebrovascular Disease—Extracranial\rCarotid Disease | 255 | ||
| 10.2.1 Management | 257 | ||
| 10.2.1.1 Conservative | 257 | ||
| 10.2.1.2 Surgical treatment | 257 | ||
| 10.2.1.3 Carotid angioplasty and stenting | 258 | ||
| 10.2.1.4 Evidence from the literature for carotid stenting | 258 | ||
| 10.3 Arteriovenous Malformations | 262 | ||
| 10.3.1 Natural history | 262 | ||
| 10.3.2 Role of catheter angiography | 263 | ||
| 10.3.3 AVM treatment | 263 | ||
| 10.3.4 Embolic agents | 266 | ||
| 10.3.5 Technique | 268 | ||
| 10.4 Intracranial Aneurysms | 269 | ||
| 10.4.1 Ruptured aneurysms | 269 | ||
| 10.4.2 Unruptured aneurysms | 270 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 275 | ||
| References | 275 | ||
| 11. Stem Cell-mediated Biobridge: Crossing the Great Divide Between Bench and Clinic in Translating Cell Therapy for Stroke | 285 | ||
| 11.1 Benefits of Stem Cell Treatment in Stroke | 286 | ||
| 11.2 Secondary Cell Death in Stroke as a Therapeutic\rTarget for Stem Cell Transplantation | 286 | ||
| 11.3 Inciting the Self-regenerative Mechanism in Stroke | 287 | ||
| 11.4 Regenerative Medicine Circumvents the Restricted\rTherapeutic Window for Stroke | 288 | ||
| 11.5 Stem Mobilization as Standalone and in\rCombination Therapy | 289 | ||
| 11.5.1 Directing stem cells under the influence of drugs | 289 | ||
| 11.5.2 Nourishing stem cells in a microenvironment favorable for regeneration | 290 | ||
| 11.6 Multitude of Options, but Transplantable Stem Cells Need to be Identified | 291 | ||
| 11.7 Safety of MSCs is Only Half the Story, with their\rClinical Efficacy Unproven | 292 | ||
| 11.8 Biobridge: Stem Cell-paved Path Between Endogenous\rNeurogenic Niche and Remote Injured Brain Areas | 294 | ||
| 11.9 Translational Caveats of Biobridge Formation\rfrom Bench to Clinic | 297 | ||
| 11.10 Outstanding Issues Relevant to Stem Cell\rTherapy in Stroke | 298 | ||
| 11.11 Conclusion | 299 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 299 | ||
| References | 300 | ||
| Index | 309 |