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Book Details
Abstract
Written by two leading scholars, Tort Law combines detailed coverage of the legal principles, supported by hypothetical case scenarios and guided further reading, with critical discussion of the key academic debates and literature in the subject making it ideal for use by anyone studying tort law at undergraduate or postgraduate level.
Extensively updated, this new edition covers all important case-law and legislative developments, including the expansion of vicarious liability in Mohamud v Wm Morrison Supermarkets, the treatment of the notion of ‘defect’ under the Consumer Protection Act 1987 in Wilkes v Depuy International Ltd, the reinvigoration of the tort in Wilkinson v Downton by O (a child) v Rhodes, the recognition of a tort of the malicious institution of civil proceedings in Willers v Joyce, and the attempts to reform the law on the defence of illegality in Patel v Mirza.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | IFC | ||
| Title Page | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Brief Contents | vii | ||
| Detailed Contents | ix | ||
| Acknowledgements | xvii | ||
| Publisher’s acknowledgements | xviii | ||
| Preface | xxii | ||
| Table of cases | xxiv | ||
| Table of statutes, statutory instruments and conventions | liv | ||
| 1 The basics | 1 | ||
| 1.1 The function of tort law | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Rights and duties | 2 | ||
| 1.3 The range of torts | 5 | ||
| 1.4 Torts and wrongs | 7 | ||
| 1.5 The importance of being a victim | 8 | ||
| 1.6 The loss compensation model of tort law | 11 | ||
| 1.7 The residual wrongs model of tort law | 13 | ||
| 1.8 Tort law and human rights | 15 | ||
| 1.9 Tort law and contract law | 19 | ||
| 1.10 Tort law and equity | 21 | ||
| 1.11 Tort law and statute law | 23 | ||
| 1.12 Tort law and criminal law | 29 | ||
| 1.13 Tort law and property law | 30 | ||
| 1.14 Tort law and strict liability | 31 | ||
| 1.15 Insurance | 33 | ||
| 1.16 Paying for tort law | 35 | ||
| 1.17 Tort law as a foreign country | 38 | ||
| Further reading | 39 | ||
| 2 Trespass to the person | 41 | ||
| 2.1 The basics | 41 | ||
| 2.2 Conduct requirements | 44 | ||
| 2.3 Fault requirements | 47 | ||
| 2.4 Consent | 50 | ||
| 2.5 Necessity | 55 | ||
| 2.6 Statutory authority | 62 | ||
| 2.7 Mistakes | 65 | ||
| 2.8 Remedies | 69 | ||
| Further reading | 71 | ||
| 3 Claims in negligence | 72 | ||
| 3.1 The basics | 72 | ||
| 3.2 Negligence and intention | 74 | ||
| 3.3 Negligence and other wrongs | 74 | ||
| 3.4 Remedies for negligence | 77 | ||
| 4 Duty of care: introduction | 79 | ||
| 4.1 The basics | 79 | ||
| 4.2 Duty of care tests | 84 | ||
| 4.3 Duty of care factors | 88 | ||
| 4.4 Duty-scepticism | 100 | ||
| 4.5 Risk and harm | 102 | ||
| Further reading | 104 | ||
| 5 Duty of care: acts | 105 | ||
| 5.1 The basics | 106 | ||
| 5.2 Physical injury (1): the basic rule | 110 | ||
| 5.3 Physical injury (2): harm caused by a third party | 118 | ||
| 5.4 Psychiatric illness (1): general principles in accident cases | 121 | ||
| 5.5 Psychiatric illness (2): the caselaw on accident cases | 124 | ||
| 5.6 Psychiatric illness (3): non-accident cases | 133 | ||
| 5.7 Pure distress | 139 | ||
| 5.8 Harm to property | 142 | ||
| 5.9 Pure economic loss (1): Hedley Byrne: the basic principle | 152 | ||
| 5.10 Pure economic loss (2): Hedley Byrne: the extended principle | 162 | ||
| 5.11 Pure economic loss (3): Hedley Byrne: two misconceptions | 166 | ||
| 5.12 Pure economic loss (4): some difficult cases | 168 | ||
| 5.13 Pure economic loss (5): explanation of the difficult cases | 175 | ||
| Further reading | 184 | ||
| 6 Duty of care: omissions | 185 | ||
| 6.1 The basics | 185 | ||
| 6.2 Assumption of responsibility | 203 | ||
| 6.3 Creation of danger | 207 | ||
| 6.4 Interference | 213 | ||
| 6.5 Control | 217 | ||
| 6.6 Occupiers | 219 | ||
| 6.7 Landlords | 220 | ||
| 6.8 Employers | 220 | ||
| 6.9 Bailees | 222 | ||
| 6.10 Carriers | 223 | ||
| 6.11 Child carers | 223 | ||
| Further reading | 227 | ||
| 7 Breach of duty | 229 | ||
| 7.1 The basics | 229 | ||
| 7.2 Objectivity | 232 | ||
| 7.3 Balancing | 238 | ||
| 7.4 Common practice | 243 | ||
| 7.5 Breach through others | 245 | ||
| 7.6 Proof | 252 | ||
| Further reading | 253 | ||
| 8 Causation | 255 | ||
| 8.1 The basics | 255 | ||
| 8.2 The ‘but for’ test | 260 | ||
| 8.3 Divisible and indivisible harm | 264 | ||
| 8.4 Evidential difficulties (1): the standard approach | 267 | ||
| 8.5 Evidential difficulties (2): the Fairchild exception | 271 | ||
| 8.6 Evidential difficulties (3): loss of a chance cases | 278 | ||
| 8.7 Gregg v Scott | 283 | ||
| 8.8 Overdetermination | 287 | ||
| 8.9 Another solution to overdetermination? | 291 | ||
| 8.10 Coincidences | 293 | ||
| 8.11 Break in the chain of causation | 297 | ||
| 8.12 Alternative approaches to causation | 302 | ||
| 8.13 Fact and policy | 308 | ||
| Further reading | 310 | ||
| 9 Actionability | 311 | ||
| 9.1 The basics | 311 | ||
| 9.2 Remoteness of damage | 314 | ||
| 9.3 Scope of duty | 324 | ||
| 9.4 The SAAMCO principle | 327 | ||
| 9.5 Wrongful pregnancy/birth | 331 | ||
| 9.6 Mitigation | 336 | ||
| 9.7 No double recovery | 338 | ||
| 9.8 Public policy | 339 | ||
| Further reading | 340 | ||
| 10 Occupiers’ liability | 341 | ||
| 10.1 The basics | 341 | ||
| 10.2 Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 | 343 | ||
| 10.3 Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 | 350 | ||
| 10.4 Warnings, disclaimers, exclusions | 353 | ||
| 10.5 Liability under the general law of negligence | 357 | ||
| 11 Product liability | 362 | ||
| 11.1 The basics | 362 | ||
| 11.2 Product | 364 | ||
| 11.3 Defect | 364 | ||
| 11.4 Defendants | 369 | ||
| 11.5 Damage | 370 | ||
| 11.6 Defences | 372 | ||
| 11.7 Remedies | 374 | ||
| 11.8 Discussion | 376 | ||
| 12 Trespass to land | 380 | ||
| 12.1 The basics | 380 | ||
| 12.2 Conduct requirements | 381 | ||
| 12.3 Intention and fault | 383 | ||
| 12.4 Defences | 384 | ||
| 12.5 Title to sue | 386 | ||
| 12.6 Remedies | 389 | ||
| Further reading | 390 | ||
| 13 Private nuisance | 391 | ||
| 13.1 The basics | 391 | ||
| 13.2 Ways of committing the tort | 392 | ||
| 13.3 Emanation cases (1): establishing an interference | 395 | ||
| 13.4 Emanation cases (2): reasonable interferences | 399 | ||
| 13.5 Emanation cases (3): establishing an unreasonable interference | 404 | ||
| 13.6 Encroachment cases | 412 | ||
| 13.7 Obstruction cases | 412 | ||
| 13.8 Affront cases | 415 | ||
| 13.9 Responsibility | 417 | ||
| 13.10 Defences | 424 | ||
| 13.11 Title to sue | 427 | ||
| 13.12 Remedies | 433 | ||
| 13.13 Peculiar forms of the tort | 440 | ||
| Further reading | 440 | ||
| 14 Strict liability for dangerous things | 442 | ||
| 14.1 The basics | 442 | ||
| 14.2 The rule in Rylands v Fletcher: history and rationale | 443 | ||
| 14.3 The rule in Rylands v Fletcher: application | 447 | ||
| 14.4 Liability rules analogous to the rule in Rylands v Fletcher | 457 | ||
| 14.5 Liability for dangerous animals | 460 | ||
| Further reading | 466 | ||
| 15 Torts to personal property | 467 | ||
| 15.1 The basics | 467 | ||
| 15.2 Property | 471 | ||
| 15.3 Sufficient interest | 474 | ||
| 15.4 Interference (1): tangible property | 478 | ||
| 15.5 Interference (2): intangible property | 484 | ||
| 15.6 Defences | 490 | ||
| 15.7 Remedies | 493 | ||
| Further reading | 495 | ||
| 16 Defamation | 497 | ||
| 16.1 The basics | 497 | ||
| 16.2 What is defamatory? | 503 | ||
| 16.3 Reference to the claimant | 509 | ||
| 16.4 Publication to a third party | 511 | ||
| 16.5 Title to sue | 515 | ||
| 16.6 Consent | 518 | ||
| 16.7 Truth | 519 | ||
| 16.8 Honest opinion | 521 | ||
| 16.9 Privilege | 527 | ||
| 16.10 Public interest | 534 | ||
| 16.11 Other defences | 539 | ||
| 16.12 Remedies | 542 | ||
| 16.13 Options for reform | 543 | ||
| Further reading | 549 | ||
| 17 Invasion of privacy, harassment and abuse | 550 | ||
| 17.1 The basics | 550 | ||
| 17.2 Misuse of private information: disclosure | 555 | ||
| 17.3 Misuse of private information: access | 582 | ||
| 17.4 Cases not involving wrongful disclosure or access | 585 | ||
| 17.5 Protection from Harassment Act 1997 | 587 | ||
| 17.6 The tort in Wilkinson v Downton | 593 | ||
| Further reading | 597 | ||
| 18 Breach of statutory duty | 598 | ||
| 18.1 The basics | 598 | ||
| 18.2 Resolving hard cases | 602 | ||
| 18.3 Health and safety at work | 606 | ||
| 18.4 Highways | 607 | ||
| 18.5 Defective premises | 608 | ||
| Further reading | 608 | ||
| 19 Public nuisance | 609 | ||
| 19.1 The basics | 609 | ||
| 19.2 Unreasonable interference | 611 | ||
| 19.3 Responsibility | 618 | ||
| 19.4 Special damage | 621 | ||
| 19.5 Is public nuisance irretrievably anomalous? | 624 | ||
| Further reading | 625 | ||
| 20 The economic torts | 626 | ||
| 20.1 The basics | 626 | ||
| 20.2 Inducing a breach of contract | 631 | ||
| 20.3 Analogous torts | 643 | ||
| 20.4 Causing loss by unlawful means | 644 | ||
| 20.5 Two-party cases | 653 | ||
| 20.6 Lawful means conspiracy | 655 | ||
| 20.7 Unlawful means conspiracy | 659 | ||
| 20.8 Deceit | 663 | ||
| 20.9 Malicious falsehood | 666 | ||
| 20.10 Recoverable harm | 668 | ||
| Further reading | 673 | ||
| 21 Abuse of power or position | 674 | ||
| 21.1 The basics | 674 | ||
| 21.2 Malicious prosecution | 675 | ||
| 21.3 Malicious or abusive civil proceedings | 677 | ||
| 21.4 Misfeasance in public office | 678 | ||
| 21.5 Liability under the Human Rights Act 1998 | 683 | ||
| Further reading | 694 | ||
| 22 Defences | 696 | ||
| 22.1 The basics | 696 | ||
| 22.2 Lack of capacity | 698 | ||
| 22.3 Political immunities | 700 | ||
| 22.4 Trade union immunity | 701 | ||
| 22.5 Witness immunity | 701 | ||
| 22.6 Abuse of process | 703 | ||
| 22.7 Death | 704 | ||
| 22.8 Volenti non fit injuria | 705 | ||
| 22.9 Exclusion of liability | 707 | ||
| 22.10 Illegality | 710 | ||
| 22.11 Limitation | 718 | ||
| 22.12 Contributory negligence | 721 | ||
| Further reading | 722 | ||
| 23 Compensatory damages | 723 | ||
| 23.1 The basics | 723 | ||
| 23.2 Techniques | 724 | ||
| 23.3 Assessment | 726 | ||
| 23.4 Reduction (1): receipt of benefit | 732 | ||
| 23.5 Reduction (2): contributory negligence | 737 | ||
| 23.6 Third party losses | 744 | ||
| 23.7 Theories | 747 | ||
| Further reading | 753 | ||
| 24 Aggravated and exemplary damages | 755 | ||
| 24.1 The basics | 755 | ||
| 24.2 Aggravated damages | 756 | ||
| 24.3 Exemplary damages | 760 | ||
| Further reading | 769 | ||
| 25 Disgorgement and licence fee damages | 770 | ||
| 25.1 The basics | 770 | ||
| 25.2 Disgorgement damages | 773 | ||
| 25.3 Licence fee damages | 780 | ||
| Further reading | 783 | ||
| 26 Nominal and vindicatory damages | 784 | ||
| 26.1 The basics | 784 | ||
| 26.2 Nominal damages | 786 | ||
| 26.3 Vindicatory damages | 788 | ||
| Further reading | 796 | ||
| 27 Injunctions | 797 | ||
| 27.1 The basics | 797 | ||
| 27.2 Classification of injunctions | 799 | ||
| 27.3 When will an interim injunction be granted? | 799 | ||
| 27.4 When will a final injunction be granted? | 802 | ||
| 27.5 Reform | 806 | ||
| Further reading | 809 | ||
| 28 Wrongful death claims | 810 | ||
| 28.1 The basics | 810 | ||
| 28.2 Dependant | 811 | ||
| 28.3 The parasitical nature of wrongful death claims | 811 | ||
| 28.4 Loss of support | 812 | ||
| 28.5 Bereavement | 817 | ||
| 28.6 Funeral expenses | 818 | ||
| 28.7 Limitation | 818 | ||
| 28.8 Non-wrongful death | 818 | ||
| 29 Other third-party claims | 819 | ||
| 29.1 The basics | 819 | ||
| 29.2 Congenital disabilities | 819 | ||
| 29.3 Recovery of state losses | 823 | ||
| 30 Accessory liability | 824 | ||
| 30.1 The basics | 824 | ||
| 30.2 Requirements | 825 | ||
| 30.3 Limits | 827 | ||
| Further reading | 828 | ||
| 31 Vicarious liability | 829 | ||
| 31.1 The basics | 830 | ||
| 31.2 Situations of vicarious liability | 832 | ||
| 31.3 Who is an employee? | 834 | ||
| 31.4 Course of employment | 838 | ||
| 31.5 Vicarious liability for non-employees | 848 | ||
| 31.6 Theories of vicarious liability | 852 | ||
| 31.7 Two final points | 856 | ||
| Further reading | 858 | ||
| 32 Loss compensation schemes | 859 | ||
| 32.1 The basics | 859 | ||
| 32.2 Features of loss compensation schemes | 859 | ||
| 32.3 Four loss compensation schemes | 861 | ||
| 32.4 Evaluation of loss compensation schemes | 866 | ||
| Further reading | 870 | ||
| Bibliography | 871 | ||
| Index of problems | 885 | ||
| Index | 886 | ||
| A | 886 | ||
| B | 886 | ||
| C | 886 | ||
| D | 886 | ||
| E | 887 | ||
| F | 887 | ||
| G | 887 | ||
| H | 887 | ||
| I | 887 | ||
| J | 887 | ||
| K | 887 | ||
| L | 887 | ||
| M | 887 | ||
| N | 888 | ||
| O | 888 | ||
| P | 888 | ||
| R | 888 | ||
| S | 888 | ||
| T | 888 | ||
| V | 888 | ||
| W | 888 | ||
| Back Cover | Back Cover |