BOOK
Integrated Water Resources Management in Water-scarce Regions
Stefan Liehr | Johanna Kramm | Alexander Jokisch | Katharina Müller
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The book consolidates the transdisciplinary research of the project “CuveWaters: Integrated Water Resources Management in Central Northern Namibia (Cuvelai Basin) in the SADC-Region” funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) and undertaken from 2004 to 2015 in Namibia. In these eleven years it was possible to accomplish all three phases of an ideal-typical transdisciplinary research process, from creating a common research object down to transdisciplinary dissemination. The trans¬disciplinary research approach was designed to tackle the life-world problems of food security, sanitation and access to water in a sustainable way. It aimed at integrating science, technology and society with the common goal of establishing a multi-resource mix for water use to improve the living conditions of people in the project region. This ‘multi-resource mix’ comprises water from different sources made available through adapted technological solutions which are socially embedded. The technological solutions identified with the Namibian partners were rainwater and floodwater harvesting, groundwater desalination, sanitation and water reuse. Each technological solution is reflected in terms of approach, technology, social aspects, management and governance issues, economic viability and sustainability evaluation.
The book shows how technological innovation must go hand in hand with social innovation regarding knowledge, practices and institutions. A comprehensive report of the design, methodologies and procedures as well as the research findings and conclusions is provided here. The aim of the book is to share with researchers, professionals and practitioners the lessons learned during the project and provide guidance for replication.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Abbreviations | xiii | ||
| Authors | xvii | ||
| Preface | xxiii | ||
| Greeting remarks | xxv | ||
| Chapter 1: Integrated water resources management (IWRM) in water-scarce regions – from theory to implementation | 1 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| 1.2 CONCEPT AND HISTORY OF IWRM | 2 | ||
| 1.3 IWRM: FROM BOUNDARY OBJECT TO EPISTEMIC OBJECT AND AN APPROACH BASED ON CASE STUDIES | 4 | ||
| 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK | 6 | ||
| REFERENCES | 6 | ||
| Chapter 2: Conditions and challenges of Namibia’s water resources management | 9 | ||
| Chapter 2.1: Geographic conditions of central-northern Namibia | 10 | ||
| 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO NAMIBIA | 10 | ||
| 2.1.1.1 History | 10 | ||
| 2.1.1.2 Landscape | 11 | ||
| 2.1.1.3 Climate | 12 | ||
| 2.1.1.4 Economy and land use | 13 | ||
| 2.1.1.5 The consequences of climate change | 13 | ||
| 2.1.2 INTRODUCTION TO CENTRAL-NORTHERN NAMIBIA | 14 | ||
| 2.1.2.1 Physical geography, landscapes, and geology | 14 | ||
| 2.1.2.2 Land use, agriculture, settlements and urbanisation | 15 | ||
| REFERENCES | 17 | ||
| Chapter 2.2: Water supply infrastructure and sanitation in central-northern Namibia | 19 | ||
| 2.2.1 INTRODUCTION | 19 | ||
| 2.2.1.1 The pipeline network in central-northern Namibia | 19 | ||
| 2.2.1.2 Earth dams | 20 | ||
| 2.2.1.3 Use of hand-dug wells and groundwater | 20 | ||
| 2.2.2 SANITATION | 21 | ||
| 2.2.3 CONCLUSION | 21 | ||
| REFERENCES | 22 | ||
| Chapter 2.3: Water governance in Namibia: Progress in and challenges of putting IWRM into practice | 23 | ||
| 2.3.1 NAMIBIAN WATER GOVERNANCE: FROM ‘COMMAND AND CONTROL’ TO A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH | 23 | ||
| 2.3.2 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN NAMIBIA’S WATER SECTOR | 24 | ||
| 2.3.2.1 Namwater: Professional bulk water supply under difficult conditions | 24 | ||
| 2.3.2.2 Department for Water Affairs (DWA-MAWF): The centrepiece of the institutional landscape | 24 | ||
| 2.3.2.3 River basin committees | 25 | ||
| 2.3.2.4 Local water committees and associations | 25 | ||
| 2.3.3 GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES IN NAMIBIA’S WATER SECTOR | 25 | ||
| REFERENCES | 26 | ||
| Chapter 3: Sanitation and water reuse | 27 | ||
| Chapter 3.1: Integrated systemic approach | 28 | ||
| 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION | 28 | ||
| 3.1.2 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT AND INTERDEPENDENCIES OF THE SYSTEM’S COMPONENTS | 29 | ||
| 3.1.3 CONCLUSIONS | 31 | ||
| REFERENCES | 31 | ||
| Chapter 3.2: Collection, transport and treatment | 32 | ||
| 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION | 32 | ||
| 3.2.2 SEWAGE COLLECTION | 33 | ||
| 3.2.3 SEWAGE TRANSPORT | 34 | ||
| 3.2.4 WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE TREATMENT | 37 | ||
| 3.2.5 CONCLUSIONS | 39 | ||
| REFERENCES | 39 | ||
| Chapter 3.3: Water reuse for agricultural irrigation | 42 | ||
| 3.3.1 INTRODUCTION | 42 | ||
| 3.3.2 IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY | 43 | ||
| 3.3.3 QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER | 45 | ||
| 3.3.4 CROP PRODUCTION, YIELDS, AND SOIL | 47 | ||
| 3.3.5 FINANCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS | 48 | ||
| 3.3.6 CONCLUSIONS | 50 | ||
| REFERENCES | 51 | ||
| Chapter 3.4: Social aspects of new sanitation infrastructure | 52 | ||
| 3.4.1 DYNAMICS AND SETTING – URBAN SANITATION IN NAMIBIA | 52 | ||
| 3.4.2 A DEMAND-RESPONSIVE APPROACH AS THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK | 53 | ||
| 3.4.3 ADOPTION AND USE PATTERNS OF THE COMMUNITIES | 55 | ||
| 3.4.3.1 The communal washhouse | 55 | ||
| 3.4.3.2 The cluster units | 56 | ||
| 3.4.3.3 Households with individual water and sewage connections | 57 | ||
| 3.4.4 IMPACTS | 57 | ||
| 3.4.5 CONCLUSIONS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR MULTIPLICATION | 59 | ||
| REFERENCES | 59 | ||
| Chapter 3.5: Economic viability, tariffs and financing options | 60 | ||
| 3.5.1 INVESTMENT | 60 | ||
| 3.5.2 OPERATION/MAINTENANCE COSTS AND REVENUES | 61 | ||
| 3.5.3 REINVESTMENTS AND COSTS PER CUBIC METRE | 62 | ||
| 3.5.4 FINANCING OPTIONS | 63 | ||
| Chapter 3.6: Management, commitment, responsibilities, professional training | 65 | ||
| 3.6.1 INTRODUCTION | 65 | ||
| 3.6.2 MANAGEMENT OF THE SANITATION FACILITIES | 65 | ||
| 3.6.3 MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER RECLAMATION PLANT | 66 | ||
| 3.6.4 MANAGEMENT OF THE IRRIGATION SITE | 67 | ||
| 3.6.5 DEVELOPMENT OF A TARIFF SYSTEM | 68 | ||
| 3.6.6 ENSURING SUSTAINABLE OPERATION | 68 | ||
| 3.6.7 CONCLUSIONS | 68 | ||
| Chapter 3.7: Evaluation of sustainability | 70 | ||
| 3.7.1 INTRODUCTION | 70 | ||
| 3.7.2 METHODOLOGY | 72 | ||
| 3.7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 74 | ||
| 3.7.4 CONCLUSIONS | 79 | ||
| REFERENCES | 79 | ||
| Chapter 3.8: Conclusions | 81 | ||
| Chapter 4: Rain- and floodwater harvesting | 85 | ||
| Chapter 4.1: Rain- and floodwater harvesting for horticulture – the approaches | 86 | ||
| 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RAIN- AND FLOODWATER HARVESTING | 86 | ||
| 4.1.2 HOUSEHOLD APPROACH FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING | 90 | ||
| 4.1.3 COMMUNAL APPROACH TO RAINWATER HARVESTING | 92 | ||
| 4.1.4 COMMUNAL APPROACH TO FLOODWATER HARVESTING | 92 | ||
| 4.1.5 CONCLUSION | 94 | ||
| REFERENCES | 95 | ||
| Chapter 4.2: Technical conditions for rain- and floodwater harvesting in central-northern Namibia | 97 | ||
| 4.2.1 INTRODUCTION | 97 | ||
| 4.2.2 TECHNICAL CONDITIONS FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING | 98 | ||
| 4.2.3 TECHNICAL CONDITIONS FOR FLOODWATER HARVESTING | 103 | ||
| 4.2.4 RESEARCH ON OPTIONS FOR WATER USE | 105 | ||
| 4.2.5 CONCLUSIONS | 108 | ||
| REFERENCES | 109 | ||
| Chapter 4.3: Social adoption, experiences and constraints of small-scale horticulture with harvested rain- and floodwater | 111 | ||
| 4.3.1 INTRODUCTION | 111 | ||
| 4.3.2 METHODOLOGY AND PROCESS | 112 | ||
| 4.3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 114 | ||
| 4.3.4 CONCLUSIONS | 116 | ||
| REFERENCES | 117 | ||
| Chapter 4.4: Benefits, effects on the regional economy, and financing options for rain- and floodwater harvesting | 118 | ||
| 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION | 118 | ||
| 4.4.2 BENEFITS OF RAIN- AND FLOODWATER HARVESTING | 119 | ||
| 4.4.3 ECONOMIC EVALUATION | 119 | ||
| 4.4.3.1 Household approach to rainwater harvesting and horticulture | 121 | ||
| 4.4.3.2 Communal approach to rainwater harvesting and horticulture | 121 | ||
| 4.4.3.3 Communal approach to floodwater harvesting and horticulture | 121 | ||
| 4.4.4 IMPACTS ON THE REGIONAL ECONOMY | 122 | ||
| 4.4.5 FINANCING OPTIONS | 124 | ||
| 4.4.6 SCALING UP RAIN AND FLOODWATER HARVESTING IN CENTRAL-NORTHERN NAMIBIA | 125 | ||
| 4.4.7 CONCLUSIONS | 127 | ||
| REFERENCES | 128 | ||
| Chapter 4.5: Agricultural and hydrological issues of rain- and floodwater harvesting | 131 | ||
| 4.5.1 INTRODUCTION | 131 | ||
| 4.5.2 AGRICULTURAL ISSUES OF RAIN- AND FLOODWATER HARVESTING | 132 | ||
| 4.5.3 IMPACT ON THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE | 136 | ||
| 4.5.4 CONCLUSION | 137 | ||
| REFERENCES | 138 | ||
| Chapter 4.6: Governance and capacity development: main pillars for implementing rain- and floodwater harvesting techniques in horticulture | 140 | ||
| 4.6.1 INTRODUCTION | 140 | ||
| 4.6.2 METHODOLOGY | 141 | ||
| 4.6.3 RESULTS OF ACTIVITIES TO DEVELOP GOVERNANCE | 143 | ||
| 4.6.3.1 Household rainwater harvesting | 145 | ||
| 4.6.3.2 Communal rain- and floodwater harvesting: the Green Village approach | 145 | ||
| 4.6.4 RESULTS OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES | 145 | ||
| 4.6.4.1 Local technical training sessions | 146 | ||
| 4.6.4.2 Local horticulture and management training | 146 | ||
| 4.6.4.3 Regional extension services training in RFWH technology and horticulture (“train the trainer”) | 147 | ||
| 4.6.4.4 Rainwater harvesting field laboratory | 148 | ||
| 4.6.4.5 Technology Toolkit for rain- and floodwater harvesting | 148 | ||
| 4.6.5 CONCLUSIONS | 149 | ||
| REFERENCES | 150 | ||
| Chapter 4.7: Evaluation of sustainability | 152 | ||
| 4.7.1 INTRODUCTION | 152 | ||
| 4.7.2 METHODOLOGY | 153 | ||
| 4.7.3 EVALUATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 155 | ||
| 4.7.3.1 Overview | 155 | ||
| 4.7.3.2 Ecological dimension | 155 | ||
| 4.7.3.3 Economic dimension | 156 | ||
| 4.7.3.4 Social dimension | 158 | ||
| 4.7.3.5 Institutional and political dimension | 159 | ||
| 4.7.3.6 Technical dimension | 161 | ||
| 4.7.4 SYNOPSIS OF EVALUATION RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS | 161 | ||
| REFERENCES | 163 | ||
| Chapter 4.8: Rain- and floodwater harvesting in central-northern Namibia: conclusions | 165 | ||
| 4.8.1 TECHNICAL AND ORGANISATIONAL APPROACH TO RAIN- AND FLOODWATER HARVESTING | 165 | ||
| 4.8.2 SUSTAINABILITY AND IMPACTS OF RAIN- AND FLOODWATER HARVESTING | 167 | ||
| 4.8.3 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNANCE – PREREQUISITES FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION | 168 | ||
| 4.8.4 RAIN- AND FLOODWATER HARVESTING – EVALUATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS | 169 | ||
| REFERENCES | 169 | ||
| Chapter 5: Small-scale solar-powered groundwater desalination | 171 | ||
| Chapter 5.1: Approach and feasibility study | 172 | ||
| 5.1.1 BACKGROUND | 172 | ||
| 5.1.2 SELECTING SITES AND TECHNOLOGIES | 173 | ||
| 5.1.3 OPERATIONAL CONCEPT | 176 | ||
| 5.1.4 CONCLUSION | 176 | ||
| REFERENCES | 177 | ||
| Chapter 5.2: Comprehensive technological results after three years of on-site operation | 178 | ||
| 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION | 178 | ||
| 5.2.2 REVERSE OSMOSIS | 178 | ||
| 5.2.3 MEMBRANE DISTILLATION | 180 | ||
| 5.2.4 HUMIDIFICATION-DEHUMIDIFICATION | 181 | ||
| 5.2.5 MULTI-STAGE DESALINATION | 184 | ||
| 5.2.6 WATER QUALITY | 185 | ||
| 5.2.7 CONCLUSIONS | 187 | ||
| REFERENCES | 188 | ||
| Chapter 5.3: Social and health aspects of local water supply using desalination techniques | 190 | ||
| 5.3.1 ADOPTION OF AND ACCESS TO A NEW AND SAFE WATER SOURCE IN RURAL AREAS | 190 | ||
| 5.3.2 STUDY OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN | 191 | ||
| 5.3.3 RESULTS – EVERYDAY PRACTICES, AFFORDABILITY AND HEALTH ASPECTS | 192 | ||
| 5.3.3.1 Socio-demographic and -economic situation of the village residents | 192 | ||
| 5.3.3.2 Adaptation of everyday practices | 193 | ||
| 5.3.3.3 Access, affordability and valuation of the fresh water | 196 | ||
| 5.3.3.4 Local governance | 196 | ||
| 5.3.3.5 Health effects | 197 | ||
| 5.3.4 CONCLUSION | 198 | ||
| REFERENCES | 199 | ||
| Chapter 5.4: Economic viability and financing options | 200 | ||
| 5.4.1 INTRODUCTION | 200 | ||
| 5.4.2 APPROACH | 200 | ||
| 5.4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 201 | ||
| 5.4.4 FINANCING OPTIONS | 203 | ||
| 5.4.5 CONCLUSIONS | 203 | ||
| REFERENCES | 204 | ||
| Chapter 5.5: Environmental impact | 205 | ||
| 5.5.1 INTRODUCTION | 205 | ||
| 5.5.2 ENERGY | 206 | ||
| 5.5.3 BRINE DISPOSAL | 206 | ||
| 5.5.4 CONCLUSION | 207 | ||
| REFERENCES | 208 | ||
| Chapter 5.6: Governance and capacity development | 209 | ||
| 5.6.1 INTRODUCTION | 209 | ||
| 5.6.2 GOVERNANCE | 209 | ||
| 5.6.3 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT | 211 | ||
| 5.6.4 CONCLUSIONS | 212 | ||
| REFERENCES | 212 | ||
| Chapter 5.7: Sustainability assessment of the CuveWaters desalination systems | 213 | ||
| 5.7.1 INTRODUCTION | 213 | ||
| 5.7.2 METHODOLOGY | 214 | ||
| 5.7.3 RESULTS | 215 | ||
| 5.7.4 DISCUSSION | 219 | ||
| 5.7.5 CONCLUSIONS | 220 | ||
| REFERENCES | 221 | ||
| Chapter 5.8: Groundwater desalination in central-northern Namibia: conclusions | 222 | ||
| Chapter 6: Knowledge exchange between research and practice | 225 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 225 | ||
| 6.2 POSSIBLE HURDLES FOR COMMUNICATION | 226 | ||
| 6.3 CUVEWATERS COMMUNICATION STRATEGY: AN OVERVIEW | 227 | ||
| 6.4 INSTRUMENTS – EXAMPLES OF PARTICIPTATION TO OVERCOME THE IMPLEMENTATION HURDLE | 229 | ||
| 6.5 CONCLUSIONS | 232 | ||
| REFERENCES | 233 | ||
| Chapter 7: Challenges of transdisciplinary research and lessons learnt | 235 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION – CHALLENGES OF R&D PROJECTS | 235 | ||
| 7.2 THE TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH PROCESS | 236 | ||
| 7.3 CONCLUSIONS | 239 | ||
| REFERENCES | 240 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 241 | ||
| SANITATION AND WATER REUSE | 242 | ||
| RAIN- AND FLOODWATER HARVESTING | 243 | ||
| GROUNDWATER DESALINATION | 243 | ||
| Epilogue | 245 | ||
| Index | 247 |