BOOK
Primer of Diagnostic Imaging E-Book
Mukesh G. Harisinghani | John W. Chen | Ralph Weissleder
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Widely known as THE survival guide for radiology residents, fellows, and junior faculty, the "purple book" provides comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of diagnostic imaging in an easy-to-read, bulleted format. Focusing on the core information you need for learning and practice, this portable resource combines the full range of diagnostic imaging applications with the latest imaging modalities, making it the perfect clinical companion and review tool.
- Features more than 1,200 detailed illustrations now in full color, plus images that clearly depict the latest applications of CT, MRI, PET/CT, and other diagnostic imaging modalities.
- Provides new coverage of non-interpretive skills such as quality and safe dosing.
- Balances new information and anatomic drawings with timeless, relevant material to fully prepare you for the boards and for daily practice.
- Explains the nuances of key diagnostic details for all body systems, including signs and symptoms, anatomic landmarks, and common radiologic-pathologic alterations, for the full range of radiologic modalities and specialties.
- Uses a bulleted format and provides mnemonics, descriptive terminology, and space for note taking that make it easy to learn and remember key facts, techniques, and images.
- Allows you to work through diagnoses with hundreds of differentials for board certification preparation.
- Clarifies the impact of the latest disease entities on the interpretation of radiologic findings.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_ExCon | IFC2 | ||
| Primer of Diagnostic Imaging | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Table Of Contents | viii | ||
| Abbreviations | x | ||
| 1 Chest Imaging | 1 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1 | ||
| Imaging Anatomy | 1 | ||
| Gross Lung Anatomy | 1 | ||
| Segmental Anatomy (Figs. 1.1–1.2) | 1 | ||
| Right Lung | 1 | ||
| Left Lung | 1 | ||
| Segmental Computed Tomography (CT) Anatomy (Fig. 1.3) | 2 | ||
| Bronchial CT Anatomy (Fig. 1.4) | 2 | ||
| Plain Radiograph Anatomic Landmarks (Figs. 1.5–1.9) | 2 | ||
| Thoracic Inlet | 2 | ||
| Lines | 2 | ||
| Paratracheal Stripe | 3 | ||
| Fissures | 3 | ||
| Pulmonary Ligament | 3 | ||
| Trachea | 3 | ||
| Upper Lobe (Ul) Bronchi (Figs. 1.10–1.11) | 4 | ||
| Parenchymal Anatomy | 4 | ||
| Acinus | 4 | ||
| Secondary Pulmonary Lobule | 4 | ||
| Epithelium | 4 | ||
| High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) (Fig. 1.12) | 4 | ||
| Technique | 4 | ||
| HRCT Anatomy | 4 | ||
| Pulmonary Function (Fig. 1.13) | 5 | ||
| Lung Volumes, Capacities, and Flow Rates | 5 | ||
| Mediastinum (Fig. 1.14) | 5 | ||
| Imaging Protocols | 5 | ||
| Standard Chest CT Protocol | 5 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism (PE) CT Protocol | 5 | ||
| Diagnostic Radiology Report (American College of Radiology [ACR]) | 6 | ||
| Infection | 6 | ||
| General | 6 | ||
| Pathogens | 6 | ||
| Acquisition of Pneumonia | 7 | ||
| Risk Factors | 7 | ||
| Radiographic Spectrum of Pulmonary Infections | 7 | ||
| Complications of Pneumonia | 8 | ||
| Resolution of Pneumonia | 8 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 8 | ||
| General | 8 | ||
| Common Pathogens | 8 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 9 | ||
| Streptococcal Pneumonia | 9 | ||
| 2 Cardiac Imaging | 78 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 78 | ||
| Cardiac Imaging Techniques | 78 | ||
| Plain Radiograph Interpretation | 78 | ||
| Normal Plain Radiograph Anatomy | 78 | ||
| Posteroanterior View (Fig. 2.1) | 78 | ||
| Lateral View (Fig. 2.2) | 78 | ||
| Oblique Views (Fig. 2.3 A–B) | 79 | ||
| Radiographic Approach to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Radiographs | 79 | ||
| Pearls | 79 | ||
| Endotracheal Tube (ET) | 79 | ||
| Nasogastric (NG) Tube | 80 | ||
| 3 Gastrointestinal Imaging | 124 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 124 | ||
| Esophagus | 124 | ||
| General | 124 | ||
| Anatomy | 124 | ||
| Normal Esophageal Contour Deformities (Fig. 3.1) | 124 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Junction (GEJ) Anatomy (Fig. 3.2) | 125 | ||
| Peristaltic Waves | 125 | ||
| Swallowing (Fig. 3.3) | 125 | ||
| Esophageal Ultrasound (US) (Fig. 3.4) | 126 | ||
| Esophageal Disease | 126 | ||
| Schatzki Ring | 126 | ||
| Esophageal Webs and Rings | 126 | ||
| 4 Genitourinary Imaging | 217 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 217 | ||
| Kidneys | 217 | ||
| General | 217 | ||
| Anatomy | 217 | ||
| Renal Pedicle (Fig. 4.1) | 217 | ||
| Collecting System | 217 | ||
| Orientation and Size of Kidneys | 217 | ||
| Techniques | 218 | ||
| Bolus IVP | 218 | ||
| 5 Musculoskeletal Imaging | 283 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 283 | ||
| Trauma | 283 | ||
| General | 283 | ||
| Fracture | 283 | ||
| Fracture Healing (Fig. 5.1) | 284 | ||
| Terminology for Description of Fractures | 284 | ||
| Specific Fractures | 285 | ||
| Relevant Anatomy (Fig. 5.2) | 285 | ||
| Long Bones | 286 | ||
| Types of Joints | 286 | ||
| Synovial Joint (Fig. 5.3) | 286 | ||
| Cartilaginous Joint | 286 | ||
| Fibrous Joint | 286 | ||
| Fracture Complications | 286 | ||
| Orthopedic Procedures | 286 | ||
| Types of Repair | 286 | ||
| Orthopedic Hardware | 286 | ||
| Spine | 287 | ||
| Classification of Cervical Spine (C-Spine) Injuries | 287 | ||
| Biomechanics (Figs. 5.4–5.5) | 287 | ||
| Pearls | 287 | ||
| Approach to C-Spine Plain Radiograph (Figs. 5.6–5.7) | 287 | ||
| Approach to Cervical Spine Injuries | 288 | ||
| Jefferson Fractures (Fig. 5.8) | 288 | ||
| Radiographic Features | 288 | ||
| Fractures of the Odontoid Process (Dens) (Fig. 5.9) | 289 | ||
| 6 Neurologic Imaging | 377 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 377 | ||
| Imaging Anatomy | 377 | ||
| Parenchymal Anatomy | 377 | ||
| Lobar Anatomy (Fig. 6.1) | 377 | ||
| Basal Ganglia (Fig. 6.2) | 377 | ||
| Thalamus (Fig. 6.3) | 378 | ||
| Central Sulcus (Fig. 6.4) | 378 | ||
| Inferior Frontal Gyrus Anatomy (Fig. 6.5) | 378 | ||
| Brain Myelination (Fig. 6.6) | 379 | ||
| Characteristic MRI Appearance | 379 | ||
| Ventricular System | 379 | ||
| Anatomy (Fig. 6.7) | 379 | ||
| Cavum Variants | 379 | ||
| Cavum Septum Pellucidum | 379 | ||
| Cavum Vergae | 379 | ||
| Cavum Velum Interpositum | 380 | ||
| Pineal Region Anatomy (Fig. 6.8) | 380 | ||
| Sella Turcica | 380 | ||
| Pituitary Gland (Fig. 6.9 A–B) | 380 | ||
| Suprasellar Cistern | 380 | ||
| Cavernous Sinus (Fig. 6.10) | 380 | ||
| Meckel Cave (Trigeminal Cave) | 381 | ||
| Vascular System | 381 | ||
| External Carotid Artery (ECA) (Fig. 6.11) | 381 | ||
| Internal Carotid Artery (Fig. 6.12) | 381 | ||
| Vertebrobasilar System (Fig. 6.13) | 382 | ||
| Segments and Branches of VAs (Fig. 6.14) | 382 | ||
| Circle of Willis (Fig. 6.15) | 382 | ||
| Cerebral Arteries | 382 | ||
| Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) (Fig. 6.16) | 382 | ||
| Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) (see Fig. 6.16) | 383 | ||
| Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) | 383 | ||
| Normal Variants of Vascular Anatomy | 383 | ||
| Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) (Fig. 6.17) | 383 | ||
| External Carotid Artery (ECA) | 383 | ||
| Circle of Willis | 383 | ||
| Anastomoses Between Arteries | 383 | ||
| Meninges and Venous Sinuses (Fig. 6.18) | 383 | ||
| Meningeal Spaces | 383 | ||
| Sinuses (Fig. 6.19) | 384 | ||
| Vascular Territories (Fig. 6.20) | 384 | ||
| Ultrasound (US) of Carotid Arteries | 384 | ||
| B-Mode Imaging (Fig. 6.21) | 384 | ||
| Doppler Imaging (Flow) (Fig. 6.22) | 385 | ||
| Color Doppler US | 386 | ||
| Pearls | 386 | ||
| Transcranial Doppler (TCD) | 386 | ||
| Spine | 386 | ||
| Spinal Canal (Fig. 6.25) | 386 | ||
| Neural Structures | 387 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 387 | ||
| Intracranial Hemorrhage (Fig. 6.27) | 387 | ||
| CT Appearance of Intracranial Hemorrhage | 387 | ||
| MRI Appearance of Intracranial Hemorrhage (Fig. 6.28) | 388 | ||
| Hypertensive Hemorrhage | 388 | ||
| Location | 388 | ||
| Imaging Features | 388 | ||
| Tumor Hemorrhage | 389 | ||
| Aneurysm | 389 | ||
| Types | 389 | ||
| Saccular Aneurysm | 389 | ||
| Imaging Features (Fig. 6.29) | 389 | ||
| Complications | 389 | ||
| Giant Aneurysm | 390 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 390 | ||
| 7 Head and Neck Imaging | 457 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 457 | ||
| Temporal Bone | 457 | ||
| General | 457 | ||
| External Auditory Canal (EAC) | 457 | ||
| Middle Ear (Figs. 7.1–7.2) | 457 | ||
| Inner Ear (Fig. 7.3) | 458 | ||
| Internal Auditory Canal (IAC) (Fig. 7.4) | 459 | ||
| Facial Nerve (Figs. 7.5–7.6) | 459 | ||
| Hearing Loss | 459 | ||
| Types | 459 | ||
| Pulsatile Tinnitus | 459 | ||
| Causes | 459 | ||
| Trauma | 460 | ||
| Temporal Bone Fractures | 460 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 460 | ||
| Radiographic Features | 460 | ||
| Fracture Complications | 460 | ||
| Indications for Surgery in Temporal Bone Fractures | 460 | ||
| Inflammation | 460 | ||
| Acute Inflammation | 460 | ||
| Potential Complications | 461 | ||
| Bell Palsy | 461 | ||
| Acquired Cholesteatoma (Fig. 7.8) | 461 | ||
| Radiographic Features | 461 | ||
| Complications of Acquired Cholesteatoma | 461 | ||
| Congenital Cholesteatoma (Epidermoid) | 462 | ||
| Cholesterol Granuloma (Cholesterol Cysts) | 462 | ||
| 8 Vascular Imaging | 512 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 512 | ||
| Techniques | 512 | ||
| General | 512 | ||
| Preprocedure Evaluation | 512 | ||
| Access | 513 | ||
| Types of Arterial Approach | 513 | ||
| Right Femoral Approach (Preferred) | 513 | ||
| Standard Femoral Approach: Seldinger Technique | 513 | ||
| Advantage of Puncturing Symptomatic Extremity | 513 | ||
| Disadvantage of Puncturing Symptomatic Extremity | 513 | ||
| Axillary Artery Approach | 513 | ||
| Translumbar Approach (TLA) | 513 | ||
| Antegrade Femoral Approach | 513 | ||
| Angiography Complications | 513 | ||
| Puncture Site Complications | 514 | ||
| Contrast Complications (see Chapter 13) | 514 | ||
| Catheter-Related Complications | 514 | ||
| Pearls | 514 | ||
| Hardware | 514 | ||
| Catheters | 514 | ||
| Generic Types | 514 | ||
| Measurements | 514 | ||
| Materials | 515 | ||
| Pearls | 515 | ||
| Guidewires | 515 | ||
| Measurements | 515 | ||
| Pharmacologic Manipulation | 516 | ||
| Angiographic Interventions | 516 | ||
| Embolization | 516 | ||
| Indication | 516 | ||
| General Principles | 516 | ||
| Embolic Agents | 516 | ||
| Complications | 517 | ||
| Hepatic Chemoembolization | 517 | ||
| Hepatic Radioembolization | 517 | ||
| Thrombolysis | 517 | ||
| Indication | 517 | ||
| General Principles (Fig. 8.1) | 517 | ||
| Techniques | 517 | ||
| Contraindications | 518 | ||
| Angioplasty | 518 | ||
| Indication | 518 | ||
| General Principles | 518 | ||
| Prognostic Indicators | 518 | ||
| PTA Results | 519 | ||
| Complications | 519 | ||
| Intravascular Stents | 519 | ||
| Indications for Metallic Stents | 519 | ||
| Indications for Stents in Revascularization Procedures | 519 | ||
| Stent Results | 519 | ||
| Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (Tips) | 519 | ||
| Established Indications | 519 | ||
| Controversial Indications | 519 | ||
| General Principles | 519 | ||
| Contraindications | 519 | ||
| Technique (Fig. 8.3) | 520 | ||
| Results | 520 | ||
| Complications | 520 | ||
| Signs of Malfunction | 520 | ||
| Alternatives to Tips | 520 | ||
| Transjugular Liver Biopsy | 520 | ||
| Technique | 520 | ||
| Venous Access | 521 | ||
| Central Venous Access Catheters | 521 | ||
| Complications of Central Venous Catheter Placement | 521 | ||
| Vascular US | 521 | ||
| General | 521 | ||
| Continuous Wave Doppler | 521 | ||
| Pulsed Wave Doppler | 521 | ||
| Power Doppler US | 522 | ||
| Aliasing | 522 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 522 | ||
| Noncontrast Imaging Techniques | 522 | ||
| Gadolinium (GD)-Enhanced MRA | 522 | ||
| Spinal GD MRA | 522 | ||
| Other Techniques | 523 | ||
| Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) | 523 | ||
| Venous DSA | 523 | ||
| Arterial DSA | 523 | ||
| Petrosal Vein Sampling | 523 | ||
| Lymphography | 523 | ||
| Conscious Sedation | 523 | ||
| Coagulation | 524 | ||
| General (Fig. 8.6) | 524 | ||
| Normalization of Prolonged Coagulation Times | 524 | ||
| Monitoring Heparin Therapy | 524 | ||
| Anticoagulation Drugs and Procedures | 525 | ||
| Heparin | 525 | ||
| Coumadin (Warfarin) | 525 | ||
| Fragmin (Dalteparin) | 525 | ||
| Argatroban | 525 | ||
| Arixtra (Fondaparinux) | 525 | ||
| Plavix (Clopidogrel) | 525 | ||
| ReoPro (Abciximab) | 525 | ||
| Other Antiplatelet Agents | 525 | ||
| Antibiotics | 525 | ||
| Recommended | 525 | ||
| Not Recommended | 525 | ||
| Thoracic Aorta and Great Vessels | 525 | ||
| General | 525 | ||
| Anatomy (Fig. 8.7) | 525 | ||
| Imaging Principles | 526 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 526 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 526 | ||
| Aortography | 526 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography | 526 | ||
| Thoracic Aortography Technique | 526 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm | 526 | ||
| General | 526 | ||
| Causes | 526 | ||
| Pearls | 527 | ||
| Atherosclerotic Aneurysm | 527 | ||
| Complications | 527 | ||
| Radiographic Features | 527 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 527 | ||
| Cystic Medial Necrosis | 527 | ||
| Radiographic Features (Fig. 8.9) | 527 | ||
| Syphilitic Aneurysms | 527 | ||
| Radiographic Features (Fig. 8.10) | 528 | ||
| Mycotic Aneurysms | 528 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 528 | ||
| General | 528 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 528 | ||
| Causes | 528 | ||
| Types (Fig. 8.11) | 528 | ||
| Treatment | 529 | ||
| Indications for Imaging (Fig. 8.12) | 529 | ||
| Goals of Imaging Studies | 529 | ||
| Angiographic Features | 529 | ||
| CT Features (Fig. 8.13) | 529 | ||
| MRI Features | 530 | ||
| Pearls | 530 | ||
| Variants | 530 | ||
| Aortic Wall Hematoma (Fig. 8.14) | 530 | ||
| Penetrating Aortic Ulcer | 531 | ||
| Chronic Dissection | 531 | ||
| Traumatic Aortic Injury | 531 | ||
| General | 531 | ||
| Location | 531 | ||
| Approach | 531 | ||
| Chest Radiograph | 531 | ||
| Computed Tomography (CT) | 531 | ||
| CTA/Angiography | 531 | ||
| Pearls | 531 | ||
| Aortitis | 532 | ||
| Takayasu Arteritis (Pulseless Disease) | 532 | ||
| Types (Fig. 8.16) | 532 | ||
| 9 Breast Imaging | 561 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 561 | ||
| Mammography | 561 | ||
| Mammography Techniques | 561 | ||
| Mammographic Views (Fig. 9.1) | 561 | ||
| MLO View | 561 | ||
| CC View | 561 | ||
| Exaggerated Craniocaudal (Xccl) View | 561 | ||
| Lateral Views: Mediolateral (ML and Lateromedial (Lm) | 561 | ||
| Axillary Tail View (Cleopatra View) | 562 | ||
| Cleavage Valley View | 562 | ||
| Spot Compression Views | 562 | ||
| Magnification Views | 562 | ||
| Tangential View | 562 | ||
| Rolled Views (Fig. 9.2) | 562 | ||
| Proper Positioning | 562 | ||
| Compression | 562 | ||
| Lesion Localization | 563 | ||
| Triangulation (Fig. 9.3) | 563 | ||
| Mammography Technical Standards | 563 | ||
| Viewing Conditions | 563 | ||
| Image Labeling | 563 | ||
| Quality Control | 563 | ||
| Mammography Interpretation (Fig. 9.5) | 564 | ||
| Pertinent Patient History | 564 | ||
| Mammography Reporting (Fig. 9.6) | 564 | ||
| Breast Composition | 564 | ||
| Mass | 564 | ||
| Margins | 565 | ||
| Shape | 565 | ||
| Density | 565 | ||
| Other Features | 565 | ||
| Calcifications | 565 | ||
| Morphology | 565 | ||
| Typically Benign Morphology (Fig. 9.8) | 565 | ||
| Distribution | 566 | ||
| Architectural Distortion | 566 | ||
| Asymmetries | 566 | ||
| Skin, Nipple, and Trabecular Changes | 567 | ||
| Abnormal Ducts | 567 | ||
| Lymph Node Abnormalities | 567 | ||
| Asymmetry of Breast Tissue | 567 | ||
| Structured Reporting | 567 | ||
| Ultrasound (US) | 568 | ||
| 10 Obstetric Imaging | 584 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 584 | ||
| 11 Pediatric Imaging | 628 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 628 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 628 | ||
| Upper Airway | 628 | ||
| Approach | 628 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 629 | ||
| Laryngomalacia | 629 | ||
| Tracheomalacia | 629 | ||
| Webs | 629 | ||
| Tracheal Stenosis (Fig. 11.3) | 629 | ||
| Subglottic Stenosis | 629 | ||
| Epiglottitis | 629 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 629 | ||
| Radiographic Features (Figs. 11.4–11.5) | 629 | ||
| Pearls | 629 | ||
| Croup | 630 | ||
| 12 Nuclear Imaging | 691 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 691 | ||
| Pulmonary Imaging | 691 | ||
| Radiopharmaceuticals | 691 | ||
| 133Xenon (XE) | 692 | ||
| 99Mtc Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA) Aerosol | 692 | ||
| 99Mtc Macroaggregated Albumin (MAA) | 692 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 692 | ||
| Technique | 692 | ||
| Indications | 692 | ||
| Contraindications | 692 | ||
| Protocol | 693 | ||
| Imaging | 693 | ||
| Normal Images | 693 | ||
| Xe Ventilation | 693 | ||
| Perfusion (Fig. 12.2) | 693 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism (PE) | 694 | ||
| Modified Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Detection (PIOPED) Criteria for Scan Interpretation | 694 | ||
| Implications of Scan Results | 694 | ||
| V̇/Q̇ Scan to Monitor Sequelae/Resolution of PE | 694 | ||
| Pearls | 694 | ||
| Other Patterns | 695 | ||
| Stripe Sign (Fig. 12.4) | 695 | ||
| Reverse Mismatch | 695 | ||
| Pulmonary Edema (PE) | 695 | ||
| Bullae, Emphysema, COPD | 695 | ||
| Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) | 695 | ||
| Evaluation of Lung Function (Fig. 12.5) | 695 | ||
| Cardiac Imaging | 695 | ||
| Radiopharmaceuticals | 695 | ||
| 201Thallium (TI) Chloride | 695 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 695 | ||
| Use | 695 | ||
| 99Mtc Sestamibi (Fig. 12.6) | 695 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 696 | ||
| Tetrofosmin (UpToDate) | 696 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic | 696 | ||
| 99MTC Red Blood Cell (RBC) Labeling | 696 | ||
| Uses | 696 | ||
| Methods of Labeling Autologous RBCs | 696 | ||
| Causes of Poor RBC Labeling | 697 | ||
| Pearls | 697 | ||
| Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy | 697 | ||
| General (Figs. 12.7–12.8) | 697 | ||
| Techniques | 697 | ||
| Treadmill Test | 697 | ||
| Dipyridamole Test | 698 | ||
| Adenosine Test | 698 | ||
| Regadenoson Test (From the Massachussetts General Hospital [MGH] Protocol) | 698 | ||
| Dobutamine Test | 698 | ||
| Rest and Redistribution Study | 698 | ||
| 99Mtc Sestamibi Imaging | 698 | ||
| Contraindications for Nuclear Cardiology Stress Test | 699 | ||
| Absolute | 699 | ||
| Relative | 699 | ||
| Normal Images and Variants (Fig. 12.9) | 699 | ||
| Variations | 699 | ||
| Image Interpretation | 700 | ||
| Abnormal Scan Patterns | 700 | ||
| Hibernating Myocardium | 701 | ||
| Stunned Myocardium | 701 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging | 701 | ||
| 82Rubidium | 701 | ||
| 13N-ammonia | 701 | ||
| 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) | 701 | ||
| Indications for PET | 701 | ||
| Ventricular Function Imaging | 701 | ||
| General | 701 | ||
| Indications | 702 | ||
| Protocol | 702 | ||
| Image Interpretation | 702 | ||
| Qualitative Image Assessment | 702 | ||
| Quantitative Image Assessment | 702 | ||
| Pearls | 702 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Imaging | 703 | ||
| Radiopharmaceuticals | 703 | ||
| General | 703 | ||
| 99Mtc Sulfur Colloid | 703 | ||
| 13 Contrast Agents | 729 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 729 | ||
| X-Ray Contrast Agents | 729 | ||
| Iodinated Contrast Agents | 729 | ||
| Classification | 729 | ||
| Iodine (I) Content | 729 | ||
| High-Osmolarity Contrast Agents (HOCAs) (Fig. 13.1) | 729 | ||
| Low Osmolarity Contrast Agents (LOCAs) (Fig. 13.2) | 730 | ||
| Pharmacology (Fig. 13.3) | 730 | ||
| Acute Contrast Reactions | 730 | ||
| Overview | 730 | ||
| Type and Timing of Acute Reactions | 730 | ||
| Premedication | 731 | ||
| Other Adverse Events Related to Iodinated Contrast | 731 | ||
| Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) | 731 | ||
| Contrast Extravasation | 731 | ||
| Miscellaneous Considerations | 731 | ||
| Metformin | 731 | ||
| Pregnancy | 732 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 732 | ||
| Thyroid Scan | 732 | ||
| Oral X-Ray Contrast Agents | 732 | ||
| Water-Soluble Iodinated Oral Contrast Agents | 732 | ||
| Barium | 732 | ||
| Negative Oral Contrast Agents | 733 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents | 733 | ||
| Classes (Fig. 13.4) | 733 | ||
| Paramagnetic Agents | 735 | ||
| Gd Chelates (Fig. 13.6) | 735 | ||
| Pharmacology | 735 | ||
| Safety | 735 | ||
| Special Considerations | 735 | ||
| Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) | 735 | ||
| Pregnant Patients | 736 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 736 | ||
| Gd Deposition in the Brain | 736 | ||
| Other Agents | 736 | ||
| Eovist (Gadoxetate Disodium; Bayer) (Fig. 13.7) | 736 | ||
| Oral Contrast Agents | 736 | ||
| Supraparamagnetic Agents | 737 | ||
| Ferumoxtran-10 (Combidex) and Ferumoxytol (Feraheme) | 737 | ||
| Treatment of Contrast Reactions | 737 | ||
| Treating Adverse Reactions | 737 | ||
| Emergency Treatment | 738 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 738 | ||
| 14 Imaging Physics | 739 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 739 | ||
| X-Ray Physics | 739 | ||
| Production of X-Rays | 739 | ||
| X-Ray Tube (Fig. 14.1) | 739 | ||
| Cathode | 740 | ||
| Anode | 740 | ||
| X-Ray Tube Output (Fig. 14.2) | 740 | ||
| Milliampere (mA) | 740 | ||
| Voltage | 740 | ||
| Exposure Time | 740 | ||
| Heat Unit (Fig. 14.3) | 741 | ||
| Rating Charts (Fig. 14.4) | 741 | ||
| Example | 741 | ||
| Answer | 741 | ||
| Focal Spot (FS) | 741 | ||
| FS and Resolution | 741 | ||
| Measurement of FS Size | 741 | ||
| Pinhole Method | 741 | ||
| Star Test Pattern | 741 | ||
| Magnification (Fig. 14.5) | 742 | ||
| Unsharpness | 742 | ||
| Radiation Exposure and Distance | 742 | ||
| Example | 742 | ||
| Answer | 742 | ||
| Spectrum of X-Rays | 742 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung (Fig. 14.6) | 742 | ||
| Characteristic Radiation (Fig. 14.7) | 742 | ||
| Heel Effect (Fig. 14.8) | 743 | ||
| X-Ray Generators | 743 | ||
| Transformer (Fig. 14.9) | 743 | ||
| Circuits of X-Ray Generators (Fig. 14.10) | 744 | ||
| Autotransformer | 744 | ||
| High-Voltage Transformer | 744 | ||
| Timer | 744 | ||
| Rectifier (Fig. 14.11) | 744 | ||
| Filament Circuit | 744 | ||
| Types of Generators | 744 | ||
| Three-Phase Generators (Fig. 14.12) | 744 | ||
| Advantages of Three-Phase Generators | 744 | ||
| Mobile Generators (Fig. 14.13) | 744 | ||
| Capacitor Discharge Generators | 745 | ||
| Phototimers | 745 | ||
| Interaction Between X-Rays and Matter | 745 | ||
| Coherent Scattering (Fig. 14.14) | 745 | ||
| Photoelectric Effect (Fig. 14.15) | 745 | ||
| Pearls | 746 | ||
| Compton Scattering (Fig. 14.16) | 746 | ||
| Probability of Compton Scatter | 746 | ||
| Index | 793 | ||
| A | 793 | ||
| B | 795 | ||
| C | 796 | ||
| D | 800 | ||
| E | 801 | ||
| F | 801 | ||
| G | 803 | ||
| H | 804 | ||
| I | 805 | ||
| J | 806 | ||
| K | 806 | ||
| L | 807 | ||
| M | 808 | ||
| N | 810 | ||
| O | 811 | ||
| P | 811 | ||
| Q | 814 | ||
| R | 814 | ||
| S | 815 | ||
| T | 818 | ||
| U | 819 | ||
| V | 820 | ||
| W | 821 | ||
| X | 821 | ||
| Y | 821 | ||
| Z | 821 | ||
| IBC_Clinical Key | IBC1 |