Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Global Edition

Michael T. Madigan; Kelly S. Bender; Daniel H. Buckley; W. Matthew Sattley; David A. Stahl

BOOK

Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Global Edition

Michael T. Madigan | Kelly S. Bender | Daniel H. Buckley | W. Matthew Sattley | David A. Stahl

(2017)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-292-23519-6
Edition: 15
Language: English
Pages: 1064
Subjects

Abstract

A streamlined approach to master microbiology

Brock Biology of Microorganisms is the leading majors microbiology text on the market. It sets the standard for impeccable scholarship, accuracy, and strong coverage of ecology, evolution, and metabolism. The 15th edition seamlessly integrates the most current science, paying particular attention to molecular biology and the genomic revolution. It introduces a flexible, more streamlined organization with a consistent level of detail and comprehensive art program. Brock Biology of Microorganisms helps students quickly master concepts, both in and outside the classroom, through personalized learning, engaging activities to improve problem solving skills, and superior art and animations with Mastering^™ Microbiology.

Pearson Mastering^™ Microbiology is not included. Students, if Mastering Microbiology is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. Mastering Microbiology should only be purchased when required by an instructor.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Cover	Cover
Inside Front Cover	IFC
Title Page	9
Copyright Page	10
About the Authors	11
Dedications	13
Preface	15
Acknowledgments	21
Acknowledgments for the Global Edition	23
Contents	25
Unit 1 The Foundations of Microbiology	37
1 The Microbial World	37
microbiologynow Microorganisms, Our Constant Companions	37
I • Exploring the Microbial World	38
1.1 Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth	38
1.2 Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells	39
1.3 Microorganisms and the Biosphere	41
1.4 The Impact of Microorganisms on Human Society	42
II • Microscopy and the Origins of Microbiology	47
1.5 Light Microscopy and the Discovery of Microorganisms	47
1.6 Improving Contrast in Light Microscopy	49
1.7 Imaging Cells in Three Dimensions	51
1.8 Probing Cell Structure: Electron Microscopy	52
III • Microbial Cultivation Expands the Horizon of Microbiology	54
1.9 Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation	55
1.10 Koch, Infectious Diseases, and Pure Cultures	57
1.11 Discovery of Microbial Diversity	60
IV • Molecular Biology and the Unity and Diversity of Life	61
1.12 Molecular Basis of Life	61
1.13 Woese and the Tree of Life	62
1.14 An Introduction to Microbial Life	65
2 Microbial Cell Structure and Function	70
microbiologynow The Archaellum: Motility for the Archaea	70
I • Cells of Bacteria and Archaea	71
2.1 Cell Morphology	71
2.2 The Small World	72
II • The Cell Membrane and Wall	75
2.3 The Cytoplasmic Membrane	75
2.4 Bacterial Cell Walls: Peptidoglycan	78
2.5 LPS: The Outer Membrane	81
2.6 Archaeal Cell Walls	83
III • Cell Surface Structures and Inclusions	84
2.7 Cell Surface Structures	84
2.8 Cell Inclusions	86
2.9 Gas Vesicles	88
2.10 Endospores	89
IV • Cell Locomotion	92
2.11 Flagella, Archaella, and Swimming Motility	92
2.12 Gliding Motility	96
2.13 Chemotaxis and Other Taxes	97
V • Eukaryotic Microbial Cells	100
2.14 The Nucleus and Cell Division	100
2.15 Mitochondria, Hydrogenosomes, and Chloroplasts	102
2.16 Other Eukaryotic Cell Structures	104
Explore the Microbial World	74
Tiny Cells	74
3 Microbial Metabolism	109
microbiologynow Sugars and Sweets: Archaea Do It Their Way	109
I • Microbial Nutrients and Nutrient Uptake	110
3.1 Feeding the Microbe: Cell Nutrition	110
3.2 Transporting Nutrients into the Cell	111
II • Energetics, Enzymes, and Redox	113
3.3 Energy Classes of Microorganisms	113
3.4 Principles of Bioenergetics	114
3.5 Catalysis and Enzymes	116
3.6 Electron Donors and Acceptors	117
3.7 Energy-Rich Compounds	120
III • Catabolism: Fermentation and Respiration	121
3.8 Glycolysis and Fermentation	121
3.9 Respiration: Citric Acid and Glyoxylate Cycles	124
3.10 Respiration: Electron Carriers	126
3.11 Electron Transport and the Proton Motive Force	128
3.12 Options for Energy Conservation	130
IV • Biosyntheses	132
3.13 Sugars and Polysaccharides	132
3.14 Amino Acids and Nucleotides	133
3.15 Fatty Acids and Lipids	134
4 Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing	138
microbiologynow Synthesis of Jumbo Proteins: Secretion of Halomucin	138
I • Molecular Biology and Genetic Elements	139
4.1 DNA and Genetic Information Flow	139
4.2 Genetic Elements: Chromosomes and Plasmids	142
II • Copying the Genetic Blueprint: DNA Replication	145
4.3 Templates, Enzymes, and the Replication Fork	146
4.4 Bidirectional Replication, the Replisome, and Proofreading	149
III • R NA Synthesis: Transcription	151
4.5 Transcription in Bacteria	151
4.6 Transcription in Archaea and Eukarya	154
IV • Protein Synthesis: Translation	156
4.7 Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins	156
4.8 Transfer RNA	159
4.9 Translation and the Genetic Code	160
4.10 The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis	162
V • Protein Processing, Secretion, and Targeting	165
4.11 Assisted Protein Folding and Chaperones	165
4.12 Protein Secretion: The Sec and Tat Systems	166
4.13 Protein Secretion: Gram-Negative Systems	167
Unit 2 Microbial Growth and Regulation	173
5 Microbial Growth and Its Control	173
microbiologynow Picking Apart a Microbial Consortium	173
I • Cell Division and Population Growth	174
5.1 Binary Fission, Budding, and Biofilms	174
5.2 Quantitative Aspects of Microbial Growth	176
5.3 The Microbial Growth Cycle	178
5.4 Continuous Culture	179
II • Culturing Microbes and Measuring Their Growth	180
5.5 Growth Media and Laboratory Culture	180
5.6 Microscopic Counts of Microbial Cell Numbers	184
5.7 Viable Counting of Microbial Cell Numbers	185
5.8 Turbidimetric Measures of Microbial Cell Numbers	187
III • Environmental Effects on Growth: Temperature	188
5.9 Temperature Classes of Microorganisms	188
5.10 Microbial Life in the Cold	189
5.11 Microbial Life at High Temperatures	192
IV • Environmental Effects on Growth: pH, Osmolarity, and Oxygen	194
5.12 Effects of pH on Microbial Growth	194
5.13 Osmolarity and Microbial Growth	195
5.14 Oxygen and Microbial Growth	196
V • Controlling Microbial Growth	200
5.15 General Principles and Growth Control by Heat	200
5.16 Other Physical Control Methods: Radiation and Filtration	202
5.17 Chemical Control of Microbial Growth	203
6 Microbial Regulatory Systems	209
microbiologynow Microbial Hunter: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Senses and Scavenges Nutrients from Damaged Tissues	209
I • DNA-Binding Proteins and Transcriptional Regulation	210
6.1 DNA-Binding Proteins	210
6.2 Negative Control: Repression and Induction	212
6.3 Positive Control: Activation	213
6.4 Global Control and the lac Operon	215
6.5 Transcription Controls in Archaea	217
II • Sensing and Signal Transduction	219
6.6 Two-Component Regulatory Systems	219
6.7 Regulation of Chemotaxis	220
6.8 Quorum Sensing	222
6.9 Stringent Response	224
6.10 Other Global Networks	226
III • RNA-Based Regulation	228
6.11 Regulatory RNAs	228
6.12 Riboswitches	230
6.13 Attenuation	231
IV • Regulation of Enzymes and Other Proteins	232
6.14 Feedback Inhibition	232
6.15 Post-Translational Regulation	233
7 Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth	238
microbiologynow Explosive Cell Death Promotes Biofilm Formation	238
I • Bacterial Cell Division	239
7.1 Visualizing Molecular Growth	239
7.2 Chromosome Replication and Segregation	241
7.3 Cell Division and Fts Proteins	243
7.4 MreB and Cell Morphology	245
7.5 Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis	246
II • Regulation of Development in Model Bacteria	248
7.6 Regulation of Endospore Formation	248
7.7 Caulobacter Differentiation	249
7.8 Heterocyst Formation in Anabaena	250
7.9 Biofilm Formation	251
III • Antibiotics and Microbial Growth	253
7.10 Antibiotic Targets and Antibiotic Resistance	253
7.11 Persistence and Dormancy	255
8 Viruses and Their Replication	259
microbiologynow Virophages: Viruses That Parasitize Other Viruses	259
I • The Nature of Viruses	260
8.1 What Is a Virus?	260
8.2 Structure of the Virion	261
8.3 Overview of the Virus Life Cycle	263
8.4 Culturing, Detecting, and Counting Viruses	264
II • The Viral Replication Cycle	266
8.5 Attachment and Entry of Bacteriophage T4	266
8.6 Replication of Bacteriophage T4	267
8.7 Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny	270
8.8 An Overview of Animal Virus Infection	272
Unit 3 Genomics and Genetics	277
9 Microbial Systems Biology	277
microbiologynow DNA Sequencing in the Palm of Your Hand	277
I • Genomics	278
9.1 Introduction to Genomics	278
9.2 Sequencing and Annotating Genomes	280
9.3 Genome Size and Gene Content in Bacteria and Archaea	283
9.4 Organelle and Eukaryotic Microbial Genomes	285
II • The Evolution of Genomes	288
9.5 Gene Families, Duplications, and Deletions	288
9.6 Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Mobilome	290
9.7 Core Genome Versus Pan Genome	291
III • Functional Omics	293
9.8 Metagenomics	293
9.9 Gene Chips and Transcriptomics	295
9.10 Proteomics and the Interactome	298
9.11 Metabolomics	299
IV • The Utility of Systems Biology	302
9.12 Single-Cell Genomics	302
9.13 Integrating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Omics	303
9.14 Systems Biology and Human Health	305
10 Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology	310
microbiologynow Viral Imaging to the Rescue: Structural Blueprint of Zika	310
I • Viral Genomes and Evolution	311
10.1 Size and Structure of Viral Genomes	311
10.2 Viral Evolution	313
II • DNA Viruses	315
10.3 Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages: ФX174 and M13	315
10.4 Double-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages: T7 and Mu	317
10.5 Viruses of Archaea	319
10.6 Uniquely Replicating DNA Animal Viruses	321
10.7 DNA Tumor Viruses	322
III • Viruses with RNA Genomes	324
10.8 Positive-Strand RNA Viruses	324
10.9 Negative-Strand RNA Animal Viruses	326
10.10 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses	328
10.11 Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase	329
IV • Viral Ecology	331
10.12 The Bacterial and Archael Virosphere	332
10.13 Viral Defense Mechanisms of Bacteria and Archaea	333
10.14 The Human Virome	335
V • Subviral Agents	336
10.15 Viroids	336
10.16 Prions	337
11 Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea	342
microbiologynow Killing and Stealing: DNA Uptake by the Predator Vibrio cholerae	342
I • Mutation	343
11.1 Mutations and Mutants	343
11.2 Molecular Basis of Mutation	344
11.3 Reversions and Mutation Rates	346
11.4 Mutagenesis	348
II • Gene Transfer in Bacteria	349
11.5 Genetic Recombination	350
11.6 Transformation	352
11.7 Transduction	353
11.8 Conjugation	356
11.9 The Formation of Hfr Strains and Chromosome Mobilization	357
III • Gene Transfer in Archaea and Other Genetic Events	360
11.10 Horizontal Gene Transfer in Archaea	360
11.11 Mobile DNA: Transposable Elements	361
11.12 Preserving Genomic Integrity: CRISPR Interference	364
12 Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology	368
microbiologynow Creation of a New Life Form: Design of a Minimal Cell	368
I • Tools of the Genetic Engineer	369
12.1 Manipulating DNA: PCR and Nucleic Acid Hybridization	369
12.2 Molecular Cloning	372
12.3 Expressing Foreign Genes in Bacteria	374
12.4 Molecular Methods for Mutagenesis	376
12.5 Reporter Genes and Gene Fusions	378
II • Making Products from Genetically Engineered Microbes: Biotechnology	379
12.6 Somatotropin and Other Mammalian Proteins	379
12.7 Transgenic Organisms in Agriculture and Aquaculture	381
12.8 Engineered Vaccines and Therapeutics	383
12.9 Mining Genomes and Engineering Pathways	385
12.10 Engineering Biofuels	387
III • Synthetic Biology and Genome Editing	389
12.11 From Synthetic Metabolic Pathways to Synthetic Cells	390
12.12 Genome Editing and CRISPRs	392
12.13 Biocontainment of Genetically Modified Organisms	394
Unit 4 Microbial Evolution and Diversity	399
13 Microbial Evolution and Systematics	399
microbiologynow Lokiarchaeota and the Origin of Eukarya	399
I • Early Earth and the Origin and Diversification of Life	400
13.1 Formation and Early History of Earth	400
13.2 Photosynthesis and the Oxidation of Earth	403
13.3 Living Fossils: DNA Records the History of Life	405
13.4 Endosymbiotic Origin of Eukaryotes	406
II • Microbial Evolution	408
13.5 The Evolutionary Process	408
13.6 The Evolution of Microbial Genomes	411
III • Microbial Phylogeny and Systematics	412
13.7 Molecular Phylogeny: Making Sense of Molecular Sequences	412
13.8 The Species Concept in Microbiology	418
13.9 Taxonomic Methods in Systematics	420
13.10 Classification and Nomenclature	423
Explore the Microbial World	413
The Black Queen Hypothesis	413
14 Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms	428
microbiologynow Microbes That Plug into the Matrix	428
I • Phototrophy	429
14.1 Photosynthesis and Chlorophylls	429
14.2 Carotenoids and Phycobilins	432
14.3 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis	434
14.4 Oxygenic Photosynthesis	437
II • Autotrophy and N2 Fixation	440
14.5 Autotrophic Pathways	441
14.6 Nitrogen Fixation	443
III • Respiratory Processes Defined by Electron Donor	446
14.7 Principles of Respiration	446
14.8 Hydrogen (H2) Oxidation	448
14.9 Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds	449
14.10 Iron (Fe2+) Oxidation	451
14.11 Nitrification	452
14.12 Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (Anammox)	454
IV • Respiratory Processes Defined by Electron Acceptor	455
14.13 Nitrate Reduction and Denitrification	455
14.14 Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction	457
14.15 Other Electron Acceptors	459
V • One-Carbon (C1) Metabolism	461
14.16 Acetogenesis	461
14.17 Methanogenesis	463
14.18 Methanotrophy	467
VI • Fermentation	470
14.19 Energetic and Redox Considerations	470
14.20 Lactic and Mixed-Acid Fermentations	471
14.21 Clostridial and Propionate Fermentations	474
14.22 Fermentations That Lack Substrate-Level Phosphorylation	476
14.23 Syntrophy	477
VII • Hydrocarbon Metabolism	479
14.24 Aerobic Hydrocarbon Metabolism	480
14.25 Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Metabolism	481
15 Functional Diversity of Microorganisms	487
microbiologynow New Discoveries Have Redefined the Global Nitrogen Cycle	487
I • Functional Diversity as a Concept	488
15.1 Making Sense of Microbial Diversity	488
II • Diversity of Phototrophic Bacteria	489
15.2 Overview of Phototrophic Bacteria	489
15.3 Cyanobacteria	489
15.4 Purple Sulfur Bacteria	494
15.5 Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria and Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophs	495
15.6 Green Sulfur Bacteria	496
15.7 Green Nonsulfur Bacteria	498
15.8 Other Phototrophic Bacteria	499
III • Microbial Diversity in the Sulfur Cycle	500
15.9 Dissimilative Sulfate-Reducers	501
15.10 Dissimilative Sulfur-Reducers	502
15.11 Dissimilative Sulfur-Oxidizers	503
IV • Microbial Diversity in the Nitrogen Cycle	506
15.12 Diversity of Nitrogen-Fixers	506
15.13 Diversity of Nitrifiers and Denitrifiers	508
V • Other Distinctive Functional Groupings of Microorganisms	510
15.14 Dissimilative Iron-Reducers	510
15.15 Dissimilative Iron-Oxidizers	511
15.16 Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs	512
15.17 Microbial Predators	514
15.18 Microbial Bioluminescence	517
VI • Morphologically Diverse Bacteria	519
15.19 Spirochetes	519
15.20 Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Microorganisms	521
15.21 Sheathed Microorganisms	524
15.22 Magnetic Microbes	525
16 Diversity of Bacteria	530
microbiologynow The Mystery of the Missing Peptidoglycan	530
I • Proteobacteria	531
16.1 Alphaproteobacteria	532
16.2 Betaproteobacteria	535
16.3 Gammaproteobacteria: Enterobacteriales	537
16.4 Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonadales and Vibrionales	539
16.5 Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria	540
II • Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Actinobacteria	542
16.6 Firmicutes: Lactobacillales	543
16.7 Firmicutes: Nonsporulating Bacillales and Clostridiales	544
16.8 Firmicutes: Sporulating Bacillales and Clostridiales	545
16.9 Tenericutes: The Mycoplasmas	547
16.10 Actinobacteria: Coryneform and Propionic Acid Bacteria	548
16.11 Actinobacteria: Mycobacterium	550
16.12 Filamentous Actinobacteria: Streptomyces and Relatives	551
III • Bacteroidetes	553
16.13 Bacteroidales	553
16.14 Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales, and Sphingobacteriales	554
IV • Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia	556
16.15 Chlamydiae	556
16.16 Planctomycetes	558
16.17 Verrucomicrobia	559
V • Hyperthermophilic Bacteria	559
16.18 Thermotogae and Thermodesulfobacteria	559
16.19 Aquificae	560
VI • Other Bacteria	561
16.20 Deinococcus–Thermus	561
16.21 Other Notable Phyla of Bacteria	562
17 Diversity of Archaea	566
microbiologynow The Archaea Just Under Your Feet	566
I • Euryarchaeota	567
17.1 Extremely Halophilic Archaea	568
17.2 Methanogenic Archaea	571
17.3 Thermoplasmatales	574
17.4 Thermococcales and Archaeoglobales	576
II • Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota	577
17.5 Thaumarchaeota and Nitrification in Archaea	577
17.6 Nanoarchaeota and the “Hospitable Fireball”	578
17.7 Korarchaeota and the “Secret Filament”	579
III • Crenarchaeota	580
17.8 Habitats and Energy Metabolism	580
17.9 Crenarchaeota from Terrestrial Volcanic Habitats	581
17.10 Crenarchaeota from Submarine Volcanic Habitats	583
IV • Evolution and Life at High Temperature	586
17.11 An Upper Temperature Limit for Microbial Life	586
17.12 Molecular Adaptations to Life at High Temperature	588
17.13 Hyperthermophilic Archaea, H2, and Microbial Evolution	589
18 Diversity of Microbial Eukarya	593
microbiologynow Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Intimate, Unseen, and Powerful	593
I • Organelles and Phylogeny of Microbial Eukarya	594
18.1 Endosymbioses and the Eukaryotic Cell	594
18.2 Phylogenetic Lineages of Eukarya	596
II • Protists	597
18.3 Excavata	597
18.4 Alveolata	599
18.5 Stramenopiles	601
18.6 Rhizaria	603
18.7 Amoebozoa	604
III • Fungi	606
18.8 Fungal Physiology, Structure, and Symbioses	606
18.9 Fungal Reproduction and Phylogeny	608
18.10 Microsporidia and Chytridiomycota	609
18.11 Zygomycota and Glomeromycota	610
18.12 Ascomycota	611
18.13 Basidiomycota	612
IV • Archaeplastida	613
18.14 Red Algae	613
18.15 Green Algae	614
Unit 5 Microbial Ecology and Environmental Microbiology	619
19 Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems	619
microbiologynow The Vineyard Microbiome Revealed by Next-Generation Sequencing Technology	619
I • Culture-Dependent Analyses of Microbial Communities	620
19.1 Enrichment Culture Microbiology	620
19.2 Classical Procedures for Isolating Microbes	624
19.3 Selective Single-Cell Isolation: Laser Tweezers, Flow Cytometry, Microfluidics, and High-Throughput Methods	625
II • Culture-Independent Microscopic Analyses of Microbial Communities	627
19.4 General Staining Methods	627
19.5 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)	630
III • Culture-Independent Genetic Analyses of Microbial Communities	631
19.6 PCR Methods of Microbial Community Analysis	631
19.7 Microarrays for Analysis of Microbial Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity	635
19.8 Environmental Genomics and Related Methods	636
IV • Measuring Microbial Activities in Nature	640
19.9 Chemical Assays, Radioisotopic Methods, and Microsensors	640
19.10 Stable Isotopes and Stable Isotope Probing	642
19.11 Linking Functions to Specific Organisms	644
19.12 Linking Genes and Cellular Properties to Individual Cells	646
20 Microbial Ecosystems	651
microbiologynow Microbes of the Abyss	651
I • Microbial Ecology	652
20.1 General Ecological Concepts	652
20.2 Ecosystem Service: Biogeochemistry and Nutrient Cycles	653
II • The Microbial Environment	654
20.3 Environments and Microenvironments	654
20.4 Surfaces and Biofilms	656
20.5 Microbial Mats	658
III • Terrestrial Environments	660
20.6 Soils	660
20.7 The Terrestrial Subsurface	665
IV • Aquatic Environments	666
20.8 Freshwaters	667
20.9 The Marine Environment: Phototrophs and Oxygen Relationships	669
20.10 Major Marine Phototrophs	672
20.11 Pelagic Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses	674
20.12 The Deep Sea	676
20.13 Deep-Sea Sediments	678
20.14 Hydrothermal Vents	681
21 Nutrient Cycles	687
microbiologynow The Big Thaw and the Microbiology of Climate Change	687
I • Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Cycles	688
21.1 The Carbon Cycle	688
21.2 Syntrophy and Methanogenesis	690
21.3 The Nitrogen Cycle	692
21.4 The Sulfur Cycle	694
II • Other Nutrient Cycles	695
21.5 The Iron and Manganese Cycles	696
21.6 The Phosphorus, Calcium, and Silica Cycles	698
III • Humans and Nutrient Cycling	702
21.7 Mercury Transformations	702
21.8 Human Impacts on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles	703
Explore the Microbial World	698
Microbially Wired	698
22 Microbiology of the Built Environment	708
microbiologynow After the Toilet Flushes	708
I • Mineral Recovery and Acid Mine Drainage	709
22.1 Mining with Microorganisms	709
22.2 Acid Mine Drainage	711
II • Bioremediation	712
22.3 Bioremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Environments	712
22.4 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants: Hydrocarbons	713
22.5 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants: Pesticides and Plastics	714
III • Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment	716
22.6 Primary and Secondary Wastewater Treatment	716
22.7 Advanced Wastewater Treatment	719
22.8 Drinking Water Purification and Stabilization	722
22.9 Water Distribution Systems	724
IV • Indoor Microbiology and Microbially Influenced Corrosion	725
22.10 The Microbiology of Homes and Public Spaces	725
22.11 Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Metals	727
22.12 Biodeterioration of Stone and Concrete	728
23 Microbial Symbioses with Microbes, Plants, and Animals	732
microbiologynow The Inner Life of Bees	732
I • Symbioses between Microorganisms	733
23.1 Lichens	733
23.2 “Chlorochromatium aggregatum”	734
II • Plants as Microbial Habitats	736
23.3 The Legume–Root Nodule Symbiosis	736
23.4 Mycorrhizae	741
23.5 Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease	744
III • Insects as Microbial Habitats	745
23.6 Heritable Symbionts of Insects	745
23.7 Termites	748
IV • Other Invertebrates as Microbial Habitats	750
23.8 Hawaiian Bobtail Squid	750
23.9 Marine Invertebrates at Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps	752
23.10 Entomopathogenic Nematodes	753
23.11 Reef-Building Corals	754
V • Mammalian Gut Systems as Microbial Habitats	757
23.12 Alternative Mammalian Gut Systems	757
23.13 The Rumen and Ruminant Animals	758
Explore the Microbial World	747
The Symbiotic Organ of The Bean Bug	747
Unit 6 Microbe–Human Interactions and the Immune System	765
24 Microbial Symbioses with Humans	765
microbiologynow Frozen in Time: The Iceman Microbiome	765
I • Structure and Function of the Healthy Adult Human Microbiome	766
24.1 Overview of the Human Microbiome	766
24.2 Gastrointestinal Microbiota	768
24.3 Oral Cavity and Airways	772
24.4 Urogenital Tracts and Their Microbes	776
24.5 The Skin and Its Microbes	777
II • From Birth to Death: Development of the Human Microbiome	780
24.6 Human Study Groups and Animal Models	780
24.7 Colonization, Succession, and Stability of the Gut Microbiota	781
III • Disorders Attributed to the Human Microbiome	783
24.8 Disorders Attributed to the Gut Microbiota	783
24.9 Disorders Attributed to the Oral, Skin, and Vaginal Microbiota	786
IV • Modulation of the Human Microbiome	788
24.10 Antibiotics and the Human Microbiome	788
24.11 Probiotics and Prebiotics	789
Explore the Microbial World	773
The Gut–Brain Axis	773
25 Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis	793
microbiologynow The Microbial Community That Thrives on Your Teeth	793
I • Human–Microbial Interactions	794
25.1 Microbial Adherence	794
25.2 Colonization and Invasion	796
25.3 Pathogenicity, Virulence, and Attenuation	798
25.4 Genetics of Virulence and the Compromised Host	799
II • Enzymes and Toxins of Pathogenesis	800
25.5 Enzymes as Virulence Factors	801
25.6 AB-Type Exotoxins	802
25.7 Cytolytic and Superantigen Exotoxins	805
25.8 Endotoxins	807
26 Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses	811
microbiologynow Rehabilitating a Much-Maligned Peptide: Amyloid-ß	811
I • Fundamentals of Host Defense	812
26.1 Basic Properties of the Immune System	812
26.2 Barriers to Pathogen Invasion	813
II • Cells and Organs of the Immune System	815
26.3 The Blood and Lymphatic Systems	815
26.4 Leukocyte Production and Diversity	816
III • Phagocyte Response Mechanisms	818
26.5 Pathogen Challenge and Phagocyte Recruitment	818
26.6 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocyte Signal Transduction	820
26.7 Phagocytosis and Phagocyte Inhibition	823
IV • Other Innate Host Defenses	824
26.8 Inflammation and Fever	825
26.9 The Complement System	826
26.10 Innate Defenses against Viruses	829
Explore the Microbial World	821
Drosophila Toll Receptors—An Ancient Response to Infections	821
27 Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses	834
microbiologynow Got (Raw) Milk? The Role of Unprocessed Cow’s Milk in Protecting against Allergy and Asthma	834
I • Principles of Adaptive Immunity	835
27.1 Specificity, Memory, Selection Processes, and Tolerance	835
27.2 Immunogens and Classes of Immunity	838
II • Antibodies	840
27.3 Antibody Production and Structural Diversity	840
27.4 Antigen Binding and the Genetics of Antibody Diversity	844
III • The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)	847
27.5 MHC Proteins and Their Functions	847
27.6 MHC Polymorphism, Polygeny, and Peptide Binding	850
IV • T Cells and Their Receptors	851
27.7 T Cell Receptors: Proteins, Genes, and Diversity	851
27.8 T Cell Diversity	854
V • Immune Disorders and Deficiencies	857
27.9 Allergy, Hypersensitivity, and Autoimmunity	857
27.10 Superantigens and Immunodeficiency	860
28 Clinical Microbiology and Immunology	866
microbiologynow Bacteriophages: Tiny Allies in the Fight against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria	866
I • The Clinical Microbiology Setting	867
28.1 Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory	867
28.2 Healthcare-Associated Infections	868
II • Isolating and Characterizing Infectious Microorganisms	869
28.3 Workflow in the Clinical Laboratory	869
28.4 Choosing the Right Treatment	875
III • Immunological and Molecular Tools for Disease Diagnosis	876
28.5 Immunoassays and Disease	876
28.6 Precipitation, Agglutination, and Immunofluorescence	878
28.7 Enzyme Immunoassays, Rapid Tests, and Immunoblots	880
28.8 Nucleic Acid–Based Clinical Assays	883
IV • Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases	886
28.9 Vaccination	886
28.10 Antibacterial Drugs	888
28.11 Antimicrobial Drugs That Target Nonbacterial Pathogens	894
28.12 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and New Treatment Strategies	896
Explore the Microbial World	872
MRSA—A Formidable Clinical Challenge	872
Unit 7 Infectious Diseases and Their Transmission	902
29 Epidemiology	902
microbiologynow A Mysterious New Disease Outbreak	902
I • Principles of Epidemiology	903
29.1 The Language of Epidemiology	903
29.2 The Host Community	905
29.3 Infectious Disease Transmission and Reservoirs	906
29.4 Characteristics of Disease Epidemics	908
II • Epidemiology and Public Health	910
29.5 Public Health and Infectious Disease	910
29.6 Global Health Comparisons	913
III • Emerging Infectious Diseases, Pandemics, and Other Threats	914
29.7 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases	914
29.8 Examples of Pandemics: HIV/AIDS, Cholera, and Influenza	916
29.9 Public Health Threats from Microbial Weapons	919
Explore the Microbial World	909
Textbook Epidemiology: The SARS Epidemic	909
30 Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases	923
microbiologynow A New Weapon against AIDS?	923
I • Airborne Bacterial Diseases	924
30.1 Airborne Pathogens	924
30.2 Streptococcal Syndromes	925
30.3 Diphtheria and Pertussis	928
30.4 Tuberculosis and Leprosy	929
30.5 Meningitis and Meningococcemia	931
II • Airborne Viral Diseases	932
30.6 MMR and Varicella-Zoster Infections	932
30.7 The Common Cold	934
30.8 Influenza	935
III • Direct-Contact Bacterial and Viral Diseases	937
30.9 Staphylococcus aureus Infections	937
30.10 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Diseases	939
30.11 Hepatitis	940
30.12 Ebola: A Deadly Threat	942
IV • Sexually Transmitted Infections	943
30.13 Gonorrhea and Syphilis	944
30.14 Chlamydia, Herpes, and Human Papillomavirus	946
30.15 HIV/AIDS	948
31 Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases	955
microbiologynow A New Look at Rabies Vaccines	955
I • Animal-Transmitted Viral Diseases	956
31.1 Rabies Virus and Rabies	956
31.2 Hantavirus and Hantavirus Syndromes	957
II • Arthropod-Transmitted Bacterial and Viral Diseases	958
31.3 Rickettsial Diseases	958
31.4 Lyme Disease and Borrelia	961
31.5 Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Chikungunya, and Zika	962
31.6 West Nile Fever	965
31.7 Plague	966
III • Soilborne Bacterial Diseases	968
31.8 Anthrax	968
31.9 Tetanus and Gas Gangrene	969
32 Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases	973
microbiologynow The Classic Botulism Scenario	973
I • Water as a Disease Vehicle	974
32.1 Agents and Sources of Waterborne Diseases	974
32.2 Public Health and Water Quality	975
II • Waterborne Diseases	976
32.3 Vibrio cholerae and Cholera	976
32.4 Legionellosis	978
32.5 Typhoid Fever and Norovirus Illness	978
III • Food as a Disease Vehicle	979
32.6 Food Spoilage and Food Preservation	980
32.7 Foodborne Disease and Food Epidemiology	981
IV • Food Poisoning	983
32.8 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning	983
32.9 Clostridial Food Poisoning	984
V • Food Infection	985
32.10 Salmonellosis	985
32.11 Pathogenic Escherichia coli	986
32.12 Campylobacter	987
32.13 Listeriosis	988
32.14 Other Foodborne Infectious Diseases	989
33 Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoa, and Helminths	994
microbiologynow Environmental Change and Parasitic Diseases in the Amazon	994
I • Fungal Infections	995
33.1 Pathogenic Fungi and Classes of Infection	995
33.2 Fungal Diseases: Mycoses	997
II • Visceral Parasitic Infections	998
33.3 Amoebae and Ciliates: Entamoeba, Naegleria, and Balantidium	999
33.4 Other Visceral Parasites: Giardia, Trichomonas, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and Cyclospora	1000
III • Blood and Tissue Parasitic Infections	1002
33.5 Plasmodium and Malaria	1002
33.6 Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, and Chagas Disease	1003
33.7 Parasitic Helminths: Schistosomiasis and Filariases	1004
Photo Credits	1009
Glossary Terms	1013
A	1013
B	1013
C	1013
D	1013
E	1014
F	1014
G	1014
H	1014
I	1014
K	1014
L	1014
M	1014
N	1015
O	1015
P	1015
Q	1015
R	1015
S	1016
T	1016
U	1016
V	1016
W	1016
X	1016
Y	1016
Z	1016
Index	1017
A	1017
B	1020
C	1022
D	1026
E	1028
F	1030
G	1032
H	1034
I	1036
J	1037
K	1037
L	1038
M	1039
N	1042
O	1043
P	1044
Q	1048
R	1048
S	1050
T	1054
U	1056
V	1056
W	1058
X	1058
Y	1058
Z	1058
Inside Back Cover	IBC
Back Cover	Back Cover

Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Global Edition

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