BOOK
Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management, Global Edition
Thomas Connolly | Carolyn Begg
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This book is ideal for a one- or two-term course in database management or database design in an undergraduate or graduate level course. With its comprehensive coverage, this book can also be used as a reference for IT professionals.
This best-selling text introduces the theory behind databases in a concise yet comprehensive manner, providing database design methodology that can be used by both technical and non-technical readers. The methodology for relational Database Management Systems is presented in simple, step-by-step instructions in conjunction with a realistic worked example using three explicit phases—conceptual, logical, and physical database design.
Teaching and Learning Experience
This program presents a better teaching and learning experience–for you and your students. It provides:
- Database Design Methodology that can be Used by Both Technical and Non-technical Readers
- A Comprehensive Introduction to the Theory behind Databases
- A Clear Presentation that Supports Learning
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Access for Companion Website | IBC | ||
| Database Systems | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Dedication | 5 | ||
| Brief Contents | 7 | ||
| Contents | 11 | ||
| Preface | 35 | ||
| Part 1: Background | 49 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction to Databases | 51 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 52 | ||
| 1.2 Traditional File-Based Systems | 55 | ||
| 1.2.1 File-Based Approach | 55 | ||
| 1.2.2 Limitations of the File-Based Approach | 60 | ||
| 1.3 Database Approach | 62 | ||
| 1.3.1 The Database | 63 | ||
| 1.3.2 The Database Management System (DBMS) | 64 | ||
| 1.3.3 (Database) Application Programs | 65 | ||
| 1.3.4 Components of the DBMS Environment | 66 | ||
| 1.3.5 Database Design: The Paradigm Shift | 69 | ||
| 1.4 Roles in the Database Environment | 69 | ||
| 1.4.1 Data and Database Administrators | 69 | ||
| 1.4.2 Database Designers | 70 | ||
| 1.4.3 Application Developers | 71 | ||
| 1.4.4 End-Users | 71 | ||
| 1.5 History of Database Management Systems | 71 | ||
| 1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs | 75 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 79 | ||
| Review Questions | 80 | ||
| Exercises | 80 | ||
| Chapter 2: Database Environment | 83 | ||
| 2.1 The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture | 84 | ||
| 2.1.1 External Level | 85 | ||
| 2.1.2 Conceptual Level | 86 | ||
| 2.1.3 Internal Level | 86 | ||
| 2.1.4 Schemas, Mappings, and Instances | 87 | ||
| 2.1.5 Data Independence | 88 | ||
| 2.2 Database Languages | 89 | ||
| 2.2.1 The Data Definition Language (DDL) | 90 | ||
| 2.2.2 The Data Manipulation Language (DML) | 90 | ||
| 2.2.3 Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs) | 92 | ||
| 2.3 Data Models and Conceptual Modeling | 93 | ||
| 2.3.1 Object-Based Data Models | 94 | ||
| 2.3.2 Record-Based Data Models | 94 | ||
| 2.3.3 Physical Data Models | 97 | ||
| 2.3.4 Conceptual Modeling | 97 | ||
| 2.4 Functions of a DBMS | 97 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 102 | ||
| Review Questions | 103 | ||
| Exercises | 104 | ||
| Chapter 3: Database Architectures and the Web | 105 | ||
| 3.1 Multi-user DBMS Architectures | 106 | ||
| 3.1.1 Teleprocessing | 106 | ||
| 3.1.2 File-Server Architecture | 107 | ||
| 3.1.3 Traditional Two-Tier Client–Server Architecture | 108 | ||
| 3.1.4 Three-Tier Client–Server Architecture | 111 | ||
| 3.1.5 N-Tier Architectures | 112 | ||
| 3.1.6 Middleware | 113 | ||
| 3.1.7 Transaction Processing Monitors | 115 | ||
| 3.2 Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures | 117 | ||
| 3.2.1 Web Services | 117 | ||
| 3.2.2 Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) | 119 | ||
| 3.3 Distributed DBMSs | 120 | ||
| 3.4 Data Warehousing | 123 | ||
| 3.5 Cloud Computing | 125 | ||
| 3.5.1 Benefits and Risks of Cloud Computing | 127 | ||
| 3.5.2 Cloud-based database solutions | 130 | ||
| 3.6 Components of a DBMS | 134 | ||
| 3.7 Oracle Architecture | 137 | ||
| 3.7.1 Oracle’s Logical Database Structure | 137 | ||
| 3.7.2 Oracle’s Physical Database Structure | 140 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 144 | ||
| Review Questions | 145 | ||
| Exercises | 145 | ||
| Part 2: The Relational Model and Languages | 147 | ||
| Chapter 4: The Relational Model | 149 | ||
| 4.1 Brief History of the Relational Model | 150 | ||
| 4.2 Terminology | 152 | ||
| 4.2.1 Relational Data Structure | 152 | ||
| 4.2.2 Mathematical Relations | 155 | ||
| 4.2.3 Database Relations | 156 | ||
| 4.2.4 Properties of Relations | 156 | ||
| 4.2.5 Relational Keys | 158 | ||
| 4.2.6 Representing Relational Database Schemas | 159 | ||
| 4.3 Integrity Constraints | 161 | ||
| 4.3.1 Nulls | 161 | ||
| 4.3.2 Entity Integrity | 162 | ||
| 4.3.3 Referential Integrity | 162 | ||
| 4.3.4 General Constraints | 163 | ||
| 4.4 Views | 163 | ||
| 4.4.1 Terminology | 163 | ||
| 4.4.2 Purpose of Views | 164 | ||
| 4.4.3 Updating Views | 165 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 165 | ||
| Review Questions | 166 | ||
| Exercises | 166 | ||
| Chapter 5: Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus | 167 | ||
| 5.1 The Relational Algebra | 168 | ||
| 5.1.1 Unary Operations | 168 | ||
| 5.1.2 Set Operations | 171 | ||
| 5.1.3 Join Operations | 174 | ||
| 5.1.4 Division Operation | 177 | ||
| 5.1.5 Aggregation and Grouping Operations | 178 | ||
| 5.1.6 Summary of the Relational Algebra Operations | 180 | ||
| 5.2 The Relational Calculus | 181 | ||
| 5.2.1 Tuple Relational Calculus | 181 | ||
| 5.2.2 Domain Relational Calculus | 184 | ||
| 5.3 Other Languages | 186 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 187 | ||
| Review Questions | 187 | ||
| Exercises | 188 | ||
| Chapter 6: SQL: Data Manipulation | 191 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction to SQL | 192 | ||
| 6.1.1 Objectives of SQL | 192 | ||
| 6.1.2 History of SQL | 193 | ||
| 6.1.3 Importance of SQL | 195 | ||
| 6.1.4 Terminology | 195 | ||
| 6.2 Writing SQL Commands | 195 | ||
| 6.3 Data Manipulation | 196 | ||
| 6.3.1 Simple Queries | 197 | ||
| 6.3.2 Sorting Results (ORDER BY Clause) | 205 | ||
| 6.3.3 Using the SQL Aggregate Functions | 207 | ||
| 6.3.4 Grouping Results (GROUP BY Clause) | 209 | ||
| 6.3.5 Subqueries | 212 | ||
| 6.3.6 ANY and ALL | 214 | ||
| 6.3.7 Multi-table Queries | 216 | ||
| 6.3.8 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS | 222 | ||
| 6.3.9 Combining Result Tables (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) | 223 | ||
| 6.3.10 Database Updates | 225 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 229 | ||
| Review Questions | 230 | ||
| Exercises | 230 | ||
| Chapter 7: SQL: Data Definitio | 233 | ||
| 7.1 The ISO SQL Data Types | 234 | ||
| 7.1.1 SQL Identifiers | 234 | ||
| 7.1.2 SQL Scalar Data Types | 235 | ||
| 7.2 Integrity Enhancement Feature | 240 | ||
| 7.2.1 Required Data | 240 | ||
| 7.2.2 Domain Constraints | 240 | ||
| 7.2.3 Entity Integrity | 241 | ||
| 7.2.4 Referential Integrity | 242 | ||
| 7.2.5 General Constraints | 243 | ||
| 7.3 Data Definition | 244 | ||
| 7.3.1 Creating a Database | 244 | ||
| 7.3.2 Creating a Table (CREATE TABLE) | 245 | ||
| 7.3.3 Changing a Table Definition (ALTER TABLE) | 248 | ||
| 7.3.4 Removing a Table (DROP TABLE) | 249 | ||
| 7.3.5 Creating an Index (CREATE INDEX) | 250 | ||
| 7.3.6 Removing an Index (DROP INDEX) | 250 | ||
| 7.4 Views | 251 | ||
| 7.4.1 Creating a View (CREATE VIEW) | 251 | ||
| 7.4.2 Removing a View (DROP VIEW) | 253 | ||
| 7.4.3 View Resolution | 254 | ||
| 7.4.4 Restrictions on Views | 255 | ||
| 7.4.5 View Updatability | 255 | ||
| 7.4.6 With Check Option | 256 | ||
| 7.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Views | 258 | ||
| 7.4.8 View Materialization | 260 | ||
| 7.5 Transactions | 261 | ||
| 7.5.1 Immediate and Deferred Integrity Constraints | 262 | ||
| 7.6 Discretionary Access Control | 262 | ||
| 7.6.1 Granting Privileges to Other Users (GRANT) | 264 | ||
| 7.6.2 Revoking Privileges from Users (REVOKE) | 265 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 267 | ||
| Review Questions | 268 | ||
| Exercises | 268 | ||
| Chapter 8: Advanced SQL | 271 | ||
| 8.1 The SQL Programming Language | 272 | ||
| 8.1.1 Declarations | 272 | ||
| 8.1.2 Assignments | 273 | ||
| 8.1.3 Control Statements | 274 | ||
| 8.1.4 Exceptions in PL/SQL | 276 | ||
| 8.1.5 Cursors in PL/SQL | 277 | ||
| 8.2 Subprograms, Stored Procedures, Functions, and Packages | 280 | ||
| 8.3 Triggers | 281 | ||
| 8.4 Recursion | 287 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 288 | ||
| Review Questions | 289 | ||
| Exercises | 289 | ||
| Chapter 9: Object-Relational DBMSs | 291 | ||
| 9.1 Advanced Database Applications | 292 | ||
| 9.2 Weaknesses of RDBMSs | 297 | ||
| 9.3 Storing Objects in a Relational Database | 302 | ||
| 9.3.1 Mapping Classes to Relations | 303 | ||
| 9.3.2 Accessing Objects in the Relational Database | 304 | ||
| 9.4 Introduction to Object-Relational Database Systems | 305 | ||
| 9.5 SQL:2011 | 308 | ||
| 9.5.1 Row Types | 309 | ||
| 9.5.2 User-Defined Types | 310 | ||
| 9.5.3 Subtypes and Supertypes | 313 | ||
| 9.5.4 User-Defined Routines | 314 | ||
| 9.5.5 Polymorphism | 317 | ||
| 9.5.6 Reference Types and Object Identity | 318 | ||
| 9.5.7 Creating Tables | 318 | ||
| 9.5.8 Querying Data | 321 | ||
| 9.5.9 Collection Types | 323 | ||
| 9.5.10 Typed Views | 326 | ||
| 9.5.11 Persistent Stored Modules | 327 | ||
| 9.5.12 Triggers | 327 | ||
| 9.5.13 Large Objects | 330 | ||
| 9.5.14 Recursion | 331 | ||
| 9.6 Object-Oriented Extensions in Oracle | 331 | ||
| 9.6.1 User-Defined Data Types | 332 | ||
| 9.6.2 Manipulating Object Tables | 337 | ||
| 9.6.3 Object Views | 338 | ||
| 9.6.4 Privileges | 339 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 340 | ||
| Review Questions | 340 | ||
| Exercises | 341 | ||
| Part 3: Database Analysis and Design | 343 | ||
| Chapter 10: Database System Development Lifecycle | 345 | ||
| 10.1 The Information Systems Lifecycle | 346 | ||
| 10.2 The Database System Development Lifecycle | 347 | ||
| 10.3 Database Planning | 347 | ||
| 10.4 System Definition | 350 | ||
| 10.4.1 User Views | 350 | ||
| 10.5 Requirements Collection and Analysis | 350 | ||
| 10.5.1 Centralized Approach | 352 | ||
| 10.5.2 View Integration Approach | 352 | ||
| 10.6 Database Design | 354 | ||
| 10.6.1 Approaches to Database Design | 355 | ||
| 10.6.2 Data Modeling | 355 | ||
| 10.6.3 Phases of Database Design | 356 | ||
| 10.7 DBMS Selection | 359 | ||
| 10.7.1 Selecting the DBMS | 359 | ||
| 10.8 Application Design | 363 | ||
| 10.8.1 Transaction Design | 364 | ||
| 10.8.2 User Interface Design Guidelines | 365 | ||
| 10.9 Prototyping | 367 | ||
| 10.10 Implementation | 367 | ||
| 10.11 Data Conversion and Loading | 368 | ||
| 10.12 Testing | 368 | ||
| 10.13 Operational Maintenance | 369 | ||
| 10.14 CASE Tools | 370 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 372 | ||
| Review Questions | 373 | ||
| Exercises | 374 | ||
| Chapter 11: Database Analysis and the DreamHome Case Study | 375 | ||
| 11.1 When Are Fact-Finding Techniques Used? | 376 | ||
| 11.2 What Facts Are Collected? | 377 | ||
| 11.3 Fact-Finding Techniques | 378 | ||
| 11.3.1 Examining Documentation | 378 | ||
| 11.3.2 Interviewing | 378 | ||
| 11.3.3 Observing the Enterprise in Operation | 379 | ||
| 11.3.4 Research | 380 | ||
| 11.3.5 Questionnaires | 380 | ||
| 11.4 Using Fact-Finding Techniques: A Worked -Example | 381 | ||
| 11.4.1 The DreamHome Case Study—An Overview of the Current System | 382 | ||
| 11.4.2 The DreamHome Case Study—Database Planning | 386 | ||
| 11.4.3 The DreamHome Case Study—System Definition | 392 | ||
| 11.4.4 The DreamHome Case Study—Requirements Collection and Analysis | 393 | ||
| 11.4.5 The DreamHome Case Study—Database Design | 401 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 402 | ||
| Review Questions | 402 | ||
| Exercises | 402 | ||
| Chapter 12: Entity–Relationship Modeling | 405 | ||
| 12.1 Entity Types | 406 | ||
| 12.2 Relationship Types | 408 | ||
| 12.2.1 Degree of Relationship Type | 410 | ||
| 12.2.2 Recursive Relationship | 412 | ||
| 12.3 Attributes | 413 | ||
| 12.3.1 Simple and Composite Attributes | 413 | ||
| 12.3.2 Single-valued and Multi-valued Attributes | 414 | ||
| 12.3.3 Derived Attributes | 414 | ||
| 12.3.4 Keys | 415 | ||
| 12.4 Strong and Weak Entity Types | 417 | ||
| 12.5 Attributes on Relationships | 418 | ||
| 12.6 Structural Constraints | 419 | ||
| 12.6.1 One-to-One (1:1) Relationships | 420 | ||
| 12.6.2 One-to-Many (1:*) Relationships | 421 | ||
| 12.6.3 Many-to-Many (*:*) Relationships | 422 | ||
| 12.6.4 Multiplicity for Complex Relationships | 423 | ||
| 12.6.5 Cardinality and Participation Constraints | 424 | ||
| 12.7 Problems with ER Models | 426 | ||
| 12.7.1 Fan Traps | 426 | ||
| 12.7.2 Chasm Traps | 428 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 430 | ||
| Review Questions | 430 | ||
| Exercises | 431 | ||
| Chapter 13: Enhanced Entity–Relationship Modeling | 433 | ||
| 13.1 Specialization/Generalization | 434 | ||
| 13.1.1 Superclasses and Subclasses | 434 | ||
| 13.1.2 Superclass/Subclass Relationships | 435 | ||
| 13.1.3 Attribute Inheritance | 436 | ||
| 13.1.4 Specialization Process | 436 | ||
| 13.1.5 Generalization Process | 437 | ||
| 13.1.6 Constraints on Specialization/Generalization | 440 | ||
| 13.1.7 Worked Example of using Specialization/Generalization to Model the Branch View of the DreamHome Case Study | 441 | ||
| 13.2 Aggregation | 445 | ||
| 13.3 Composition | 446 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 447 | ||
| Review Questions | 448 | ||
| Exercises | 448 | ||
| Chapter 14: Normalization | 451 | ||
| 14.1 The Purpose of Normalization | 452 | ||
| 14.2 How Normalization Supports Database Design | 453 | ||
| 14.3 Data Redundancy and Update Anomalies | 454 | ||
| 14.3.1 Insertion Anomalies | 455 | ||
| 14.3.2 Deletion Anomalies | 455 | ||
| 14.3.3 Modification Anomalies | 456 | ||
| 14.4 Functional Dependencies | 456 | ||
| 14.4.1 Characteristics of Functional Dependencies | 456 | ||
| 14.4.2 Identifying Functional Dependencies | 460 | ||
| 14.4.3 Identifying the Primary Key for a Relation Using Functional Dependencies | 463 | ||
| 14.5 The Process of Normalization | 464 | ||
| 14.6 First Normal Form (1NF) | 466 | ||
| 14.7 Second Normal Form (2NF) | 470 | ||
| 14.8 Third Normal Form (3NF) | 471 | ||
| 14.9 General Definitions of 2NF and 3NF | 473 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 475 | ||
| Review Questions | 475 | ||
| Exercises | 476 | ||
| Chapter 15: Advanced Normalization | 481 | ||
| 15.1 More on Functional Dependencies | 482 | ||
| 15.1.1 Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies | 482 | ||
| 15.1.2 Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies | 484 | ||
| 15.2 Boyce–Codd Normal Form (BCNF) | 485 | ||
| 15.2.1 Definition of BCNF | 485 | ||
| 15.3 Review of Normalization Up to BCNF440 | 488 | ||
| 15.4 Fourth Normal Form (4NF) | 493 | ||
| 15.4.1 Multi-Valued Dependency | 494 | ||
| 15.4.2 Definition of Fourth Normal Form | 495 | ||
| 15.5 Fifth Normal Form (5NF) | 495 | ||
| 15.5.1 Lossless-Join Dependency | 496 | ||
| 15.5.2 Definition of Fifth Normal Form | 496 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 498 | ||
| Review Questions | 498 | ||
| Exercises | 499 | ||
| Part 4: Methodology | 501 | ||
| Chapter 16: Methodology—Conceptual Database Design | 503 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction to the Database Design Methodology | 504 | ||
| 16.1.1 What Is a Design Methodology? | 504 | ||
| 16.1.2 Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Database Design | 505 | ||
| 16.1.3 Critical Success Factors in Database Design | 505 | ||
| 16.2 Overview of the Database Design Methodology | 506 | ||
| 16.3 Conceptual Database Design Methodology | 508 | ||
| Step 1: Build Conceptual Data Model | 508 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 524 | ||
| Review Questions | 524 | ||
| Exercises | 525 | ||
| Chapter 17: Methodology—Logical Database Design for the Relational Model | 527 | ||
| 17.1 Logical Database Design Methodology for the Relational Model | 528 | ||
| Step 2: Build Logical Data Model | 528 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 556 | ||
| Review Questions | 557 | ||
| Exercises | 557 | ||
| Chapter 18: Methodology—Physical Database Design for Relational Databases | 561 | ||
| 18.1 Comparison of Logical and Physical Database Design | 562 | ||
| 18.2 Overview of the Physical Database Design Methodology | 563 | ||
| 18.3 The Physical Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases | 564 | ||
| Step 3: Translate Logical Data Model for Target DBMS | 564 | ||
| Step 4: Design File Organizations and Indexes | 569 | ||
| Step 5: Design User Views | 582 | ||
| Step 6: Design Security Mechanisms | 582 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 583 | ||
| Review Questions | 584 | ||
| Exercises | 584 | ||
| Chapter 19: Methodology—Monitoring and Tuning the Operational System | 585 | ||
| 19.1 Denormalizing and Introducing Controlled Redundancy | 585 | ||
| Step 7: Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy | 585 | ||
| 19.2 Monitoring the System to Improve Performance | 598 | ||
| Step 8: Monitor and Tune the Operational System | 598 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 602 | ||
| Review Questions | 603 | ||
| Exercises | 603 | ||
| Part 5: Selected Database Issues | 605 | ||
| Chapter 20: Security and Administration | 607 | ||
| 20.1 Database Security | 608 | ||
| 20.1.1 Threats | 609 | ||
| 20.2 Countermeasures—Computer-Based Controls | 611 | ||
| 20.2.1 Authorization | 612 | ||
| 20.2.2 Access Controls | 613 | ||
| 20.2.3 Views | 616 | ||
| 20.2.4 Backup and Recovery | 616 | ||
| 20.2.5 Integrity | 617 | ||
| 20.2.6 Encryption | 617 | ||
| 20.2.7 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) | 618 | ||
| 20.3 Security in Microsoft Office Access DBMS | 621 | ||
| 20.4 Security in Oracle DBMS | 623 | ||
| 20.5 DBMSs and Web Security | 627 | ||
| 20.5.1 Proxy Servers | 628 | ||
| 20.5.2 Firewalls | 628 | ||
| 20.5.3 Message Digest Algorithms and Digital Signatures | 629 | ||
| 20.5.4 Digital Certificates | 629 | ||
| 20.5.5 Kerberos | 630 | ||
| 20.5.6 Secure Sockets Layer and Secure HTTP | 630 | ||
| 20.5.7 Secure Electronic Transactions and Secure Transaction Technology | 631 | ||
| 20.5.8 Java Security | 632 | ||
| 20.5.9 ActiveX Security | 634 | ||
| 20.6 Data Administration and Database Administration | 634 | ||
| 20.6.1 Data Administration | 635 | ||
| 20.6.2 Database Administration | 636 | ||
| 20.6.3 Comparison of Data and Database Administration | 636 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 637 | ||
| Review Questions | 638 | ||
| Exercises | 638 | ||
| Chapter 21: Professional, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Data Management | 641 | ||
| 21.1 Defining Legal and Ethical Issues in IT | 642 | ||
| 21.1.1 Defining Ethics in the Context of IT | 642 | ||
| 21.1.2 The Difference Between Ethical and Legal Behavior | 643 | ||
| 21.1.3 Ethical Behavior in IT | 644 | ||
| 21.2 Legislation and Its Impact on the IT Function | 645 | ||
| 21.2.1 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation National Market System (NMS) | 645 | ||
| 21.2.2 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, COBIT, and COSO | 646 | ||
| 21.2.3 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | 649 | ||
| 21.2.4 The European Union (EU) Directive on Data Protection of 1995 | 650 | ||
| 21.2.5 The United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act of 1998 | 651 | ||
| 21.2.6 Access to Information Laws | 652 | ||
| 21.2.7 International Banking—Basel II Accords | 654 | ||
| 21.3 Establishing a Culture of Legal and Ethical Data Stewardship | 655 | ||
| 21.3.1 Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior | 655 | ||
| 21.3.2 Professional Organizations and Codes of Ethics | 656 | ||
| 21.3.3 Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior for DreamHome | 659 | ||
| 21.4 Intellectual Property | 660 | ||
| 21.4.1 Patent | 661 | ||
| 21.4.2 Copyright | 661 | ||
| 21.4.3 Trademark | 662 | ||
| 21.4.4 Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Software | 662 | ||
| 21.4.5 Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Data | 664 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 664 | ||
| Review Questions | 665 | ||
| Exercises | 666 | ||
| Chapter 22: Transaction Management | 667 | ||
| 22.1 Transaction Support | 668 | ||
| 22.1.1 Properties of Transactions | 671 | ||
| 22.1.2 Database Architecture | 671 | ||
| 22.2 Concurrency Control | 672 | ||
| 22.2.1 The Need for Concurrency Control | 672 | ||
| 22.2.2 Serializability and Recoverability | 675 | ||
| 22.2.3 Locking Methods | 683 | ||
| 22.2.4 Deadlock | 689 | ||
| 22.2.5 Timestamping Methods | 692 | ||
| 22.2.6 Multiversion Timestamp Ordering | 695 | ||
| 22.2.7 Optimistic Techniques | 696 | ||
| 22.2.8 Granularity of Data Items | 697 | ||
| 22.3 Database Recovery | 700 | ||
| 22.3.1 The Need for Recovery | 700 | ||
| 22.3.2 Transactions and Recovery | 701 | ||
| 22.3.3 Recovery Facilities | 704 | ||
| 22.3.4 Recovery Techniques | 707 | ||
| 22.3.5 Recovery in a Distributed DBMS | 709 | ||
| 22.4 Advanced Transaction Models | 709 | ||
| 22.4.1 Nested Transaction Model | 711 | ||
| 22.4.2 Sagas | 712 | ||
| 22.4.3 Multilevel Transaction Model | 713 | ||
| 22.4.4 Dynamic Restructuring | 714 | ||
| 22.4.5 Workflow Models | 715 | ||
| 22.5 Concurrency Control and Recovery in Oracle | 716 | ||
| 22.5.1 Oracle’s Isolation Levels | 717 | ||
| 22.5.2 Multiversion Read Consistency | 717 | ||
| 22.5.3 Deadlock Detection | 719 | ||
| 22.5.4 Backup and Recovery | 719 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 722 | ||
| Review Questions | 723 | ||
| Exercises | 724 | ||
| Chapter 23: Query Processing | 727 | ||
| 23.1 Overview of Query Processing | 729 | ||
| 23.2 Query Decomposition | 732 | ||
| 23.3 Heuristical Approach to Query Optimization | 736 | ||
| 23.3.1 Transformation Rules for the Relational Algebra Operations | 736 | ||
| 23.3.2 Heuristical Processing Strategies | 741 | ||
| 23.4 Cost Estimation for the Relational Algebra Operations | 742 | ||
| 23.4.1 Database Statistics | 742 | ||
| 23.4.2 Selection Operation (S = σp(R)) | 743 | ||
| 23.4.3 Join Operation (T = (R ⋈F S)) | 750 | ||
| 23.4.4 Projection Operation (S = пA1, A2, . . . , A m(R)) | 757 | ||
| 23.4.5 The Relational Algebra Set Operations (T = R ∪ S, T = R ∩ S, T = R – S) | 759 | ||
| 23.5 Enumeration of Alternative Execution Strategies | 760 | ||
| 23.5.1 Pipelining | 761 | ||
| 23.5.2 Linear Trees | 761 | ||
| 23.5.3 Physical Operators and Execution Strategies | 762 | ||
| 23.5.4 Reducing the Search Space | 764 | ||
| 23.5.5 Enumerating Left-Deep Trees | 765 | ||
| 23.5.6 Semantic Query Optimization | 766 | ||
| 23.5.7 Alternative Approaches to Query Optimization | 767 | ||
| 23.5.8 Distributed Query Optimization | 768 | ||
| 23.6 Query Processing and Optimization | 768 | ||
| 23.6.1 New Index Types | 771 | ||
| 23.7 Query Optimization in Oracle | 772 | ||
| 23.7.1 Rule-Based and Cost-Based Optimization | 772 | ||
| 23.7.2 Histograms | 776 | ||
| 23.7.3 Viewing the Execution Plan | 778 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 779 | ||
| Review Questions | 780 | ||
| Exercises | 781 | ||
| Part 6: Distributed DBMSs and Replication | 783 | ||
| Chapter 24: Distributed DBMSs—Concepts and Design | 785 | ||
| 24.1 Introduction | 786 | ||
| 24.1.1 Concepts | 787 | ||
| 24.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of DDBMSs | 791 | ||
| 24.1.3 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous DDBMSs | 794 | ||
| 24.2 Overview of Networking | 797 | ||
| 24.3 Functions and Architectures of a DDBMS | 801 | ||
| 24.3.1 Functions of a DDBMS | 801 | ||
| 24.3.2 Reference Architecture for a DDBMS | 801 | ||
| 24.3.3 Reference Architecture for a Federated MDBS | 803 | ||
| 24.3.4 Component Architecture for a DDBMS | 804 | ||
| 24.4 Distributed Relational Database Design | 805 | ||
| 24.4.1 Data Allocation | 806 | ||
| 24.4.2 Fragmentation | 807 | ||
| 24.5 Transparencies in a DDBMS | 816 | ||
| 24.5.1 Distribution Transparency | 816 | ||
| 24.5.2 Transaction Transparency | 819 | ||
| 24.5.3 Performance Transparency | 822 | ||
| 24.5.4 DBMS Transparency | 824 | ||
| 24.5.5 Summary of Transparencies in a DDBMS | 824 | ||
| 24.6 Date’s Twelve Rules for a DDBMS | 825 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 827 | ||
| Review Questions | 828 | ||
| Exercises | 828 | ||
| Chapter 25: Distributed DBMSs—Advanced Concepts | 831 | ||
| 25.1 Distributed Transaction Management | 832 | ||
| 25.2 Distributed Concurrency Control | 833 | ||
| 25.2.1 Objectives | 833 | ||
| 25.2.2 Distributed Serializability | 834 | ||
| 25.2.3 Locking Protocols | 834 | ||
| 25.3 Distributed Deadlock Management | 837 | ||
| 25.4 Distributed Database Recovery | 840 | ||
| 25.4.1 Failures in a Distributed Environment | 841 | ||
| 25.4.2 How Failures Affect Recovery | 842 | ||
| 25.4.3 Two-Phase Commit (2PC) | 842 | ||
| 25.4.4 Three-Phase Commit (3PC) | 849 | ||
| 25.4.5 Network Partitioning | 852 | ||
| 25.5 The X/Open Distributed Transaction Processing Model | 854 | ||
| 25.6 Distributed Query Optimization | 856 | ||
| 25.6.1 Data Localization | 858 | ||
| 25.6.2 Distributed Joins | 861 | ||
| 25.6.3 Global Optimization | 862 | ||
| 25.7 Distribution in Oracle | 866 | ||
| 25.7.1 Oracle’s DDBMS Functionality | 866 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 872 | ||
| Review Questions | 872 | ||
| Exercises | 873 | ||
| Chapter 26: Replication and Mobile Databases | 875 | ||
| 26.1 Introduction to Data Replication | 876 | ||
| 26.1.1 Applications of Replication | 877 | ||
| 26.1.2 Replication Model | 878 | ||
| 26.1.3 Functional Model of Replication Protocols | 879 | ||
| 26.1.4 Consistency | 880 | ||
| 26.2 Replication Architecture | 880 | ||
| 26.2.1 Kernel-Based Replication | 880 | ||
| 26.2.2 Middleware-Based Replication | 881 | ||
| 26.2.3 Processing of Updates | 882 | ||
| 26.2.4 Propagation of Updates | 884 | ||
| 26.2.5 Update Location (Data Ownership) | 884 | ||
| 26.2.6 Termination Protocols | 888 | ||
| 26.3 Replication Schemes | 889 | ||
| 26.3.1 Eager Primary Copy | 889 | ||
| 26.3.2 Lazy Primary Copy | 894 | ||
| 26.3.3 Eager Update Anywhere | 898 | ||
| 26.3.4 Lazy Update Anywhere | 899 | ||
| 26.3.5 Update Anywhere with Uniform Total Order Broadcast | 903 | ||
| 26.3.6 SI and Uniform Total Order Broadcast Replication | 907 | ||
| 26.4 Introduction to Mobile Databases | 913 | ||
| 26.4.1 Mobile DBMSs | 915 | ||
| 26.4.2 Issues with Mobile DBMSs | 916 | ||
| 26.5 Oracle Replication | 929 | ||
| 26.5.1 Oracle’s Replication Functionality | 929 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 936 | ||
| Review Questions | 937 | ||
| Exercises | 937 | ||
| Part 7: Object DBMSs | 939 | ||
| Chapter 27: Object-Oriented DBMSs—Concepts and Design | 941 | ||
| 27.1 Next-Generation Database Systems | 943 | ||
| 27.2 Introduction to OODBMSs | 945 | ||
| 27.2.1 Definition of Object-Oriented DBMSs | 945 | ||
| 27.2.2 Functional Data Models | 946 | ||
| 27.2.3 Persistent Programming Languages | 951 | ||
| 27.2.4 Alternative Strategies for Developing an OODBMS | 953 | ||
| 27.3 Persistence in OODBMSs | 954 | ||
| 27.3.1 Pointer Swizzling Techniques | 956 | ||
| 27.3.2 Accessing an Object | 959 | ||
| 27.3.3 Persistence Schemes | 961 | ||
| 27.3.4 Orthogonal Persistence | 962 | ||
| 27.4 Issues in OODBMSs | 964 | ||
| 27.4.1 Transactions | 964 | ||
| 27.4.2 Versions | 965 | ||
| 27.4.3 Schema Evolution | 966 | ||
| 27.4.4 Architecture | 969 | ||
| 27.4.5 Benchmarking | 971 | ||
| 27.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of OODBMSs | 974 | ||
| 27.5.1 Advantages | 974 | ||
| 27.5.2 Disadvantages | 976 | ||
| 27.6 Comparison of ORDBMS and OODBMS | 978 | ||
| 27.7 Object-Oriented Database Design | 979 | ||
| 27.7.1 Comparison of Object-Oriented Data Modeling and Conceptual Data Modeling | 979 | ||
| 27.7.2 Relationships and Referential Integrity | 980 | ||
| 27.7.3 Behavioral Design | 982 | ||
| 27.8 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with UML | 984 | ||
| 27.8.1 UML Diagrams | 985 | ||
| 27.8.2 Usage of UML in the Methodology for Database Design | 990 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 992 | ||
| Review Questions | 993 | ||
| Exercises | 993 | ||
| Chapter 28: Object-Oriented DBMSs—Standards and Systems | 995 | ||
| 28.1 Object Management Group | 996 | ||
| 28.1.1 Background | 996 | ||
| 28.1.2 The Common Object Request Broker Architecture | 999 | ||
| 28.1.3 Other OMG Specifications | 1004 | ||
| 28.1.4 Model-Driven Architecture | 1007 | ||
| 28.2 Object Data Standard ODMG 3.0, 1999 | 1007 | ||
| 28.2.1 Object Data Management Group | 1009 | ||
| 28.2.2 The Object Model | 1010 | ||
| 28.2.3 The Object Definition Language | 1018 | ||
| 28.2.4 The Object Query Language | 1021 | ||
| 28.2.5 Other Parts of the ODMG Standard | 1027 | ||
| 28.2.6 Mapping the Conceptual Design to a Logical (Object-Oriented) Design | 1030 | ||
| 28.3 ObjectStore | 1031 | ||
| 28.3.1 Architecture | 1031 | ||
| 28.3.2 Building an ObjectStore Application | 1034 | ||
| 28.3.3 Data Definition in ObjectStore | 1035 | ||
| 28.3.4 Data Manipulation in ObjectStore | 1039 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 1042 | ||
| Review Questions | 1043 | ||
| Exercises | 1043 | ||
| Part 8: The Web and DBMSs | 1045 | ||
| Chapter 29: Web Technology and DBMSs | 1047 | ||
| 29.1 Introduction to the Internet and the Web | 1048 | ||
| 29.1.1 Intranets and Extranets | 1050 | ||
| 29.1.2 e-Commerce and e-Business | 1051 | ||
| 29.2 The Web | 1052 | ||
| 29.2.1 HyperText Transfer Protocol | 1053 | ||
| 29.2.2 HyperText Markup Language | 1055 | ||
| 29.2.3 Uniform Resource Locators | 1057 | ||
| 29.2.4 Static and Dynamic Web Pages | 1058 | ||
| 29.2.5 Web Services | 1058 | ||
| 29.2.6 Requirements for Web–DBMS Integration | 1059 | ||
| 29.2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Web–DBMS Approach | 1060 | ||
| 29.2.8 Approaches to Integrating the Web and DBMSs | 1064 | ||
| 29.3 Scripting Languages | 1065 | ||
| 29.3.1 JavaScript and JScript | 1065 | ||
| 29.3.2 VBScript | 1066 | ||
| 29.3.3 Perl and PHP | 1067 | ||
| 29.4 Common Gateway Interface (CGI) | 1067 | ||
| 29.4.1 Passing Information to a CGI Script | 1069 | ||
| 29.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of CGI | 1071 | ||
| 29.5 HTTP Cookies | 1072 | ||
| 29.6 Extending the Web Server | 1073 | ||
| 29.6.1 Comparison of CGI and API | 1074 | ||
| 29.7 Java | 1074 | ||
| 29.7.1 JDBC | 1078 | ||
| 29.7.2 SQLJ | 1084 | ||
| 29.7.3 Comparison of JDBC and SQLJ | 1084 | ||
| 29.7.4 Container-Managed Persistence (CMP) | 1085 | ||
| 29.7.5 Java Data Objects (JDO) | 1089 | ||
| 29.7.6 JPA (Java Persistence API) | 1096 | ||
| 29.7.7 Java Servlets | 1104 | ||
| 29.7.8 JavaServer Pages | 1104 | ||
| 29.7.9 Java Web Services | 1105 | ||
| 29.8 Microsoft’s Web Platform | 1107 | ||
| 29.8.1 Universal Data Access | 1108 | ||
| 29.8.2 Active Server Pages and ActiveX Data Objects | 1109 | ||
| 29.8.3 Remote Data Services | 1110 | ||
| 29.8.4 Comparison of ASP and JSP | 1113 | ||
| 29.8.5 Microsoft .NET | 1113 | ||
| 29.8.6 Microsoft Web Services | 1118 | ||
| 29.9 Oracle Internet Platform | 1119 | ||
| 29.9.1 Oracle WebLogic Server | 1120 | ||
| 29.9.2 Oracle Metadata Repository | 1121 | ||
| 29.9.3 Oracle Identity Management | 1121 | ||
| 29.9.4 Oracle Portal | 1122 | ||
| 29.9.5 Oracle WebCenter | 1122 | ||
| 29.9.6 Oracle Business Intelligence (BI) Discoverer | 1122 | ||
| 29.9.7 Oracle SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) Suite | 1123 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 1126 | ||
| Review Questions | 1127 | ||
| Exercises | 1127 | ||
| Chapter 30: Semistructured Data and XML | 1129 | ||
| 30.1 Semistructured Data | 1130 | ||
| 30.1.1 Object Exchange Model (OEM) | 1132 | ||
| 30.1.2 Lore and Lorel | 1133 | ||
| 30.2 Introduction to XML | 1137 | ||
| 30.2.1 Overview of XML | 1140 | ||
| 30.2.2 Document Type Definitions (DTDs) | 1142 | ||
| 30.3 XML-Related Technologies | 1145 | ||
| 30.3.1 DOM and SAX Interfaces | 1146 | ||
| 30.3.2 Namespaces | 1147 | ||
| 30.3.3 XSL and XSLT | 1147 | ||
| 30.3.4 XPath (XML Path Language) | 1148 | ||
| 30.3.5 XPointer (XML Pointer Language) | 1149 | ||
| 30.3.6 XLink (XML Linking Language) | 1150 | ||
| 30.3.7 XHTML | 1150 | ||
| 30.3.8 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) | 1151 | ||
| 30.3.9 Web Services Description Language (WSDL) | 1152 | ||
| 30.3.10 Universal Discovery, Description, and Integration (UDDI) | 1152 | ||
| 30.3.11 JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) | 1154 | ||
| 30.4 XML Schema | 1156 | ||
| 30.4.1 Resource Description Framework (RDF) | 1162 | ||
| 30.5 XML Query Languages | 1166 | ||
| 30.5.1 Extending Lore and Lorel to Handle XML | 1167 | ||
| 30.5.2 XML Query Working Group | 1168 | ||
| 30.5.3 XQuery—A Query Language for XML | 1169 | ||
| 30.5.4 XML Information Set | 1179 | ||
| 30.5.5 XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model (XDM) | 1180 | ||
| 30.5.6 XQuery Update Facility 1.0 | 1186 | ||
| 30.5.7 Formal Semantics | 1188 | ||
| 30.6 XML and Databases | 1196 | ||
| 30.6.1 Storing XML in Databases | 1196 | ||
| 30.6.2 XML and SQL | 1199 | ||
| 30.6.3 Native XML Databases | 1213 | ||
| 30.7 XML in Oracle | 1214 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 1217 | ||
| Review Questions | 1219 | ||
| Exercises | 1220 | ||
| Part 9: Business Intelligence | 1221 | ||
| Chapter 31: Data Warehousing Concepts | 1223 | ||
| 31.1 Introduction to Data Warehousing | 1224 | ||
| 31.1.1 The Evolution of Data Warehousing | 1224 | ||
| 31.1.2 Data Warehousing Concepts | 1225 | ||
| 31.1.3 Benefits of Data Warehousing | 1226 | ||
| 31.1.4 Comparison of OLTP Systems and Data Warehousing | 1226 | ||
| 31.1.5 Problems of Data Warehousing | 1228 | ||
| 31.1.6 Real-Time Data Warehouse | 1230 | ||
| 31.2 Data Warehouse Architecture | 1231 | ||
| 31.2.1 Operational Data | 1231 | ||
| 31.2.2 Operational Data Store | 1231 | ||
| 31.2.3 ETL Manager | 1232 | ||
| 31.2.4 Warehouse Manager | 1232 | ||
| 31.2.5 Query Manager | 1233 | ||
| 31.2.6 Detailed Data | 1233 | ||
| 31.2.7 Lightly and Highly Summarized Data | 1233 | ||
| 31.2.8 Archive/Backup Data | 1233 | ||
| 31.2.9 Metadata | 1234 | ||
| 31.2.10 End-User Access Tools | 1234 | ||
| 31.3 Data Warehousing Tools and Technologies | 1235 | ||
| 31.3.1 Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL) | 1236 | ||
| 31.3.2 Data Warehouse DBMS | 1237 | ||
| 31.3.3 Data Warehouse Metadata | 1240 | ||
| 31.3.4 Administration and Management Tools | 1242 | ||
| 31.4 Data Mart | 1242 | ||
| 31.4.1 Reasons for Creating a Data Mart | 1243 | ||
| 31.5 Data Warehousing and Temporal Databases | 1243 | ||
| 31.5.1 Temporal Extensions to the SQL Standard | 1246 | ||
| 31.6 Data Warehousing Using Oracle | 1248 | ||
| 31.6.1 Warehouse Features in Oracle 11g | 1251 | ||
| 31.6.2 Oracle Support for Temporal Data | 1252 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 1253 | ||
| Review Questions | 1254 | ||
| Exercises | 1255 | ||
| Chapter 32: Data Warehousing Design | 1257 | ||
| 32.1 Designing a Data Warehouse Database | 1258 | ||
| 32.2 Data Warehouse Development Methodologies | 1258 | ||
| 32.3 Kimball’s Business Dimensional Lifecycle | 1260 | ||
| 32.4 Dimensionality Modeling | 1261 | ||
| 32.4.1 Comparison of DM and ER models | 1264 | ||
| 32.5 The Dimensional Modeling Stage of Kimball’s Business Dimensional Lifecycle | 1265 | ||
| 32.5.1 Create a High-Level Dimensional Model (Phase I) | 1265 | ||
| 32.5.2 Identify All Dimension Attributes for the Dimensional Model (Phase II) | 1270 | ||
| 32.6 Data Warehouse Development Issues | 1273 | ||
| 32.7 Data Warehousing Design Using Oracle | 1274 | ||
| 32.7.1 Oracle Warehouse Builder Components | 1274 | ||
| 32.7.2 Using Oracle Warehouse Builder | 1275 | ||
| 32.7.3 Warehouse Builder Features in Oracle 11g | 1279 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 1280 | ||
| Review Questions | 1281 | ||
| Exercises | 1282 | ||
| Chapter 33: OLAP | 1285 | ||
| 33.1 Online Analytical Processing | 1286 | ||
| 33.1.1 OLAP Benchmarks | 1287 | ||
| 33.2 OLAP Applications | 1287 | ||
| 33.3 Multidimensional Data Model | 1289 | ||
| 33.3.1 Alternative Multidimensional Data Representations | 1289 | ||
| 33.3.2 Dimensional Hierarchy | 1291 | ||
| 33.3.3 Multidimensional Operations | 1293 | ||
| 33.3.4 Multidimensional Schemas | 1293 | ||
| 33.4 OLAP Tools | 1293 | ||
| 33.4.1 Codd’s Rules for OLAP Tools | 1294 | ||
| 33.4.2 OLAP Server—Implementation Issues | 1295 | ||
| 33.4.3 Categories of OLAP Servers | 1296 | ||
| 33.5 OLAP Extensions to the SQL Standard | 1300 | ||
| 33.5.1 Extended Grouping Capabilities | 1300 | ||
| 33.5.2 Elementary OLAP Operators | 1305 | ||
| 33.6 Oracle OLAP | 1307 | ||
| 33.6.1 Oracle OLAP Environment | 1307 | ||
| 33.6.2 Platform for Business Intelligence Applications | 1308 | ||
| 33.6.3 Oracle Database | 1308 | ||
| 33.6.4 Oracle OLAP | 1310 | ||
| 33.6.5 Performance | 1311 | ||
| 33.6.6 System Management | 1312 | ||
| 33.6.7 System Requirements | 1312 | ||
| 33.6.8 OLAP Features in Oracle 11g | 1312 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 1313 | ||
| Review Questions | 1313 | ||
| Exercises | 1313 | ||
| Chapter 34: Data Mining | 1315 | ||
| 34.1 Data Mining | 1316 | ||
| 34.2 Data Mining Techniques | 1316 | ||
| 34.2.1 Predictive Modeling | 1318 | ||
| 34.2.2 Database Segmentation | 1319 | ||
| 34.2.3 Link Analysis | 1320 | ||
| 34.2.4 Deviation Detection | 1321 | ||
| 34.3 The Data Mining Process | 1322 | ||
| 34.3.1 The CRISP-DM Model | 1322 | ||
| 34.4 Data Mining Tools | 1323 | ||
| 34.5 Data Mining and Data Warehousing | 1324 | ||
| 34.6 Oracle Data Mining (ODM) | 1325 | ||
| 34.6.1 Data Mining Capabilities | 1325 | ||
| 34.6.2 Enabling Data Mining Applications | 1325 | ||
| 34.6.3 Predictions and Insights | 1326 | ||
| 34.6.4 Oracle Data Mining Environment | 1326 | ||
| 34.6.5 Data Mining Features in Oracle 11g | 1327 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 1327 | ||
| Review Questions | 1328 | ||
| Exercises | 1328 | ||
| Appendices | 1329 | ||
| A Users’ Requirements Specification for DreamHome Case Study | A-1 | ||
| A.1 Branch User Views of DreamHome | A-1 | ||
| A.1.1 Data Requirements | A-1 | ||
| A.1.2 Transaction Requirements (Sample) | A-3 | ||
| A.2 Staff User Views of DreamHome | A-4 | ||
| A.2.1 Data Requirements | A-4 | ||
| A.2.2 Transaction Requirements (Sample) | A-5 | ||
| B Other Case Studies | B-1 | ||
| B.1 The University Accommodation Office Case Study | B-1 | ||
| B.1.1 Data Requirements | B-1 | ||
| B.1.2 Query Transactions (Sample) | B-3 | ||
| B.2 The EasyDrive School of Motoring Case Study | B-4 | ||
| B.2.1 Data Requirements | B-4 | ||
| B.2.2 Query Transactions (Sample) | B-5 | ||
| B.3 The Wellmeadows Hospital Case Study | B-5 | ||
| B.3.1 Data Requirements | B-5 | ||
| B.3.2 Transaction Requirements (Sample) | B-12 | ||
| C Alternative ER Modeling Notations | C-1 | ||
| C.1 ER Modeling Using the Chen Notation | C-1 | ||
| C.2 ER Modeling Using the Crow’s Feet Notation | C-1 | ||
| D Summary of the Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases | D-1 | ||
| Step 1: Build Conceptual Data Model | D-1 | ||
| Step 2: Build Logical Data Model | D-2 | ||
| Step 3: Translate Logical Data Model for Target DBMS | D-5 | ||
| Step 4: Design File Organizations and Indexes | D-5 | ||
| Step 5: Design User Views | D-5 | ||
| Step 6: Design Security Mechanisms | D-5 | ||
| Step 7: Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy | D-6 | ||
| Step 8: Monitor and Tune the Operational System | D-6 | ||
| E Introduction to Pyrrho: A Lightweight RDBMS | E-1 | ||
| E.1 Pyrrho Features | E-2 | ||
| E.2 Download and Install Pyrrho | E-2 | ||
| E.3 Getting Started | E-3 | ||
| E.4 The Connection String | E-3 | ||
| E.5 Pyrrho’s Security Model | E-4 | ||
| E.6 Pyrrho SQL Syntax | E-4 | ||
| References | R-1 | ||
| Further Reading | FR-1 | ||
| Index | IN-1 |