Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Understanding Immunology is a well-established introduction to this complex subject for readers with no previous exposure. It is aimed primarily at undergraduates in biological sciences, biomedical sciences and medicine. The selection and order of topic coverage is designed to instruct effectively, and a variety of boxed examples add depth and historical context for those readers wanting to go beyond the essentials.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Understanding Immunology | i | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xv | ||
| The threat to the body: the role and requirements of\rthe immune system | 1 | ||
| The role and complexity of the immune system | 1 | ||
| Pathogens differ in size, lifestyle and how they cause disease | 6 | ||
| How do pathogens cause disease and what protection is there? | 8 | ||
| Conclusion | 18 | ||
| Summary | 19 | ||
| Questions | 20 | ||
| Further reading | 20 | ||
| The immediate response to infection: innate\rimmunity and the inflammatory response | 22 | ||
| The response to infection | 22 | ||
| The immediate response to infection – the innate immune system | 23 | ||
| Cytokines – hormones of the immune system | 30 | ||
| The inflammatory response and cell migration | 32 | ||
| Cell migration – through blood and into tissue | 32 | ||
| The inflammatory response | 37 | ||
| Systemic inflammation – involvement of the brain and liver | 41 | ||
| Opsonins can promote phagocytosis | 42 | ||
| Interferons and natural killer cells | 42 | ||
| The innate immune response limits the early replication of pathogens | 46 | ||
| Summary | 46 | ||
| Questions | 47 | ||
| Further reading | 48 | ||
| Specific immune recognition: B lymphocytes and the\rantibody molecule | 49 | ||
| Introduction to the specific immune system | 49 | ||
| Antibody structure | 51 | ||
| Recognition by antibody – antigens and epitopes | 53 | ||
| There are different antibody classes with different biological functions | 60 | ||
| Antibody can be secreted or expressed on the cell surface of B lymphocytes | 63 | ||
| Summary | 66 | ||
| Questions | 67 | ||
| Further reading | 67 | ||
| T lymphocytes and MHC-associated recognition of\rantigen | 68 | ||
| There are different types of T lymphocytes | 68 | ||
| T cells recognise antigen through their T cell receptor (TCR) | 70 | ||
| The major histocompatibility complex | 71 | ||
| Recognition of antigen by T cells | 81 | ||
| Antigens must be processed before they can be presented by MHC molecules | 84 | ||
| Summary | 90 | ||
| Questions | 90 | ||
| Further reading | 91 | ||
| Lymphocyte development and the generation of antigen receptors | 92 | ||
| The production of lymphocytes: lymphopoiesis | 92 | ||
| B lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow | 95 | ||
| T lymphocytes finish their production in the thymus | 96 | ||
| During their development lymphocytes must generate huge numbers of Ig and TCR receptors with different antigen specificities | 100 | ||
| Developing lymphocytes rearrange their Ig or TCR genes in a carefully controlled order | 111 | ||
| Why is there continuous production of lymphocytes, most of which die? | 116 | ||
| Summary | 118 | ||
| Questions | 119 | ||
| Further reading | 119 | ||
| Anatomy of the immune system | 120 | ||
| Requirements of the immune system | 120 | ||
| Different pathogens require different types of immune responses | 121 | ||
| The anatomy of the lymphoid system promotes the interaction of cells and antigen | 124 | ||
| Lymphocytes continually recirculate through blood, tissues and lymphatic vessels | 131 | ||
| Summary | 133 | ||
| Questions | 133 | ||
| Further reading | 135 | ||
| Anatomical and cellular aspects of antibody production | 136 | ||
| Overview of antibody production | 136 | ||
| Activation of CD4 T cells (0–5 days) | 140 | ||
| Stimulation of B cells by antigen and interaction with Th (0–5 days after antigen) | 147 | ||
| Formation of germinal centres (4–14 days after antigen) | 149 | ||
| MALT and the production of IgA | 162 | ||
| Summary | 163 | ||
| Questions | 164 | ||
| Further reading | 165 | ||
| Effector mechanisms: dealing with pathogens in\rvivo (1) Antibody-mediated responses | 167 | ||
| Humoral and cell-mediated immunity | 167 | ||
| Antibodies provide protection in many different ways | 168 | ||
| Neutralisation by antibody | 168 | ||
| Antibodes can cause agglutination of microbes | 171 | ||
| Antibodies can act as opsonins and promote phagocytosis | 171 | ||
| Complement is a protein cascade with antimicrobial functions | 176 | ||
| Antibody and complement synergise to promote the opsonisation of microbes | 186 | ||
| Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) | 187 | ||
| Summary | 187 | ||
| Questions | 189 | ||
| Further reading | 190 | ||
| Effector mechanisms: dealing with pathogens in vivo\r(2) Cell-mediated immunity | 191 | ||
| Introduction | 191 | ||
| CD4 T cells develop into different types of helper T cells during immune responses | 193 | ||
| CD8 cytotoxic T cells are important in intracellular infections | 195 | ||
| Delayed-type hypersensitivity and the activation of macrophages | 200 | ||
| Th2 responses are important against worms | 204 | ||
| Th17 responses involve high levels of inflammation | 206 | ||
| Different effector responses have different costs to the host | 207 | ||
| Summary | 210 | ||
| Questions | 211 | ||
| Further reading | 212 | ||
| Immunological memory and vaccination, the production and use of antibodies | 213 | ||
| Immunological memory – the basis of immunity | 213 | ||
| Vaccines induce immunity without causing disease | 218 | ||
| Antibodies can be produced and used in many ways in treatments and in tests | 228 | ||
| Summary | 234 | ||
| Questions | 235 | ||
| Further reading | 235 | ||
| Immunological tolerance and regulation – why doesn’t the immune system attack ourselves? | 237 | ||
| Immunological tolerance – what is it and why do we need it? | 237 | ||
| Self-tolerance in B cells | 239 | ||
| Self-tolerance in T lymphocytes – selecting for recognition of self-MHC but not self-antigen | 242 | ||
| How do we maintain tolerance to self-antigens not expressed in the thymus? | 246 | ||
| Summary | 249 | ||
| Questions | 249 | ||
| Further reading | 250 | ||
| Autoimmune diseases | 251 | ||
| Autoimmune diseases occur when our immune systems attack our own bodies | 251 | ||
| There are many different autoimmune diseases | 252 | ||
| Immunological features of autoimmune diseases | 256 | ||
| Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of autoimmune disease | 262 | ||
| How is immunological tolerance lost in autoimmune disease? | 267 | ||
| Summary | 272 | ||
| Questions | 273 | ||
| Further reading | 273 | ||
| Allergy and other hypersensitivities | 274 | ||
| Introduction | 274 | ||
| Type I hypersensitivity and allergy | 275 | ||
| Allergies result in a variety of clinical symptoms | 278 | ||
| Testing for allergy | 281 | ||
| Both genetics and the environment contribute to allergy | 282 | ||
| Why have IgE in the first place? | 284 | ||
| Treatment of allergy | 284 | ||
| Type II hypersensitivity | 287 | ||
| Type III hypersensitivity | 289 | ||
| Differences between type II and type III hypersensitivity | 293 | ||
| Delayed hypersensitivity and contact hypersensitivity | 293 | ||
| Summary | 294 | ||
| Questions | 295 | ||
| Further reading | 296 | ||
| AIDS | 297 | ||
| History and incidence of AIDS | 297 | ||
| The human immunodeficiency virus | 298 | ||
| Clinical course of HIV infection | 301 | ||
| Immunological events associated with HIV infection | 303 | ||
| Chemotherapy can prolong the life of HIV-infected people | 307 | ||
| HIV has proven very difficult for vaccine development | 309 | ||
| Summary | 310 | ||
| Questions | 311 | ||
| Further reading | 312 | ||
| Manipulating the immune system: transplantation\rand tumours | 313 | ||
| Introduction | 313 | ||
| Transplantation: from kidneys to faces | 314 | ||
| Using the immune system against tumours | 321 | ||
| Summary | 330 | ||
| Questions | 331 | ||
| Further reading | 331 | ||
| Answers | 332 | ||
| Glossary | 343 | ||
| Index | 352 |