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Biological Psychology

Biological Psychology

Fred Toates

(2011)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Assuming no prior knowledge of biology and building upon previous editions, Biological Psychology third edition uses everyday experiences to explain complex concepts in an interesting and highly accessible way.  This is complemented by a range of inventive pedagogical features and extensive full-colour illustrations to stimulate interest and help students to develop and test their understanding.

Online resources accompanying the text can be found at www.pearsoned.co.uk/toates

These include video clips, interactions, animations, self-test questions and research updates to help students consolidate their understanding and prepare for assessment.

"Professor of Biological Psychology Frederick Toates from The Open University has done the field an enormous service in the Third Edition of Biological Psychology. Students worldwide will enjoy this text as it sets a new benchmark for a life science approach to brain and behaviour. The inclusion of evolutionary (both ultimate function and phylogeny), neurobiological and developmental perspectives on brain and behaviour make this textbook a first choice for the next generation of undergraduates studying biology and psychology."  Dr William M Brown, BA (Hons) MSc PhD, Lecturer, School of Psychology, University of East London

"Toates’ third edition is both readable and palatable.  It arouses interest by focusing on the thought-provoking questions that arise within a study of biological psychology. The author's conversational style is helpful as he talks the reader through the more straightforward and also the more conceptually demanding sections.  Although accessible, the text provides a thorough account of key areas.  It answers questions and stimulates interest.  This up-to-date third edition retains the excellent pedagogical features of the previous edition.  This is an enormously useful textbook.   The author understands the problems, questions and fascinations of biological psychology students.  Toates is an excellent teacher and a real authority in this area.  This textbook captures his knowledge and understanding, and his infectious love of the subject."    Dr Graham Mitchell, The University of Northampton

"If the processes of the mind and brain have baffled you, this book is the key to unlocking its mysteries. Toates introduces the main topics of neuroscience in a beautifully simple yet highly informative manner.  Each topic is covered in a massively integrative way. This renders the text suitable for both students and lay readers, for both medics and psychologists, for both undergraduates and postgraduates. Chapters are hugely informative and achieve the perfect combination of presenting scientific findings and research with the author's personal experience and good humour. This text is engaging at all times, and I strongly recommend it in the study of biological psychology. No stone is left unturned in the quest for understanding the brain."  Dr Anna Scarnà, Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University

"Toates’ Biological Psychology offers its readers a lucid and well-balanced exploration of this conceptually challenging field. Over the last decade I have found the various editions of this textbook invaluable as a teaching aid for my students. It is no mean feat to have improved on the second edition but Toates seems somehow to have managed it. I especially enjoyed the additional material on evolutionary psychology and, in particular, how this might help to explain both when things work out (e.g. the complexities of the human visual system) and when things go wrong (e.g. why depression might be kept in the population)."  Dr Lance Workman, Head of Research, Bath Spa University

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Biological\rPsychology i
Brief contents v
Contents vii
Preface xiii
Guided tour of the textbook and website xvi
Reviewers xx
Acknowledgements xxi
Introduction 1
Why should a psychologist be interested in biology? 2
The physiology of the body 5
Some sources of understanding 7
The way of thinking of biological psychologists 11
Genes, development and learning 14
The comparative approach: psychology and ethology 15
Linking brains and minds 16
Bringing things together 18
Summary of Chapter 1 19
Further reading 19
Answers 19
Genes, environment and evolution 20
Introduction 21
Principles of evolution 22
Processes controlling behaviour 24
Genes, replication and reproduction 28
The process of inheritance 31
Genes, brains and behaviour 33
Genes, learning and the environment 36
Evolutionary psychology 39
Depression: a case study 41
Bringing things together 47
Summary of Chapter 2 47
Further reading 48
Answers 48
The nervous and endocrine systems 49
Introduction 50
What nervous systems do 51
Neurochemical actions at synapses 58
Neurons: development and learning 61
Terminology and organization of the nervous system 63
Hormones – the endocrine system 68
The autonomic nervous system 73
Bringing things together 80
Summary of Chapter 3 81
Further reading 81
Answers 81
How the cells of the nervous system work 82
Introduction 83
The neuron as a typical cell 83
The neuron: an excitable cell 87
Glial cells 91
The synapse and neurotransmitters 94
Alterations in synaptic strength 100
Bringing things together 103
Summary of Chapter 4 104
Further reading 104
Answers 104
The brain: basics of structure and role 105
Introduction 106
Describing the brain and finding your way around it 106
Relating structure to role: sensory and motor systems 114
Emotion, regulation and motivation 122
Integration, reasoning, planning and anticipation 129
Comparative and evolutionary perspectives 130
Techniques for studying the brain 137
Bringing things together 148
Summary of Chapter 5 149
Further reading 149
Answers 149
Development and plasticity 150
Introduction 151
Conceptual issues in development 152
The basic biology of nervous system development 156
Development of neurons, neural systems and behaviour 162
Hormones and development 167
The brain: cognitive and social development 171
Atypical development and health issues 174
Ethology and a comparative perspective 176
Change and plasticity in adults 178
Bringing things together 182
Summary of Chapter 6 183
Further reading 183
Answers 183
Sensory systems: general principles 184
Introduction 185
Sensory systems and perception 186
General principles 190
Bringing things togeth 194
Summary of Chapter 7 195
Further reading 195
Answers 195
Vision 196
Introduction 197
Within the eye 198
Basics of visual pathways 207
Functional specialization: perception and action 211
Functional specialization within perception 215
Linking brain activity and conscious perception 219
Bringing things together 222
Summary of Chapter 8 223
Further reading 223
Answers 223
The other sensory systems 224
Introduction 225
Hearing 225
The vestibular system 231
The somatosensory system 232
Chemical senses – taste and smell 242
Bringing things together 249
Summary of Chapter 9 249
Further reading 249
Answers 249
The control of movement 250
Introduction 251
Basics of control 252
How stability is maintained 256
Muscles and motor neurons 259
The control of skeletal muscle 262
The control of movement by the brain 266
From brain to motor neurons 274
Motor imagery 276
Development of motor systems 278
Bringing things together 279
Summary of Chapter 10 279
Further reading 280
Answers 280
Learning and memory 281
Introduction 282
The learning tradition 283
The memory tradition 293
Linking brains to evolution and function 302
Cellular mechanisms 304
Bringing things together 309
Summary of Chapter 11 310
Further reading 310
Answers 310
Emotion 311
Introduction 312
The nature and function of emotion 313
Some emotions and their triggers 319
Feedback from the periphery 323
Role of brain regions 326
Neurochemicals 334
Some other effects of emotions 335
Bringing things together 338
Summary of Chapter 12 338
Further reading 339
Answers 339
Stress and coping 340
Introduction 341
Characterizing stress 342
Two neurohormonal systems 344
Stressors, contexts and reactions 346
Stress and the immune system 349
Brain mechanisms 352
Depression 354
Stress and the cardiovascular system 355
Post-traumatic stress disorder 357
Influence of stress on the gut 358
Positive action for health 359
Bringing things together 360
Summary of Chapter 13 361
Further reading 362
Answers 362
Pain 363
Introduction 364
Adaptive value of pain 365
Tissue damage and the sensory input side 366
The gate theory 368
Brain processes 370
Analgesia 372
Some unusual types of pain 374
Cognitive and social factors: theory and therapy 378
Bringing things together 381
Summary of Chapter 14 382
Further reading 382
Answers 382
Motivation 383
Introduction 384
Properties of motivation 386
The neuroscience of motivation 389
Temperature regulation 393
Social behaviour 396
Aggression 399
Exploration 404
Bringing things together 406
Summary of Chapter 15 407
Further reading 408
Answers 408
Feeding and drinking 409
Introduction 410
Some physiology 411
The internal cue for feeding 414
The role of sensory factors, learning and cognition 417
Satiety 419
Neuronal and hormonal mechanisms of eating 421
Abnormalities of feeding 427
Drinking and sodium ingestion 432
Bringing things together 438
Summary of Chapter 16 438
Further reading 439
Answers 439
Sexual behaviour 440
Introduction 441
An organizing framework 442
Control of the secretion of sex hormones 444
A comparative perspective 445
Human sexual desire, motivation and arousal 449
The human genital response 455
Chemical interventions and sexual behaviour 458
Sexual orientation 460
Sexual disgust 462
Bringing things together 465
Summary of Chapter 17 466
Further reading 466
Answers 466
Drugs and addiction 467
Introduction 468
Characteristics of drug-taking 469
Drugs and drug-taking 474
Non-drug-related activities 483
Trying to explain addiction 484
Bringing things together 489
Summary of Chapter 18 490
Further reading 490
Answers 490
Sleep and waking 491
Introduction 492
Rhythms of sleep–waking 493
The function of sleep and its link to causation 496
The motivation to sleep 499
Characterizing sleep 500
Brain mechanisms 502
Development 506
Dreaming 507
Issues of health 509
Bringing things together 512
Summary of Chapter 19 513
Further reading 513
Answers 513
Cognition and action 514
Introduction 515
Modularity 516
Attention 518
Hemispheric asymmetry 525
Goal-directed behaviour 529
Language 533
Bringing things together 544
Summary of Chapter 20 544
Further reading 544
Answers 544
Brains, minds and consciousness 546
Introduction 547
Conscious and unconscious information processing 548
Neuroscience perspectives 551
Functional and comparative issues 557
Some philosophical considerations 558
Bringing things together 561
Summary of Chapter 21 562
Further reading 562
Answers 562
When things go wrong 563
Introduction 564
Dementia 565
Schizophrenia 570
Obsessive-compulsive disorder 579
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 581
Bringing things together 585
Summary of Chapter 22 586
Further reading 586
Answers 586
Glossary 587
References 601
Index 648