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The Science Communication Challenge

The Science Communication Challenge

Gitte Meyer

(2018)

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Book Details

Abstract

The Science Communication Challenge explores and discusses the whys – as distinct from the hows – of science communication. Arguing that the dominant science communication paradigm is didactic, it makes the case for a political category of science communication, aimed at furthering discussions of science-related public affairs and making room for civilized and reasonable exchanges between different points of view. As civil societies and knowledge societies, modern democratic societies are confronted with the challenge of accommodating both the scientific logic of truth-seeking and the classical political logic of pluralism. The didactic science communication paradigm, however, is unsuited to dealing with substantial disagreement. Therefore, it is also unsuited to facilitate communication about the steadily increasing number of science-related political issues. Using insights from an array of academic fields, The Science Communication Challenge explores the possible origins of the didactic paradigm, connecting it to particular understandings of knowledge, politics and the public and to the widespread assumption of a science-versus-politics dichotomy. The book offers a critique of that assumption and suggests that science and politics be seen as substantially different activities, suited to dealing with different kinds of questions – and to different varieties of science communication.


Current knowledge societies tend to be based on an understanding of science as an all-purpose problem-solver and include the expansion of scientific methods and frameworks of thought to ever more areas of life. Such development is less pragmatic and down-to- earth than it may appear at first glance. It is accompanied by a relentless expansion of the domain of a logic of universal truth and its technical equivalent: correct solutions, and is tied to a general understanding of science communication as a didactic enterprise aimed at disseminating scientific ways of thinking and responses to problems to a lay public of non-knowers.

Potentially, it seems, science can provide answers to all questions. Disagreement appears as no more than a symptom of immature science and has no place within the didactic science communication paradigm. As a consequence, democratic knowledge societies are challenged as political entities in the classical, pluralist sense, characterized by continuous discussion among different points of view and ways of reasoning on societal issues and using disagreement as a vehicle for discussions, negotiations and compromises.

Against such a background, ‘The Science Communication Challenge’ suggests that the didactic approaches to science communication be supplemented with a political category of science communication, suited to practical-political issues and featuring citizens on an equal footing – some of them scientists – who represent different points of view and ways of reasoning and share responsibility for public affairs. The possible gain, it is argued, may be the maintenance of knowledge societies as political entities with room for a civil society of multiple positions and perspectives that has served as a fertile ground for the development of science as an intellectual endeavour and as a body of knowledge and rational methodology.

Drawing on insights from an array of academic fields and disciplines, ‘The Science Communication Challenge’ explores the possible origins of the didactic paradigm, connecting it to particular understandings of knowledge, politics and the public and to the seemingly widespread assumption of a science-versus-politics dichotomy, taking science and politics to be competing activities that are concerned with similar questions in different ways. Inspired by classical political thought it is argued that science and politics be seen as substantially different activities, suited to dealing with different kinds of questions – and to different varieties of science communication.


Gitte Meyer was a journalist, concentrating on science- and technology-related issues, for 25 years (1975–2000) before turning to academics. Using a multidisciplinary approach to researching and writing, she focuses on the interplay between science and wider society. Meyer has been affiliated with the University of Copenhagen, Aalborg University and Copenhagen Business School.


‘Gitte Meyer’s book is great food for thought – and should be read even by those who will, ultimately, remain unconvinced by her vision of how to dismantle the science–society divide.’
—Peter Sandøe, Professor, Department of Food and Resource Economics and Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover 1
Front Matter i
Half-title i
Title page iii
Copyright information iv
Table of contents v
Snapshots vii
Acknowledgements ix
Chapter 1-5 1
Chapter 1 Science Communication in Democratic Knowledge Societies 1
Truth and Disagreement 3
Knowledge Societies as Civil Societies 9
Truth versus Falsity – and Different Points of View 13
Social and Political Animals 16
Science and Science Communication as Intellectual Activities 18
Overview 20
Notes 22
Chapter 2 Science As ‘Universal Light’ 25
Modern Science as a Movement 26
Influences from religious truth-seeking and strife 27
Anti-enthusiastic enthusiasm 31
Belief and scepticism 34
Influences from economic and social developments 36
‘Things, not words’ 39
Anti-intellectualism? 42
Waves of Science Enthusiasm 44
The great awakening of the 1960s 45
Another wave of science communication enthusiasm 49
Varieties of Knowledge 52
Interpretation and realism 55
Varieties of science communication: Didactics and dialectics 56
Notes 58
Chapter 3 The Elusive Concept of the Modern Public 63
The Ancient Idea of the Masses and the Elites 64
The modern inversion of the ancient idea 66
Leisure, learning and social distinction 69
Fear of the barbarians: Variations on a theme 71
The modern reinvention of the laity 74
Education and eugenics 76
Shuttling between Elitism and Populism 77
Ambiguity: Science, the masses and the elites 80
The mass public as an object of social-scientific enquiry 83
The deficit model of the public: Criticized and persistent 86
Fascination as a Science Communication Ideal 90
Notes 93
Chapter 4 The Elusive Concept of Modern Politics 97
Suspicion 99
The Opposite or the Application of Science 104
Anti-political devotion to democracy 106
Sociocracy: More democratic than democracy? 110
Visions of revolutionary science 111
The reinvention of political problems as wicked problems 112
Dialogue in vogue 113
The Classical Institution of Public Discussion 115
Political Cultures in Nutshells: Traditions of Journalism 119
The reporter tradition 120
The publizist tradition 123
The reporter, the publizist and science communication91 126
‘Post-Truth’: Prejudices about Politics Come True 129
Notes 131
Chapter 5 A Political Category of Science Communication 135
Science Communication Challenges 136
Hype and concealment 136
Uncertainty about uncertainty 139
Public opinion and scientific consensus 140
Awe, banalization, imitation, quackery and superstition 144
Barriers to critical self-examination 147
A Possible Exit from the Elitism–Populism Axis 150
Science communication as practical reasoning and scientists as citizens 152
Western disagreements and their possible global uses 154
Enlightening tensions and the benefits of contradiction 155
Notes 161
End Matter 165
Bibliography 165
Index 177