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Abstract
Recent decades have seen the EU grappling with a major struggle between the securitization of its external borders and demand for exploitable and disposable cheap workforce in various sectors. As a result, the EU has multiplied its borders by pushing them both outwards and inwards, and the distinction between migrants’ status as regular and irregular, legal and illegal, citizen and non-citizen, has been continuously portrayed as black and white. This produces and sustains an analytical, political and practical divide that often obscures commonalities in workers’ dispossession and is an obstacle to unified struggles to secure workers’ rights.
This volume moves beyond a perspective of migrants’ exclusion and inclusion as solely a product of migration processes. It contextualizes migration in the larger transformations of the local, national and transnational labour markets and relations that point to the ongoing precarization of working lives.
These processes of inclusion are methodologically approached through exclusion at macro, micro and meso levels. This positions the ethnographically documented experiences of immigrant labourers in the challenges of contemporary labour and migratory regimes, and traces new forms of collective response and contestation emerging in these reconfiguring contexts.
Olena Fedyuk is a Post-Doctoral Researcher in the Marie Curie ‘ChangingEmployment’ network at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.
Paul Stewart is a Professor of Sociology of Work and Employment at the Department of Human Resource Management, University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. He is also a Coordinator of the Marie Curie Initial Training Network ‘ChangingEmployment.’
This is an important contribution that aims to uncover the broader aspects of migration in relation to work and employment. The chapters look at the edges of the social and the more hidden forms of work and exploitation, as well prompting us to think about and question the effectiveness of more established forms of responding to the issue of exclusion.
Miguel Martinez Lucio, Professor of International HRM and Comparative Industrial Relations, University of Manchester
This edited volume could not be more timely in its critical examination of the intersection of precarious work and migration. Importantly migration is contextualised in wider transformation of local, national and transnational labour markets. Based on qualitative research by young scholars it goes beyond viewing migrants as victims, but focuses on their collective struggles as part of or supported by trade unions and grassroots organisation.
Jane Hardy, Professor of Political Economy, University of Hertfordshire
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Cover | Cover | ||
Inclusion and Exclusion in Europe | i | ||
ECPR Press | ii | ||
Inclusion and Exclusion in Europe: Migration, Work and Employment Perspectives | iii | ||
Contents | v | ||
Figures | vii | ||
Tables | ix | ||
Glossary | xi | ||
Abbreviations | xiii | ||
Preface | xv | ||
Reference | xvi | ||
Acknowledgements | xvii | ||
Introduction | 1 | ||
Structure of the Book | 7 | ||
References | 12 | ||
Section I: Changes in Employment and Migration to the EU | 15 | ||
Chapter I.1 | 17 | ||
Changes in Employment | 17 | ||
The Development of Neoliberalism | 18 | ||
Migration and the Neoliberal State | 21 | ||
Neoliberal Employment Policies in the UK | 22 | ||
The European Union and Neoliberal Employment Policies | 26 | ||
The Transformation of Poland | 29 | ||
Conclusion | 31 | ||
References | 32 | ||
Chapter I.2 | 35 | ||
The Political Economy \nof an Ongoing Crisis | 35 | ||
Migrational Employment Relations in the Modern European Economy | 37 | ||
Institutions Matter in Employment Relations | 39 | ||
Developing a Multilevelled Understanding of Migrational Employment Relations | 42 | ||
Discussion and Conclusions | 50 | ||
Notes | 53 | ||
References | 53 | ||
Chapter I.3 | 57 | ||
Migration Policies and Their Underlying Threats | 57 | ||
Citizenship and Multiple Borders in a Borderless European Union | 58 | ||
The Pitfalls of the Utilitarian Assumptions Governing EU Migration Policies Towards TCNs | 62 | ||
National Examples: the UK, Spain and Poland | 67 | ||
Aren’t We All in the Same Boat? What Migration Policies Reveal About Neoliberal Governmentality | 69 | ||
Notes | 75 | ||
References | 75 | ||
Spectrum of Migrants’ Inclusion and Exclusion | 79 | ||
Chapter II.1 | 81 | ||
‘Hidden Injuries’ of Migration From CEE | 81 | ||
Facets of Citizenship | 82 | ||
The Making of a Neoliberal Citizen Through Migration | 85 | ||
Self-management of a Neoliberal Citizen through Migration | 92 | ||
The Unmaking of a Neoliberal Citizen | 93 | ||
Discussion | 96 | ||
Note | 98 | ||
References | 98 | ||
Chapter II.2 | 101 | ||
Non-EU Migrant Workers in For-profit Older-age Care Facilities in London | 101 | ||
A Journey into Private Older-age Care Facilities | 102 | ||
A Transnational Political Economy of Non-EU Migrants’ Routes into Care | 103 | ||
Barriers and Enablers of Social Mobility | 115 | ||
Conclusion | 120 | ||
Notes | 120 | ||
References | 121 | ||
Chapter II.3 | 123 | ||
Female Migrants’ Agency | 123 | ||
Female Polish Migration to the UK | 124 | ||
The Interrelation of Gender, Work Trajectories and Agency: Experiences of Female Polish Migrant Workers in the UK | 129 | ||
Conclusion | 141 | ||
References | 142 | ||
Chapter II.4 | 147 | ||
‘Once You See That It Can Be Otherwise, Then You Expect Something Else’ | 147 | ||
Migration and Return After 2004 | 149 | ||
Research Design and Methodology | 152 | ||
Research Results | 153 | ||
Enhanced Earning Capacity | 155 | ||
Workplace Relationships | 157 | ||
Work–life Balance | 158 | ||
Strategies of Coping with Work-related Tensions | 159 | ||
Conclusion | 164 | ||
Notes | 165 | ||
References | 166 | ||
COLLECTIVE PERSPECTIVES ON INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION | 169 | ||
Chapter III.1 | 171 | ||
Trade Unions’ Responses at the Intersection of Class and Migration | 171 | ||
Migration and Shifting Union Strategies | 172 | ||
The Three Historical Dilemmas | 173 | ||
‘Setting the Clock’ on Migrant Organising | 173 | ||
Dilemmas in the Three Countries: Unions and Migrant Workers in England, Italy and Northern Ireland | 175 | ||
Influencing Union Dilemmas: The Four Complexes of Factors | 177 | ||
Power Position and Structure of National Trade Union Movement | 177 | ||
Condition of the Economy and Labour Market | 178 | ||
National Identity, Ideology and Institutions | 179 | ||
Dominant Perceptions of Migrant Groups | 180 | ||
Class and Identity Politics in Unions – a Fifth Complex of Factors? | 180 | ||
Finding Class in Our Data: Between Migrant Work and Class Solidarity | 183 | ||
Conclusion: Class, Competition and the State | 191 | ||
References | 195 | ||
Chapter III.2 | 197 | ||
The Social Articulation of the Crisis and Political Mobilisation in Spain | 197 | ||
Housing, the Financial Market, and Migrant Workers | 199 | ||
The Political Management of the ‘Financial Crisis’ in Spain and ‘Civil Society’s’ Response: the Case of the PAH | 203 | ||
All Equal and Like a Family? Citizenism and Organicism in the PAH’s Discourse and Practice | 213 | ||
Notes | 216 | ||
References | 217 | ||
Chapter III.3 | 221 | ||
Obstacles Before Struggles | 221 | ||
Diagnosing Freedom of Movement | 224 | ||
Freedom of Movement: In the Crib of Overexploitation and Exodus | 228 | ||
Freedom of Movement: To Escape a Habit | 233 | ||
Notes | 235 | ||
References | 236 | ||
Chapter III.4 | 239 | ||
Precariousness in Unlikely Places | 239 | ||
Precariousness, High-skilled Migrant Workers and Migrant networks | 240 | ||
Research Methods and Case Studies | 248 | ||
Findings and Discussion | 250 | ||
Conclusion | 259 | ||
References | 260 | ||
References | 275 | ||
18 October 2015, Ross Priory, Scotland | 278 | ||
Notes | 291 | ||
Index | 293 | ||
About the Contributors | 299 |