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Difference Not Disorder

Difference Not Disorder

Dr Catherine Harvey | Kevin McFadden

(2018)

Abstract

Interventions and educational approaches for children with autism spectrum disorders have developed in response to the different models for how autism has been constructed and understood. This book explores the evolving theories on autism and how these have impacted the interventions and outcomes in education. Drawing on 30 years of professional experience and detailed research, Harvey exposes the myths around autism, advocates for understanding autism as difference rather than impairment, and provides practical guidance on teaching and learning, behaviour management, addressing sensory and physical needs of children with ASD. This accessible overview shows how to put autism research into practice, learn from historic mistakes and create the most supportive environment for children on the autism spectrum.
I congratulate Dr Catherine Harvey for this thought-provoking journey through the history of autism and for highlighting the various therapies and interventions that have evolved over many years. It is also a very worthwhile reference book for parents and professionals, and will encourage us to question our own awareness and knowledge.
Dr Pat Matthews, Executive Director, the Irish Society for Autism
The author provides a comprehensive and comprehensible overview of theory and practice to help teachers make better-informed choices between educational methods and approaches to meet the needs of their pupils with autism. I endorse her exhortation: 'May we all strive to put the humanity of others before their diagnosis.
Marie Huxtable, Visiting Research Fellow, University of Cumbria
Catherine Harvey has over 30 years' experience teaching primary and secondary students, specialising in SEN and supporting children with autism. She holds degrees in Psychology and Education, and a professional doctorate from Liverpool Hope University.
This book is an inspiration. It contains a vision of autism as different to a disorder or an impairment; a pedagogy designed around the strengths of minds with autism.
Dr. Jack Whitehead, Visiting Professor of Education, University of Cumbria
It is a rare and sensitive person who can share a lifetime of human experience illuminated by research and allow the reader access to new thinking. This book offers the complex world of autism serious reflections in unexpected and creative ways. Scholarship written with sensitivity.
Professor Bart McGettrick, Emeritus Professor of Education, University of Glasgow
As the parent of a daughter who is on the autistic spectrum, I found the book informative and wished that I had read it when she was first diagnosed.
Surrinder Sandham Bains, Health Professional/Parent Carer
This book offers readers - whether they are teachers, psychologists, parents or academics - a remarkable level of heartfelt insight. It has the emotional literacy that is often absent from texts in this area ... with supporting wider evidence, born from a career well spent in the service of children and education.
Dr Toby Brandon, Reader in Disability and Mental Health, Department of Social Work and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University
Catherine's writing ... gently draws you into scrutinising the assumptions, values and beliefs that underpin your own understandings for practice - she really makes you think - and that for me is the marker of a truly valuable book.
Dr Tina Cook, Professorial Fellow, Department of Disability and Education, Liverpool Hope University
I had the pleasure of working with Catherine Harvey during her teaching career: this book encapsulates the progressive, holistic approach she herself practised when educating children with AS and working closely with families. I recommend this book to fellow speech and language therapists interested in supporting children in schools. It should be a core text for trainee teachers. I would also recommend this book for parents whose children have been newly diagnosed as it delivers up-to-date classification information and theories with a wealth of personal practical school-based experience in an easy-to-read format.
Louise Gallagher Sterritt, Speech & Language Therapist and Doctoral student.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Difference Not Disorder: Understanding Autism Theory in Practice by Catherine Harvey 3
Preface 13
Part I. Autism History and Theory: Thinking and Constructs Underpinning Autism as We Know It Today 17
1. What If We Got It Wrong? 19
Introduction 19
The Book’s Origin: What If We Got It Wrong? 19
What Is Autism? The Core Differences 24
Note 28
2. Autism: A Recent Story 29
Introduction 29
Autism: The Past 30
The Emotional and Environmental Theory 30
The Ecological Theory 32
The Genetic/Organic Theory 36
Autism: The Present 36
The DSM-5 44
Autism: The Future 48
Notes 48
3. Autism Approaches: Origins and Insights 51
Introduction 51
Approaches Stemming from the Emotional and Environmental Theorists 51
The Son-Rise Program (SRP) 52
Intensive Interaction 55
Floortime 57
Final Thoughts on Approaches Stemming from the Emotional and Environmental Theorists 60
Approaches Stemming from Emotional and Environmental to Physiological and Environmental Theorists 62
Vaccine Causes 62
Bowel Disease Causes 64
Amalgam Causes 66
Hyper-Immunity and Other Immune System Causes 70
Allergies and Food Intolerances and/or Sensitivity Causes 73
Food Allergies 73
Food Intolerances 76
Yeast and Candida Causes 76
Bacterial Infections and Viruses Causes 77
Approaches Stemming from the Ethological Theorists 77
Approaches Stemming from the Genetic/Organic Theorists 79
Behaviourism 79
Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA) 80
Ole Ivar Løvaas 81
Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children (TEACCH) 83
The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) 84
Phase 1: How to Communicate 84
Phase 2: Distance and Persistence 85
Phase 3: Discrimination between Symbols 85
Phase 4: Using Phrases 86
Phase 5: Answering a Direct Question 87
Phase 6: Commenting 87
Final Thoughts on Approaches Stemming from the Genetic/Organic Theorists 88
Note 89
4. A Changed Socio-Culture or Impairment Increase 91
Introduction 91
Impairment or Difference 93
Increased Prevalence or a Changing Society 94
Increased Prevalence or Changes in Social Constructions of Children and Childhood 96
Increased Prevalence or Changes in Socio-Educational Models 98
Increased Prevalence or Changing Expectations of Developmental Stages 106
Increased Prevalence or Earlier Identification 110
Increased Prevalence or Diagnostic Changes 110
Increased Prevalence or Movement from Social Entertainment to Information Technology 112
Notes 115
Part II. Understanding the Theory of Autism as Difference in practice 117
5. School and Children with Autism 119
Introduction 119
A School for All 119
Guidelines and Practices for Schools Fit to Serve Children with Autism (and Visual Learners) 121
Whole School Approaches 121
De-Stress Strategies/Practices 124
A Sense of Place/Belonging for All 127
Speech Reduction 128
Visually Aid and Clarify 128
Consider Sensory Needs 138
Countdown Transitions 138
Be Honest and Straightforward 139
Be Proactive 140
Praise 142
Foster Independence 142
Teach Change 146
Mission Statement for a School Fit to Serve Children with Autism 148
Notes 148
6. Behaviour Management 151
Introduction 151
Autism and Challenging Behaviours 151
Challenging Behaviours as Communication 156
Social Stories™ 156
Comic Strips 158
Diagrams/Charts 159
Challenging Behaviours and Crisis 160
Outside Crisis 161
Stage 1 161
Stage 2 163
Stage 3 164
Autism, Challenging Behaviours, Transition and Change 165
Autism, Challenging Behaviours and School Trips 168
Classroom Essentials: Layout and Practices 169
An Independent Work Area 170
A Structured Play/Hobbies Area 171
A Break Area 172
A Practice Area 174
Other Areas and Considerations 175
Notes 176
7. Sensory and Physical Needs 177
Introduction 177
Sensory Needs 177
Managing Sensory Needs 185
Physical Needs 187
Psychomotor Patterning 189
Brain Gym 191
Neurodevelopmental Theorists 192
A Classroom/Home Amalgamation of Exercises 194
Brain Buttons 194
Hands Out to the Side 194
Cross-Crawling 194
Tendon Flexing 194
Stand Up 194
Balancing 1 195
Balancing 2 195
Balancing 3 195
Homo-Lateral Movement 195
Cross-Lateral Movement 195
Cross-Overs 195
Finish 195
Visual Orientation and Needs 196
Note 197
8. Literacy and Mathematical Approaches 199
Introduction 199
Left-Brain Thinkers 199
Literacy 201
Reading and Book Skills 201
Writing 202
Handwriting 202
Creative Writing 202
Spelling 202
Mathematics 203
Visual Approach 203
Use Personal Interests 208
Build from the Concrete to the Abstract and Counter-Check that the Knowable is Rooted in the Doable 208
Use Repetitious Patterns 209
Use Repetitious Presentation 209
The Use and Application of Mathematics 210
Shape, Space and Measures 212
Numeracy 214
Handling Data 216
Notes 217
Conclusion: What Next? 219
Note 223
Further Reading 225
References 227
Subject Index 235
Author Index 239
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