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Book Details
Abstract
Molecular imaging of drugs or drug carriers is a valuable tool that can provide important information on spatiotemporal distribution of drugs, allowing improved drug distribution at target sites. Chemically labelled drugs can be used to both diagnose and treat diseases. This book introduces the topic of image guided drug delivery and covers the latest imaging techniques and developments in theranostics, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of this field as well as its translational ability. These technologies and techniques hold potential for individualised, safer therapies.
The book introduces the chemistry behind labelling drugs or drug carriers for imaging. It then discusses current scientific progress in the discovery and development of theranostic agents as well as the latest advances in triggered drug delivery. Novel imaging techniques that can be combined with therapeutics are presented, as well as results and findings from early clinical trials.
This text will provide postgraduates and researchers in various disciplines associated with drug discovery, including chemistry, device engineering, oncology, neurology, cardiology, imaging, and nanoscience, an overview of this important field where several disciplines have been combined to improve treatments. Readers will be introduced to techniques that can be translated to the clinic and be applied widely.
Dr Thanou is a Senior Lecturer in the Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London and an Honorary Research Fellow at Imperial College London. She finished her PhD in LACDR (Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research) in 2000 and after a short period as project manager in Kytogenics Pharmaceuticals Inc., she took her first academic appointment at Cardiff University as Lecturer in Polymer Therapeutics. She continued her career as Dorothy Hodgkin Royal Society Fellow at Imperial College, at the Department of Chemistry and the Genetic Therapies Centre. She is a drug delivery scientist and is currently focusing on the design and development of nanoparticles for Image Guided Drug Delivery. She has published a variety of academic articles on these topics and she is the main or co-inventor of a number of patents.
In this complex and multidisciplinary field, the book Theranostics and Image Guided Drug Delivery offers a comprehensive and well-balanced view of state-of-the-art methods and agents available today, with emphasis on theranostic approaches that have the promise of clinical translation in the near future. A major merit of this book is the combination of an up-to-date overview of the more “classical” methodologies such as image-guided, hyperthermia-triggered drug release, with an introduction to less advanced and less known techniques like microwave imaging or capsule endoscopy and their potential use in theranostics.
Dr. Eva Toth, Dr. Sara Lacerda Centre de Biophysique Mol8culaire, CNRS, Orl8ans (France)
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Theranostics and Image Guided Drug Delivery | i | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Chapter 1 - Image Guided Focused Ultrasound as a New Method of Targeted Drug Delivery | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction to Image Guided Focused Ultrasound Drug Delivery | 1 | ||
| 1.1.1 Fundamentals of Focused Ultrasound Treatment in Living Tissues | 3 | ||
| 1.1.2 Image Guided Focused Ultrasound Mediated Drug Delivery | 4 | ||
| 1.2 Requirements of Image Guided FUS Triggered Drug Delivery Systems | 4 | ||
| 1.3 FUS Induced Increase in Temperature for Tissue Specific Drug Release from Thermosensitive Carriers | 7 | ||
| 1.3.1 Ultrasound and Bubbles to Increase Drug Permeability in Tissues | 17 | ||
| 1.4 Drug Delivery Dosage Forms and FUS Future Perspectives | 22 | ||
| References | 23 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Image-guided Drug Delivery Systems Based on NIR-absorbing Nanocarriers for Photothermal-chemotherapy of Cancer | 29 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 29 | ||
| 2.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers Used as Photothermal-controlled Drug Delivery Systems | 31 | ||
| 2.2.1 Metallic Nanocarriers | 31 | ||
| 2.2.1.1 Gold Nanocarriers | 31 | ||
| 2.2.1.2 Two-dimensional Nanosheets | 33 | ||
| 2.2.1.3 CuS Nanostructures | 34 | ||
| 2.2.2 Nanocarbons | 35 | ||
| 2.2.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes | 36 | ||
| 2.2.2.2 Nanographene | 36 | ||
| 2.2.3 Other Inorganic Nanocarriers | 38 | ||
| 2.3 Organic Nanocarriers Used as Photothermal-controlled Drug Delivery Systems | 39 | ||
| 2.3.1 Conjugated Polymer Nanocarriers | 39 | ||
| 2.3.1.1 Polyaniline Nanoparticles | 39 | ||
| 2.3.1.2 Polypyrrole Nanoparticles | 40 | ||
| 2.3.1.3 Polydopamine Nanoparticles | 41 | ||
| 2.3.1.4 Other Conjugated Polymer Nanocarriers | 41 | ||
| 2.3.2 Near-infrared Cyanine Dyes | 43 | ||
| 2.3.2.1 Indocyanine Green Nanoparticles | 43 | ||
| 2.3.2.2 Other Near-infrared Cyanine Dye Nanoparticles | 44 | ||
| 2.3.3 Other Organic Nanocarriers | 45 | ||
| 2.4 Conclusions and Outlook | 46 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 47 | ||
| References | 47 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Multi-modal Imaging | 53 | ||
| 3.1 Nanoparticles and Magnetic Nanoparticles | 53 | ||
| 3.1.1 Application of Nanoparticles in Biomedicine | 53 | ||
| 3.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles | 57 | ||
| 3.1.2.1 Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles | 57 | ||
| 3.1.2.2 Classification of Magnetic Nanocarriers | 60 | ||
| 3.2 Applications of MNPs in Biomedical Imaging | 61 | ||
| 3.2.1 Imaging MNPs | 61 | ||
| 3.2.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 62 | ||
| 3.2.1.1.1\rMNPs as T2 Contrast Agents.Particle size can greatly affect the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. Both r1 and r2 values decr... | 63 | ||
| 3.2.1.1.2\rMNPs as T1 Contrast Agents.MNPs show both longitudinal and transverse relaxation processes. However, their influence on T2 relax... | 64 | ||
| 3.2.1.2 Magnetic Particle Imaging | 64 | ||
| 3.2.1.3 Magneto-motive Ultrasound Imaging | 65 | ||
| 3.2.1.4 Magneto-photoacoustic Imaging | 67 | ||
| 3.2.1.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Multi-modal Imaging | 68 | ||
| 3.2.1.5.1\rMNPs Combined with Fluorescence Probes for MRI-optical Imaging.Optical imaging is the mostly used imaging modality for preclinic... | 69 | ||
| 3.2.1.5.2\rMNPs Combined with Radioisotopes for MRI-PET/SPECT Imaging.Nuclear imaging of cancer has been the main emphasis of nuclear medic... | 72 | ||
| 3.3 Applications of MNPs in Drug Delivery | 74 | ||
| 3.3.1 Biocompatibility of MNPs | 74 | ||
| 3.3.2 Obstacles and Challenges of MNPs in Drug Delivery Applications | 75 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 76 | ||
| References | 76 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Photodynamic Therapy | 86 | ||
| 4.1 Fundamentals of Photodynamic Therapy | 86 | ||
| 4.1.1 The Paradigm | 86 | ||
| 4.1.2 Applications | 87 | ||
| 4.1.3 Mechanisms of Action | 88 | ||
| 4.1.4 Biological Actions | 89 | ||
| 4.2 Theranostic Features of PDT Drugs | 90 | ||
| 4.2.1 Fluorescent Properties of PDT Drugs | 90 | ||
| 4.2.2 Selectivity of PDT Drugs | 91 | ||
| 4.2.2.1 Photosensitisers with Intrinsic Selectivity | 91 | ||
| 4.2.2.2 Passive Targeting in PDT | 91 | ||
| 4.2.2.3 Active Targeting: Photosensitiser-ligand Conjugates | 95 | ||
| 4.2.2.4 Active Targeting: Photoimmunoconjugates | 96 | ||
| 4.2.2.5 Active-targeting: Multifunctional Nanoparticles | 97 | ||
| 4.2.3 Subcellular Localization | 99 | ||
| 4.3 PDT Drugs Combined with Additional Imaging Agents | 100 | ||
| 4.3.1 Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents in PDT | 101 | ||
| 4.3.2 Photosensitiser Conjugates with Contrast Agents | 102 | ||
| 4.4 Theranostic Applications of PDT | 103 | ||
| 4.4.1 Tumour Delimitation | 103 | ||
| 4.4.2 Fluorescence Image Guided Surgery and PDT | 105 | ||
| 4.4.3 Dosimetry | 106 | ||
| 4.4.3.1 Photobleaching-based PDT Dosimetry | 106 | ||
| 4.4.3.2 Singlet Oxygen Luminescence Dosimetry | 107 | ||
| 4.4.3.3 Singlet Oxygen Chemical Trapping Dosimetry | 108 | ||
| 4.5 Outlook and Concluding Remarks | 109 | ||
| Abbreviations | 110 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 111 | ||
| References | 111 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Radiolabelling Liposomal Nanomedicines for PET Imaging | 123 | ||
| 5.1 Liposomal Nanomedicines | 123 | ||
| 5.2 The Importance of Imaging in the Development and Evaluation of Liposomal Nanomedicines | 124 | ||
| 5.3 Radiolabelling Liposomal Nanomedicines for Nuclear Imaging: SPECT versus PET | 125 | ||
| 5.3.1 Radiolabelling of Liposomal Nanomedicines with PET Isotopes | 126 | ||
| 5.3.1.1 Using Chelators/Radionuclides Attached to the Phospholipid Bilayer | 126 | ||
| 5.3.1.2 Using Intraliposomal Chelators | 129 | ||
| 5.3.1.3 Exploiting the Metal-chelating Properties of the Encapsulated Drugs | 132 | ||
| 5.4 Challenges for Clinical Translation | 132 | ||
| 5.5 Conclusion | 134 | ||
| References | 134 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Liposomes for Hyperthermia Triggered Drug Release | 137 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 137 | ||
| 6.2 Base Lipids of TSL | 142 | ||
| 6.3 Cholesterol | 144 | ||
| 6.4 Surface Modification | 145 | ||
| 6.5 Release Improvement | 148 | ||
| 6.6 Encapsulated Compounds | 151 | ||
| 6.7 Targeting | 153 | ||
| 6.8 Testing Release | 155 | ||
| 6.9 Conclusions | 156 | ||
| References | 156 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Targeted Delivery with Ultrasound Activated Nano-encapsulated Drugs | 164 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 164 | ||
| 7.2 Development and Characterization of a Cyclodextrin-based Drug Carrier | 167 | ||
| 7.2.1 Chemical Modification and Cyclodextrin Derivatives | 167 | ||
| 7.2.2 Doxorubicin as a Guest Molecule in a Cyclodextrin-based Complex | 168 | ||
| 7.2.3 Characterization of Cyclodextrins and Their Complexes | 169 | ||
| 7.3 Adaptation of Clinical MRgFUS System for in vitro Application of FUS | 170 | ||
| 7.4 Discussion and Conclusions | 176 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 179 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Theranostics in the Gut | 182 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 182 | ||
| 8.2 The Gastrointestinal Tract | 183 | ||
| 8.2.1 Organisation and Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 183 | ||
| 8.2.2 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 186 | ||
| 8.3 Basic Concepts of Capsule Endoscopy | 187 | ||
| 8.3.1 Capsule Endoscopy for Diagnosis | 187 | ||
| 8.3.1.1 Video Capsule Endoscopy | 187 | ||
| 8.3.1.2 Fluorescence Imaging | 188 | ||
| 8.3.1.3 pH Measurement | 188 | ||
| 8.3.1.4 Ultrasound Imaging | 189 | ||
| 8.3.1.5 Other Capsule Endoscopy Devices | 189 | ||
| 8.3.2 Capsule Endoscopy for Therapeutic Use | 189 | ||
| 8.3.2.1 Targeted Drug Delivery | 189 | ||
| 8.3.2.2 Other | 190 | ||
| 8.3.3 Sonopill | 190 | ||
| 8.4 Ultrasound-mediated Targeted Drug Delivery | 191 | ||
| 8.4.1 Ultrasound Delivery | 192 | ||
| 8.4.1.1 Hyperthermia | 193 | ||
| 8.4.1.2 Cavitation | 193 | ||
| 8.4.2 Ultrasound-driven Microbubble Delivery | 194 | ||
| 8.4.2.1 The Physics of Microbubbles | 194 | ||
| 8.4.3 Targeting | 195 | ||
| 8.4.4 Bioeffects and Delivery Mechanisms Using Ultrasound | 196 | ||
| 8.4.5 Carriers, Agents and Their Uses | 196 | ||
| 8.5 Theranostic Ultrasound Capsule Endoscopy | 198 | ||
| 8.5.1 Ultrasound Approaches for UmTDD in Capsule Endoscopy | 198 | ||
| 8.5.1.1 Extracorporeal and Intracorporeal Ultrasound | 198 | ||
| 8.5.2 Imaging for Ultrasound-mediated Targeted Drug Delivery | 199 | ||
| 8.5.2.1 Localisation | 200 | ||
| 8.5.2.2 Treatment Monitoring | 201 | ||
| 8.6 Realising UmTDD in the Gastrointestinal Tract | 201 | ||
| 8.6.1 Barrett’s Oesophagus | 202 | ||
| 8.6.2 IBD: Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis | 202 | ||
| 8.6.3 Colon Cancer | 203 | ||
| 8.7 Future Theranostic and Image-guided Opportunities for Ultrasound Capsule Endoscopy | 204 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 205 | ||
| References | 205 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Microwave Imaging and the Potential of Contrast Enhancing Agents for Theranostics Use | 211 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 211 | ||
| 9.2 Dielectric Theory and Tissue Electrical Properties | 213 | ||
| 9.2.1 Microwave Imaging Methods | 215 | ||
| 9.2.2 Microwave Tomography Equipment and Image Processing | 217 | ||
| 9.3 The Potential of Microwaves to Induce Thermal Therapy | 219 | ||
| 9.4 Use of Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents and Their Potential as Microwave Theranostics for Microwave Cancer Treatment | 221 | ||
| 9.5 Conclusions | 230 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 230 | ||
| References | 231 | ||
| Subject Index | 234 |