Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get a better picture of operative dentistry from the most complete text on the market. Using a heavily illustrated, step-by-step approach, Sturdevant’s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry, 7th Edition helps you master the fundamentals and procedures of restorative and preventive dentistry and learn to make informed decisions to solve patient needs. Drawing from both theory and practice and supported by extensive clinical and laboratory research, this new full-color edition features four new chapters and updated information in the areas of color and shade matching, light curing, periodontology, digital dentistry and more. It’s the practicing dentist’s complete guide to all aspects of operative dentistry.
- Four new chapters cover the areas of color and shade matching, light curing, periodontology, and digital dentistry.
- Expert Consult website with five supplemental chapters and procedure videos.
- Evidence-based approach is supported by extensive clinical and laboratory research.
- Comprehensive coverage provides a thorough understanding of caries and an authoritative approach to its treatment and prevention.
- Illustrated step-by-step approach offers a better picture of conservative restorative and preventive dentistry.
- Full color design clearly demonstrates techniques and details.
- NEW! Four new chapters cover the areas of color and shade matching, light curing, periodontology, and digital dentistry.
- NEW! Expert Consult website includes five additional online-only chapters, procedure videos, and references linked to PubMed.
- NEW! Updated content throughout integrates new knowledge that has emerged since publication of the previous edition.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Endsheet 2 | IFC2 | ||
| Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Foreword | viii | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xii | ||
| 1 Clinical Significance of Dental Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, and Occlusion | 1 | ||
| Teeth and Supporting Tissues | 1 | ||
| Dentitions | 1 | ||
| Classes of Human Teeth: Form and Function | 1 | ||
| Incisors | 1 | ||
| Canines | 1 | ||
| Premolars | 1 | ||
| Molars | 1 | ||
| Structures of Teeth | 1 | ||
| Enamel | 2 | ||
| Pulp–Dentin Complex | 6 | ||
| The Pulp–Dentin Complex: Response to Pathologic Challenge | 10 | ||
| Cementum | 10 | ||
| Physiology of Tooth Form | 11 | ||
| Function | 11 | ||
| Contours | 11 | ||
| Proximal Contact Area | 12 | ||
| Embrasures | 12 | ||
| Maxilla and Mandible | 14 | ||
| Oral Mucosa | 14 | ||
| Periodontium | 15 | ||
| Gingival Unit | 15 | ||
| Attachment Apparatus | 15 | ||
| Occlusion | 15 | ||
| General Description | 16 | ||
| Tooth Alignment and Dental Arches | 16 | ||
| Anteroposterior Interarch Relationships | 16 | ||
| Interarch Tooth Relationships | 18 | ||
| Posterior Cusp Characteristics | 20 | ||
| Functional Cusps | 20 | ||
| Nonfunctional Cusps | 22 | ||
| Mechanics of Mandibular Motion | 22 | ||
| Mandible and Temporomandibular Joints | 22 | ||
| Review of Normal Masticatory Muscle Function and Mandibular Movement | 22 | ||
| Types of Motion | 26 | ||
| Capacity of Motion of the Mandible | 27 | ||
| Limits of Mandibular Motion: The Borders | 27 | ||
| Sagittal View | 30 | ||
| Horizontal View | 30 | ||
| Frontal View | 31 | ||
| Articulators and Mandibular Movements | 32 | ||
| Tooth Contacts During Mandibular Movements | 36 | ||
| Anterior Tooth Contacts | 37 | ||
| Posterior Tooth Contacts | 37 | ||
| Neurologic Correlates and Control of Mastication | 38 | ||
| References | 38 | ||
| 2 Dental Caries | 40 | ||
| What Is Dental Caries? | 40 | ||
| Ecologic Basis of Dental Caries: The Role of the Biofilm | 43 | ||
| Tooth Habitats for Cariogenic Biofilm | 48 | ||
| Pits and Fissures | 49 | ||
| Smooth Enamel Surfaces | 49 | ||
| Root Surfaces | 50 | ||
| Oral Hygiene and Its Role in the Dental Caries Process | 58 | ||
| Saliva: Nature’s Anticaries Agent | 58 | ||
| Bacterial Clearance | 58 | ||
| Direct Antibacterial Activity | 58 | ||
| Buffer Capacity | 59 | ||
| Remineralization | 59 | ||
| Diet and Dental Caries | 60 | ||
| Clinical Characteristics of the Caries Lesion | 60 | ||
| Clinical Sites for Caries Initiation | 60 | ||
| Pits and Fissures | 60 | ||
| Smooth Enamel Surfaces | 60 | ||
| Root Surfaces | 61 | ||
| Caries Lesion Progression | 61 | ||
| Enamel Caries Lesions | 61 | ||
| Dentin Caries Lesions | 64 | ||
| Zones of Dentin Caries Lesions | 69 | ||
| Caries Risk Assessment and Management | 69 | ||
| Caries Risk Assessment | 70 | ||
| Social, Economic, and Education Status | 71 | ||
| Diet Analysis | 71 | ||
| Salivary Analysis | 71 | ||
| Dental Clinical Analysis (Dental Exam) | 75 | ||
| Bacterial Biofilm Analysis | 75 | ||
| Risk Assessment Considerations for Children Under 6 Years Old | 75 | ||
| Caries Management and Protocols or Strategies for Prevention | 75 | ||
| General Health | 77 | ||
| Diet | 77 | ||
| Oral Hygiene | 79 | ||
| Fluoride Exposure | 80 | ||
| Silver Diamine Fluoride | 83 | ||
| Immunization | 83 | ||
| Saliva | 84 | ||
| Chemical Agents | 84 | ||
| Calcium and Phosphate Compounds | 85 | ||
| Probiotics | 85 | ||
| Sealants | 85 | ||
| Restorations | 85 | ||
| Clinical Considerations for Caries Removal | 87 | ||
| Root Caries Management | 89 | ||
| Summary | 90 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 90 | ||
| References | 90 | ||
| 3 Patient Assessment, Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning | 95 | ||
| General Considerations | 95 | ||
| Patient Assessment | 96 | ||
| Medical History | 96 | ||
| Dental History | 96 | ||
| Chief Concern | 96 | ||
| Examination | 96 | ||
| Examination of Esthetic Appearance | 96 | ||
| Examination of Occlusion | 97 | ||
| Examination of Teeth and Restorations | 97 | ||
| Preparation for Clinical Examination | 97 | ||
| Clinical Examination for Caries | 97 | ||
| Occlusal Surfaces | 99 | ||
| Proximal Surfaces | 101 | ||
| Cervical Areas | 102 | ||
| Clinical Examination of Amalgam Restorations | 102 | ||
| Clinical Examination of Indirect Metal Restorations | 104 | ||
| Clinical Examination of Composite and Other Tooth-Colored Restorations | 104 | ||
| Clinical Examination of Dental Implants and Implant-Supported Restorations | 104 | ||
| Clinical Examination for Additional Defects | 104 | ||
| Radiographic Examination of Teeth and Restorations | 107 | ||
| Adjunctive Aids for Examining Teeth and Restorations | 108 | ||
| Magnification in Operative Dentistry | 108 | ||
| Photography in Operative Dentistry | 110 | ||
| Diagnostic Study Models | 110 | ||
| Caries Detection Technologies | 110 | ||
| Diagnosis | 111 | ||
| Dental Disease; Interpretation and Use of Diagnostic Findings | 111 | ||
| Risk Assessments and Profiles | 112 | ||
| Prognosis | 112 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 113 | ||
| General Considerations | 113 | ||
| Treatment Plan Sequencing/Phasing | 113 | ||
| Urgent Phase | 114 | ||
| Control Phase | 114 | ||
| Reevaluation Phase | 114 | ||
| Definitive Phase | 114 | ||
| Maintenance (Reassessment and Recare) Phase | 114 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Considerations in Operative Treatment Planning | 114 | ||
| Endodontics | 114 | ||
| Periodontics | 114 | ||
| Orthodontics | 115 | ||
| Oral Surgery | 115 | ||
| Fixed, Removable, and Implant Prosthodontics | 115 | ||
| Treatment of Abrasion, Erosion, Abfraction, and Attrition | 115 | ||
| Treatment of Root-Surface Caries | 115 | ||
| Treatment of Root-Surface Sensitivity | 115 | ||
| Treatment by Repair and Recontour of Existing Restorations | 116 | ||
| Treatment by Replacement of Existing Restorations | 116 | ||
| Treatment With Amalgam Restorations | 116 | ||
| Treatment With Direct Composite and Other Tooth-Colored Restorations | 116 | ||
| Treatment With Indirect Cast-Metal Restorations | 116 | ||
| Treatment With Indirect Tooth-Colored Restorations | 116 | ||
| Treatment of Esthetic Concerns | 116 | ||
| Treatment Considerations for Older Patients | 117 | ||
| Treatment Plan Approval | 118 | ||
| Summary | 118 | ||
| References | 118 | ||
| 4 Fundamentals of Tooth Preparation | 120 | ||
| Tooth Preparation: Definition and Foundational Concepts | 120 | ||
| Tooth Preparation: Terminology | 123 | ||
| Tooth Preparation: Stages and Procedural Steps | 124 | ||
| Overview | 124 | ||
| Occlusal Contact Identification and Rotary Instrument Axis Alignment | 125 | ||
| Initial Tooth Preparation Stage: Steps 1-4 | 127 | ||
| Step 1: Initial Depth and Outline Form | 127 | ||
| Step 2: Primary Resistance Form | 127 | ||
| Step 3: Primary Retention Form | 128 | ||
| Step 4: Convenience Form | 128 | ||
| Final Stage of Tooth Preparation: Steps 5-9 | 129 | ||
| Step 5: Removal of Defective Restorative Material and/or Soft Dentin | 129 | ||
| Step 6: Pulp Protection | 130 | ||
| Step 7: Secondary Retention and Resistance Forms | 130 | ||
| Mechanical Features | 131 | ||
| Retention Grooves and Coves. | 131 | ||
| Preparation Extensions. | 131 | ||
| Skirts. | 131 | ||
| Beveled Enamel Margins | 131 | ||
| Steps, Amalgam Pins, Slots, and Pins | 131 | ||
| Use of Adhesives to Increase Retention and Resistance | 131 | ||
| Step 8: External Wall Finishing | 131 | ||
| Step 9: Final Procedures: Debridement and Inspection | 132 | ||
| Additional Concepts in Tooth Preparation | 133 | ||
| Tunnel Tooth Preparations for Amalgam, Composite Resin, and Glass Ionomers | 133 | ||
| Adhesive Amalgam Restorations | 133 | ||
| Preparation Treatments to Enhance Restoration | 133 | ||
| Disinfection, Desensitization, Stabilization | 133 | ||
| Summary | 135 | ||
| References | 135 | ||
| 5 Fundamental Concepts of Enamel and Dentin Adhesion | 136 | ||
| Basic Concepts of Adhesion | 136 | ||
| Trends in Restorative Dentistry | 136 | ||
| Enamel Adhesion | 137 | ||
| Dentin Adhesion | 138 | ||
| Challenges in Dentin Bonding | 138 | ||
| Substrate | 138 | ||
| Stresses at the Resin–Dentin Interface | 141 | ||
| Development | 142 | ||
| Beginning | 142 | ||
| First Generation | 143 | ||
| Second Generation | 143 | ||
| Third Generation | 143 | ||
| Current Options for Resin–Dentin Bonding | 143 | ||
| Three-Step Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives | 143 | ||
| Two-Step Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives | 145 | ||
| Two-Step Self-Etch Adhesives | 146 | ||
| One-Step Self-Etch Adhesives | 149 | ||
| Universal Adhesives | 149 | ||
| Moist Versus Dry Dentin Surfaces With Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives | 150 | ||
| Role of Water in Self-Etch Adhesives | 151 | ||
| Role of Proteins in Dentin Bonding | 151 | ||
| Microleakage and Nanoleakage | 152 | ||
| Biocompatibility | 153 | ||
| Relevance of In Vitro Studies | 154 | ||
| Clinical Performance | 154 | ||
| Incompatibility Issues With Self-Cure and Dual-Cure Composites | 155 | ||
| Expanded Clinical Indications for Dentin Adhesives | 156 | ||
| Desensitization | 156 | ||
| Adhesion to Root Canal Dentin | 156 | ||
| A. Substrate for Adhesion | 156 | ||
| B. Restorative Technique | 157 | ||
| Indirect Adhesive Restorations | 157 | ||
| A. Glass-Matrix Ceramics | 157 | ||
| B. Polycrystalline Ceramics | 158 | ||
| C. Resin-Matrix Ceramics | 159 | ||
| Summary | 159 | ||
| References | 159 | ||
| Disclosure | 169 | ||
| 6 Light Curing of Restorative Materials | 170 | ||
| Methacrylate-Based, Free Radical Polymerization | 170 | ||
| Activation and Initiation | 170 | ||
| Propagation | 170 | ||
| Termination | 170 | ||
| Development of Polymerization Strategies for Dentistry | 171 | ||
| Self-Curing Direct Restorative Products | 171 | ||
| Light-Cured Polymerization Reactions | 172 | ||
| Radiometric Terminology | 172 | ||
| Electromagnetic Energy / Electromagnetic Spectrum | 172 | ||
| Light Curing of Restorative Resins | 173 | ||
| The Photoinitiator Molecule and Free Radical Generation | 173 | ||
| Ultraviolet vs. Blue Light | 174 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Ability to Polymerize a Resin-Based Composite | 175 | ||
| Depth of Cure | 175 | ||
| Exposure Time | 175 | ||
| Effect of Thickness of the Restorative Material | 175 | ||
| Interaction Between Wavelength of Light and Filler Particles | 175 | ||
| Matching Resin and Filler Refractive Indices | 176 | ||
| Development of Dental Curing Lights | 176 | ||
| Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen Lights | 176 | ||
| Plasma-Arc Lights | 177 | ||
| Argon-Ion Lasers | 178 | ||
| “Turbo” Light Guides | 179 | ||
| Stress Development During Polymerization | 179 | ||
| Soft-Start Exposures | 180 | ||
| Light-Emitting Diode Technology | 180 | ||
| First-Generation LED Lights | 180 | ||
| Second-Generation LED Lights | 181 | ||
| Third-Generation LED Lights: Multiwave, Multipeak, Polywave | 181 | ||
| Batteries | 182 | ||
| Budget Curing Lights | 182 | ||
| Evaluation of Light Output From a Curing Light | 183 | ||
| Radiant Power Measurement | 183 | ||
| Spectral Radiant Power Measurement | 183 | ||
| Integrating Sphere | 184 | ||
| Light Beam Uniformity | 184 | ||
| Monitoring the Output From Curing Lights | 186 | ||
| Handheld “Dental Radiometers” | 187 | ||
| Practical Considerations for Light Curing Dental Resins in the Mouth | 188 | ||
| Factors Affecting Light Delivery to the Target | 188 | ||
| Light Guide Tip Design | 188 | ||
| Distance to Target | 188 | ||
| Infection Control | 189 | ||
| Health-Related Issues | 190 | ||
| Intrapulpal Temperature Considerations | 190 | ||
| Soft Tissue Damage | 191 | ||
| The Optical “Blue Light Hazard” | 191 | ||
| Blue Light Blocking Protection | 193 | ||
| Electromagnetic Risk From Curing Lights | 194 | ||
| Teaching How to Light Cure | 194 | ||
| General Recommendations When Using a Curing Light | 196 | ||
| References | 196 | ||
| 7 Color and Shade Matching in Operative Dentistry | 200 | ||
| Color and Perception | 200 | ||
| The Color Triplet (Observer Situation) | 200 | ||
| Color Vision | 200 | ||
| Rods and Cones | 200 | ||
| Color Deficiency | 200 | ||
| Color Dimensions | 200 | ||
| Hue | 201 | ||
| Value | 201 | ||
| Chroma | 201 | ||
| Other Optical Properties | 202 | ||
| Translucency | 202 | ||
| Iridescence | 202 | ||
| Opalescence | 202 | ||
| Gloss | 203 | ||
| Fluorescence | 203 | ||
| Surround Effects and Blending | 203 | ||
| Chromatic Induction | 203 | ||
| Contrast and Assimilation | 203 | ||
| Blending Effect | 203 | ||
| Complementary Afterimage | 203 | ||
| Color and Appearance of Teeth and Dental Materials | 203 | ||
| Tooth Color and Appearance | 203 | ||
| Dentin | 203 | ||
| Enamel | 203 | ||
| Color-Related Properties of Restorative Materials | 204 | ||
| Compatibility | 205 | ||
| Stability | 205 | ||
| Interactions | 205 | ||
| Color Matching Tools—Dental Shade Guides | 205 | ||
| Dental Shade Guides | 205 | ||
| Commercial Shade Guides | 205 | ||
| Ceramic Based | 205 | ||
| Polymer Resin Based | 207 | ||
| Other Materials (Plastics/Acrylics) | 207 | ||
| Custom Shade Guides | 207 | ||
| Color Matching Instruments | 208 | ||
| Dental Photography | 209 | ||
| Visual Shade Matching Method | 211 | ||
| Three Pre–Shade Matching Steps | 211 | ||
| 1. Check Color Vision | 211 | ||
| 2. Use Color Corrected Lighting | 211 | ||
| 3. Control Surround/Viewing Conditions | 212 | ||
| Five Shade Matching Steps | 212 | ||
| 1. Perform at the Beginning | 212 | ||
| 2. Set Light and Observer | 213 | ||
| 3. Use Appropriate Technique | 213 | ||
| Shade Tab Positioning | 213 | ||
| Macro-Mini-Micro Shade Matching Technique | 214 | ||
| Macro Phase. | 214 | ||
| Mini Phase. | 214 | ||
| Micro Phase. | 214 | ||
| Shade Matching Duration | 214 | ||
| 4. Communicate | 214 | ||
| 5. Verify | 214 | ||
| Improving Shade Matching Skills | 216 | ||
| Appendix | 216 | ||
| The Curious Case of a “Bleaching Mishap” | 216 | ||
| References | 217 | ||
| 8 Clinical Technique for Direct Composite Resin and Glass Ionomer Restorations | 219 | ||
| General Considerations for Composite Restorations | 219 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 219 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 220 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Pit-and-Fissure Sealants | 220 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Preventive Resin and Conservative Composite Restorations | 222 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class I Direct Composite Restorations | 223 | ||
| Initial Clinical Procedures | 223 | ||
| Local Anesthesia | 224 | ||
| Preparation of the Operating Site | 224 | ||
| Shade Selection | 224 | ||
| Isolation of the Operating Site | 224 | ||
| Other Preoperative Considerations | 224 | ||
| Tooth Preparation | 224 | ||
| Restorative Technique | 226 | ||
| Placement of the Adhesive | 226 | ||
| Insertion and Light Curing of the Composite | 226 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing of the Composite | 228 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class II Direct Composite Restorations | 229 | ||
| Initial Clinical Procedures | 229 | ||
| Tooth Preparation | 229 | ||
| Restorative Technique | 233 | ||
| Matrix Application | 233 | ||
| Placement of the Adhesive | 235 | ||
| Insertion and Light Curing of the Composite | 235 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing of the Composite | 235 | ||
| Extensive Class II Direct Composite Restorations and Foundations | 237 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class III Direct Composite Restorations | 238 | ||
| Initial Clinical Procedures | 238 | ||
| Tooth Preparation | 239 | ||
| Restorative Technique | 243 | ||
| Matrix Application | 243 | ||
| Placement of the Adhesive | 245 | ||
| Insertion and Light Curing of the Composite | 245 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing of the Composite | 246 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class IV Direct Composite Restorations | 248 | ||
| Initial Clinical Procedures | 248 | ||
| Tooth Preparation | 248 | ||
| Restorative Technique | 249 | ||
| Matrix Application | 249 | ||
| Placement of the Adhesive | 251 | ||
| Insertion and Light Curing of Composite | 251 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing of the Composite | 251 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class V Direct Composite Restorations | 253 | ||
| Initial Clinical Procedures | 253 | ||
| Tooth Preparation | 253 | ||
| Caries | 254 | ||
| Gingival Health | 254 | ||
| Esthetics | 254 | ||
| Sensitivity | 254 | ||
| Pulp Protection | 254 | ||
| Tooth Strength | 254 | ||
| Restorative Technique | 255 | ||
| Placement of the Adhesive | 256 | ||
| Insertion and Light Curing of the Composite | 256 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing of the Composite | 256 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class VI Direct Composite Restorations | 258 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Glass Ionomer Restorations | 258 | ||
| Repairing Composite Restorations | 259 | ||
| Common Problems: Causes and Potential Solutions | 259 | ||
| White Line Adjacent to the Enamel Margin | 259 | ||
| Voids | 260 | ||
| Weak or Missing Proximal Contacts (Class II, III, and IV) | 260 | ||
| Inaccurate Shade | 261 | ||
| Contouring and Finishing Problems | 261 | ||
| Postoperative Sensitivity | 261 | ||
| Summary | 262 | ||
| References | 262 | ||
| 9 Additional Conservative Esthetic Procedures | 264 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 264 | ||
| Shape or Form | 264 | ||
| Symmetry and Proportionality | 266 | ||
| Position and Alignment | 268 | ||
| Surface Texture | 268 | ||
| Color | 268 | ||
| Translucency | 269 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 270 | ||
| Conservative Alterations of Tooth Contours and Contacts | 270 | ||
| Alterations of Shape of Natural Teeth | 270 | ||
| Etiology | 270 | ||
| 10 Clinical Technique for Amalgam Restorations | 306 | ||
| Types of Amalgam Restorative Materials | 306 | ||
| Low-Copper Amalgam | 306 | ||
| High-Copper Amalgam | 306 | ||
| Admixed Amalgam | 307 | ||
| Spherical Amalgam | 307 | ||
| New Amalgam Alloys | 307 | ||
| Important Amalgam Properties | 307 | ||
| General Considerations for Amalgam Restorations | 307 | ||
| Restoration With Amalgam | 307 | ||
| Uses of Amalgam | 308 | ||
| Indications | 309 | ||
| Contraindications | 309 | ||
| Occlusal Factors | 309 | ||
| Isolation Factors | 309 | ||
| Operator Ability and Commitment Factors | 309 | ||
| Advantages | 309 | ||
| Disadvantages | 310 | ||
| General Clinical Technique for Amalgam Restorations | 310 | ||
| Initial Clinical Procedures | 310 | ||
| Local Anesthesia | 311 | ||
| Isolation of the Operating Site | 311 | ||
| Other Preoperative Considerations | 311 | ||
| General Concepts Guiding Preparation for Amalgam Restorations | 311 | ||
| Principles | 312 | ||
| Initial Tooth Preparation | 312 | ||
| Outline Form | 313 | ||
| Cavosurface Margin | 314 | ||
| Resistance Form | 314 | ||
| Retention Form | 314 | ||
| Convenience Form | 315 | ||
| Final Tooth Preparation | 315 | ||
| Removal of Defective Restorative Material and/or Soft Dentin | 315 | ||
| Pulp Protection | 315 | ||
| Secondary Resistance and Retention Forms | 315 | ||
| Final Procedures: Debridement and Inspection | 315 | ||
| Preparation Designs | 316 | ||
| General Concepts Guiding Restoration With Amalgam | 316 | ||
| Matrix Placement | 316 | ||
| Mixing (Triturating) the Amalgam | 316 | ||
| Insertion of the Amalgam | 316 | ||
| Precarve Burnishing | 317 | ||
| Carving the Amalgam | 317 | ||
| Occlusal Areas | 317 | ||
| Facial and Lingual Areas | 318 | ||
| Proximal Embrasure Areas | 318 | ||
| Postcarve Burnishing | 319 | ||
| Evaluation of Occlusal Contact Areas on the Restoration | 319 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing of the Amalgam | 319 | ||
| Repairing an Amalgam Restoration | 322 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class I Amalgam Restorations | 322 | ||
| Initial Clinical Procedures | 323 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Class I Amalgam Restorations | 323 | ||
| Initial Tooth Preparation | 323 | ||
| Final Tooth Preparation | 328 | ||
| Other Class I Amalgam Preparations | 329 | ||
| Restorative Technique for Class I Amalgam Preparations | 330 | ||
| Desensitizer Placement | 330 | ||
| Matrix Placement | 330 | ||
| Insertion and Carving of the Amalgam | 330 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing of the Amalgam | 330 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Class I Occlusolingual and Occlusofacial Amalgam Restorations | 332 | ||
| Tooth Preparation | 332 | ||
| Restorative Technique for Class I Occlusolingual or Occlusofacial Amalgam Preparations | 336 | ||
| Desensitizer Placement | 336 | ||
| Matrix Placement (If Necessary) | 337 | ||
| Insertion of the Amalgam | 338 | ||
| Contouring and Finishing of the Amalgam Restoration | 338 | ||
| Class I Occlusofacial Amalgam Restorations | 338 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class II Amalgam Restorations | 338 | ||
| Initial Clinical Procedures | 338 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Class II Amalgam Restorations That Involve Only One Proximal Surface | 338 | ||
| Initial Tooth Preparation | 338 | ||
| Occlusal Outline Form (Occlusal Step) | 338 | ||
| Proximal Outline Form (the Proximal “Box”) | 341 | ||
| Final Tooth Preparation | 345 | ||
| Proximal Retention Grooves | 346 | ||
| Proximal Walls | 348 | ||
| Variations of Proximal Surface Tooth Preparations | 348 | ||
| Mandibular First Premolar | 348 | ||
| Maxillary First Molar | 349 | ||
| Maxillary First Premolar | 350 | ||
| Box-Only Preparation | 351 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Class II Amalgam Restorations Involving Both Proximal Surfaces | 351 | ||
| Occlusal Extensions | 351 | ||
| Proximal Extensions | 352 | ||
| Examples of Moderate Class II Amalgam Tooth Preparations That Involve Both Proximal Surfaces | 352 | ||
| Mandibular Second Premolar | 352 | ||
| Mandibular First Premolar | 352 | ||
| Maxillary First Molar | 352 | ||
| Maxillary Second Molar With a Caries Lesion on the Distal Portion of the Facial Surface | 352 | ||
| Mandibular First Molar | 353 | ||
| Modifications in Tooth Preparation for Proximal Surfaces | 353 | ||
| Slot Preparation for Root Caries | 353 | ||
| Rotated Teeth | 353 | ||
| Unusual Outline Forms | 354 | ||
| Adjoining Restorations | 354 | ||
| Abutment Teeth for a Removable Partial Denture | 355 | ||
| Restorative Technique for Class II Amalgam Preparations | 355 | ||
| Desensitizer Placement | 355 | ||
| Matrix Placement | 355 | ||
| Universal Matrix | 355 | ||
| Rigid-Material Supported Sectional Matrix | 364 | ||
| Precontoured Sectional Matrix Strips | 365 | ||
| Condensation and Carving of the Amalgam | 365 | ||
| Carving the Occlusal Portion | 366 | ||
| Removal of the Matrix Band and Completion of Carving | 366 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing of the Amalgam | 367 | ||
| Quadrant Dentistry | 367 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class III Amalgam Restorations | 368 | ||
| Initial Procedures | 369 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Class III Amalgam Restorations | 369 | ||
| Initial Tooth Preparation | 369 | ||
| Final Tooth Preparation | 371 | ||
| Restorative Technique for Class III Amalgam Preparations | 375 | ||
| Desensitizer Placement | 375 | ||
| Matrix Placement | 375 | ||
| Condensation and Carving | 375 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing | 375 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class V Amalgam Restorations | 375 | ||
| Initial Procedures | 377 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Class V Amalgam Restorations | 378 | ||
| Initial Tooth Preparation | 379 | ||
| Final Tooth Preparation | 380 | ||
| Large Preparations That Include Line Angles | 380 | ||
| Restorative Technique for Class V Amalgam Preparations | 383 | ||
| Desensitizer Placement | 383 | ||
| Matrix Placement | 383 | ||
| Insertion and Carving of the Amalgam | 383 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing of the Amalgam | 384 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Class VI Amalgam Restorations | 385 | ||
| Clinical Technique for Complex Amalgam Restorations | 386 | ||
| Indications | 386 | ||
| Resistance and Retention Forms | 387 | ||
| Status and Prognosis of the Tooth | 387 | ||
| Role of the Tooth in Overall Treatment Plan | 387 | ||
| Occlusion and Economics | 388 | ||
| Age and Health of Patient | 388 | ||
| Contraindications | 388 | ||
| Advantages | 388 | ||
| Conservation of Tooth Structure | 388 | ||
| Appointment Time | 388 | ||
| Resistance and Retention Forms | 388 | ||
| Reduced Cost | 388 | ||
| Disadvantages | 388 | ||
| Tooth Anatomy | 388 | ||
| Resistance Form | 388 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Complex Amalgam Restorations | 388 | ||
| Preparation for Cusp Coverage Complex Amalgams | 388 | ||
| Mandibular First Premolar | 390 | ||
| Maxillary First Molar | 390 | ||
| Mandibular First Molar | 390 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Slot-Retained Amalgam Restorations | 391 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Pin-Retained Amalgam Restorations | 392 | ||
| Types of Parapulpal Retention Pins | 392 | ||
| Factors Affecting Retention of the Pin in Dentin and Amalgam | 393 | ||
| Type | 393 | ||
| Surface Characteristics | 393 | ||
| Orientation, Number, and Diameter | 393 | ||
| Extension Into Dentin and Amalgam | 393 | ||
| Pin Placement Factors and Techniques | 393 | ||
| Pin Size | 393 | ||
| Number of Pins | 394 | ||
| Pinhole Location | 394 | ||
| Pinhole Preparation | 396 | ||
| Pin Design | 399 | ||
| Pin Insertion | 400 | ||
| Possible Problems With Pins | 401 | ||
| Failure of Pin-Retained Restorations | 401 | ||
| Broken Drills and Broken Pins | 403 | ||
| Loose Pins | 403 | ||
| Penetration Into the Pulp and Perforation of the External Tooth Surface | 403 | ||
| Considerations for the Use of Slots or Pins | 404 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Amalgam Foundations | 404 | ||
| Slot and/or Pin Retention of Foundations | 405 | ||
| Pulp Chamber Retention of Foundations | 405 | ||
| Restorative Technique for Complex Amalgam Preparations | 405 | ||
| Desensitizer Placement | 405 | ||
| Matrix Placement | 405 | ||
| Universal Matrix | 406 | ||
| AutoMatrix | 407 | ||
| Insertion, Contouring, and Finishing of Amalgam | 407 | ||
| Summary | 411 | ||
| References | 411 | ||
| 11 Periodontology Applied to Operative Dentistry | 415 | ||
| Basic Concepts of the Periodontium Relevant for Restorative Dentistry | 415 | ||
| The Gingiva | 415 | ||
| The Cementum | 415 | ||
| The Alveolar Bone | 415 | ||
| The Periodontal Ligament | 415 | ||
| The Biologic Width | 416 | ||
| The Gingival Display | 416 | ||
| Challenges in Periodontal Health Affecting Restorative Dentistry | 417 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 417 | ||
| The Importance of Maintenance Therapy | 418 | ||
| Gingival Biotypes | 418 | ||
| Furcation Involvement | 418 | ||
| Open Proximal Contacts | 419 | ||
| Enamel Pearls | 420 | ||
| Cervical Enamel Projection | 420 | ||
| Cemental Tears | 420 | ||
| Palatoradicular Grooves | 421 | ||
| Tooth Position | 421 | ||
| Occlusion | 421 | ||
| Periodontal Procedures Relevant to Restorative Dentistry | 422 | ||
| Crown Lengthening | 422 | ||
| Gingivectomy | 424 | ||
| Subgingival Caries/Access for Proper Restoration | 424 | ||
| Tooth Fracture | 424 | ||
| Inadequate Retention | 424 | ||
| Altered Passive Eruption | 425 | ||
| Distal Wedge | 425 | ||
| Noncarious Cervical Lesions and Mucogingival Surgery | 425 | ||
| Effect of Restorative Treatment on the Periodontium | 427 | ||
| Biologic Width Violation | 427 | ||
| Materials | 427 | ||
| Provisional Restorations and Restorative Margins | 428 | ||
| Retraction Cord and Impressions | 429 | ||
| Summary | 429 | ||
| References | 430 | ||
| 12 Digital Dentistry in Operative Dentistry | 433 | ||
| Clinical Application | 433 | ||
| Chairside CAD/CAM Systems | 433 | ||
| Tooth Preparation Principles for CAD/CAM Restorations | 435 | ||
| Crowns | 435 | ||
| Inlays and Onlays | 436 | ||
| Chairside CAD/CAM Clinical Workflow | 437 | ||
| Chairside Restorative Materials | 438 | ||
| Accuracy of Digital Impressions | 447 | ||
| Research Relative to CAD/CAM Systems | 448 | ||
| Clinical Longevity of CAD/CAM Restorations | 449 | ||
| Conclusion | 451 | ||
| References | 451 | ||
| 13 Dental Biomaterials | 453 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 453 | ||
| Physical, Mechanical, and Optical Properties | 454 | ||
| Dimensional Change. | 454 | ||
| Thermal Coefficient of Expansion (COE). | 454 | ||
| Percolation. | 455 | ||
| Thermal Conductivity. | 455 | ||
| Creep. | 456 | ||
| Electrical Properties. | 456 | ||
| Solubility. | 456 | ||
| Optical Properties. | 457 | ||
| Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Diametral Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, and Fracture Toughness. | 457 | ||
| Elastic Modulus. | 458 | ||
| Load-to Failure Testing Versus Fatigue Testing. | 458 | ||
| Wettability. | 459 | ||
| Hardness Testing. | 460 | ||
| Bond Strength Testing. | 460 | ||
| Biologic Properties. | 460 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 461 | ||
| Direct Restorative Materials | 461 | ||
| Silver Amalgam | 461 | ||
| Advantages of Silver Amalgam | 461 | ||
| Composition | 462 | ||
| Evaluation of Silver Amalgam Materials | 463 | ||
| Manipulation of Silver Amalgam | 464 | ||
| Bonded Amalgams | 464 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 464 | ||
| Mercury and Silver Amalgam | 464 | ||
| Historical Review | 465 | ||
| Classical Research | 465 | ||
| Research Questioning the Safety of Silver Amalgam | 465 | ||
| Critique of Anti–Amalgam Research | 466 | ||
| Research Supporting the Continued Use of Silver Amalgam | 467 | ||
| Environmental Impact | 468 | ||
| Impact of Unwarranted Amalgam Removal | 468 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 468 | ||
| Composite Resins | 469 | ||
| History | 469 | ||
| Composite Resin Materials | 469 | ||
| Composition of Composite Resin Materials | 469 | ||
| Classification of Composite Resin Materials | 470 | ||
| According to Polymerization Reaction Initiation | 470 | ||
| Chemical Cure. | 470 | ||
| Light Cure. | 470 | ||
| Dual Cure. | 470 | ||
| According to Filler Particle Size | 470 | ||
| Macrofilled Composite Resin Materials. | 470 | ||
| Microfilled Composite Resin Materials. | 471 | ||
| Hybrid Composite Resin Materials. | 471 | ||
| Packable (Condensable) Composite Resin Materials. | 472 | ||
| Flowable Composite Resin Materials. | 472 | ||
| Low Shrinkage Composite Resin Materials | 472 | ||
| Bulk-Fill Composite Resin Materials | 473 | ||
| Manipulative Variables With Composite Resin Restorative Materials | 473 | ||
| Summary and Conclusions About Composite Resin Materials | 474 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 474 | ||
| Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials | 474 | ||
| Types of Glass Ionomer Materials | 475 | ||
| Dental Cements/Luting Agents | 475 | ||
| Conventional Glass Ionomer Cements | 475 | ||
| Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements | 475 | ||
| Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials | 476 | ||
| Resin-Modified Glass Ionomers | 476 | ||
| Reinforced Glass Ionomers | 476 | ||
| Cavity Liners | 476 | ||
| A Note on Fluoride Release and Secondary Caries Prevention. | 476 | ||
| Polyacid Modified Composites (Compomers) | 477 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 477 | ||
| Adhesive Dentistry | 477 | ||
| Bonding to Enamel | 477 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 479 | ||
| Bonding to Dentin | 479 | ||
| Initial Bonding Agents | 480 | ||
| Etch-and-Rinse Bonding Agents (Previously Called “Total-Etch”) | 480 | ||
| Self-Etching Primers | 481 | ||
| New Developments | 482 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 482 | ||
| Bases and Cavity Liners in the Adhesive Era | 482 | ||
| Base Materials | 482 | ||
| Liner Materials | 482 | ||
| Clinical Recommendations | 483 | ||
| Amalgam | 483 | ||
| Composite Resin | 483 | ||
| Cast-Metal Indirect Restorations | 483 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 483 | ||
| Indirect Restorative Materials | 484 | ||
| Impression Materials | 484 | ||
| Classification of Impression Materials | 484 | ||
| Accuracy | 484 | ||
| Elastic Recovery | 485 | ||
| Dimensional Stability | 485 | ||
| Flow and Flexibility | 486 | ||
| Workability | 486 | ||
| Hydrophilicity | 486 | ||
| Shelf Life | 487 | ||
| Patient Comfort | 487 | ||
| Economic Factors | 487 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 487 | ||
| Principles of Impression Material Manipulation | 487 | ||
| Control of Bulk | 487 | ||
| Adhesion of the Impression Material to the Tray | 488 | ||
| Pouring of Impression Materials | 488 | ||
| Viscosity Control | 488 | ||
| Adequate Mixing | 489 | ||
| Disinfection | 489 | ||
| Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials and Latex | 489 | ||
| Putty-Wash Impression Techniques | 490 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 490 | ||
| Gypsum Products | 490 | ||
| The Nature of Gypsum Products | 491 | ||
| Classification of Gypsum Products | 491 | ||
| Selection and Manipulation of Gypsum Products | 492 | ||
| Casting Investments | 493 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 494 | ||
| Gold Alloys | 494 | ||
| Porcelain Bonding Alloys | 495 | ||
| Classification | 496 | ||
| Composition | 496 | ||
| Strength | 497 | ||
| Fit of Castings | 497 | ||
| Bonding to Porcelain | 498 | ||
| Biocompatibility | 499 | ||
| Economic Considerations | 499 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 499 | ||
| Implant Materials | 500 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 501 | ||
| Evolution of All-Ceramic Crowns | 501 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 504 | ||
| Contemporary Ceramic Materials | 505 | ||
| Indications | 508 | ||
| The Bottom Line | 508 | ||
| References | 508 | ||
| 14 Instruments and Equipment for Tooth Preparation | e1 | ||
| Hand Instruments for Cutting | e1 | ||
| Terminology and Classification | e1 | ||
| Categories | e1 | ||
| Design | e1 | ||
| Shank Angles | e2 | ||
| Names | e2 | ||
| Formulas | e2 | ||
| Bevels | e2 | ||
| Applications | e4 | ||
| Excavators | e4 | ||
| Chisels | e4 | ||
| Other Cutting Instruments | e5 | ||
| Hand Instrument Techniques | e5 | ||
| Modified Pen Grasp | e5 | ||
| Inverted Pen Grasp | e5 | ||
| Palm-and-Thumb Grasp | e5 | ||
| Modified Palm-and-Thumb Grasp | e6 | ||
| Rests | e6 | ||
| Guards | e7 | ||
| Contemporary Powered Cutting Equipment | e7 | ||
| Rotary-Powered Cutting Equipment | e7 | ||
| Rotary Speed Ranges for Different Cutting Applications | e7 | ||
| Laser Equipment | e8 | ||
| Other Equipment | e8 | ||
| Rotary Cutting Instruments | e9 | ||
| Common Design Characteristics | e9 | ||
| Shank Design | e9 | ||
| Neck Design | e10 | ||
| Head Design | e10 | ||
| Dental Burs | e10 | ||
| Historical Development of Dental Burs | e10 | ||
| Bur Classification Systems | e10 | ||
| Shapes | e10 | ||
| Sizes | e11 | ||
| Modifications in Bur Design | e12 | ||
| Additional Features in Head Design | e13 | ||
| Bur Blade Design | e15 | ||
| Diamond Abrasive Instruments | e15 | ||
| Terminology | e15 | ||
| Classification | e16 | ||
| Head Shapes and Sizes | e16 | ||
| Diamond Particle Factors | e17 | ||
| Other Abrasive Instruments | e17 | ||
| Classification | e17 | ||
| Materials | e17 | ||
| Cutting Mechanisms | e18 | ||
| Evaluation of Cutting | e18 | ||
| Bladed Cutting | e18 | ||
| Abrasive Cutting | e19 | ||
| Cutting Recommendations | e19 | ||
| Hazards With Cutting Instruments | e19 | ||
| Pulpal Precautions | e19 | ||
| Soft Tissue Precautions | e20 | ||
| Eye Precautions | e20 | ||
| Ear Precautions | e20 | ||
| Inhalation Precautions | e21 | ||
| Summary | e21 | ||
| References | e21 | ||
| 15 Preliminary Considerations for Operative Dentistry | e23 | ||
| Preoperative Patient and Dental Team Considerations | e23 | ||
| Patient and Operator Positions | e23 | ||
| Chair and Patient Positions | e23 | ||
| Operating Positions | e23 | ||
| Right Front Position | e23 | ||
| Right Position | e23 | ||
| Right Rear Position | e23 | ||
| Direct Rear Position | e24 | ||
| General Considerations | e24 | ||
| Operating Stools | e24 | ||
| Instrument Exchange | e24 | ||
| Magnification and Headlamp Illumination | e24 | ||
| Isolation of the Operating Field | e25 | ||
| Goals of Isolation | e26 | ||
| Moisture Control | e26 | ||
| Retraction and Access | e26 | ||
| Patient Safety | e26 | ||
| Local Anesthesia | e26 | ||
| Rubber Dam Isolation | e26 | ||
| Advantages | e26 | ||
| Dry, Clean Operating Field | e26 | ||
| Access and Visibility | e26 | ||
| Optimization of Dental Material Properties | e26 | ||
| Protection of the Patient and the Operator | e27 | ||
| Operating Efficiency | e27 | ||
| Disadvantages | e27 | ||
| Materials and Instruments | e27 | ||
| Material | e27 | ||
| Frame | e27 | ||
| Retainer | e27 | ||
| Punch | e29 | ||
| Retainer Forceps | e29 | ||
| Napkin | e29 | ||
| Lubricant | e29 | ||
| Anchors (Other Than Retainers) | e30 | ||
| Hole Size and Position | e30 | ||
| Placement | e38 | ||
| Alternative and Additional Methods and Factors | e38 | ||
| Applying the Dam and Retainer Simultaneously | e38 | ||
| Applying the Dam Before the Retainer | e41 | ||
| Cervical Retainer Placement | e41 | ||
| Fixed Bridge Isolation | e41 | ||
| Substitution of a Retainer With a Matrix | e42 | ||
| Variations With Patient Age | e43 | ||
| Errors in Application and Removal | e44 | ||
| Off-Center Arch Form. | e44 | ||
| Inappropriate Distance Between the Holes. | e44 | ||
| Incorrect Arch Form of Holes. | e44 | ||
| Inappropriate Retainer. | e44 | ||
| Tissue Trauma From Retainer. | e44 | ||
| Shredded or Torn Dam. | e45 | ||
| Sharp Tips on No. 212 Retainer. | e45 | ||
| Incorrect Technique for Cutting Septa. | e45 | ||
| Cotton Roll Isolation and Cellulose Wafers | e45 | ||
| Other Isolation Techniques | e46 | ||
| Throat Shields | e46 | ||
| High-Volume Evacuators and Saliva Ejectors | e46 | ||
| Retraction Cord | e48 | ||
| Mirror and Evacuator Tip Retraction | e48 | ||
| Mouth Props | e48 | ||
| Drugs | e49 | ||
| Summary | e50 | ||
| References | e50 | ||
| 16 Resin-Bonded Splints and Bridges | e52 | ||
| Periodontally Involved Teeth | e52 | ||
| Techniques for Splinting Anterior Teeth | e52 | ||
| Stabilization of Teeth After Orthodontic Treatment | e54 | ||
| Technique | e54 | ||
| Avulsed or Partially Avulsed Teeth | e55 | ||
| Technique | e55 | ||
| Conservative Bridges | e56 | ||
| Natural Tooth Pontic | e56 | ||
| Technique | e56 | ||
| Denture Tooth Pontic | e58 | ||
| Technique | e58 | ||
| Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Pontic or All-Metal Pontic With Metal Retainers | e59 | ||
| Maxillary Anterior Bridge | e60 | ||
| Preparation | e61 | ||
| Laboratory Phase | e61 | ||
| Try-in Stage | e61 | ||
| Bonding Steps | e61 | ||
| Finishing Procedure | e62 | ||
| Mandibular Anterior Splint-and-Bridge Combination | e63 | ||
| Mandibular Posterior Bridge With Metal-and-Porcelain Pontic | e64 | ||
| Preparation | e64 | ||
| Laboratory Phase | e64 | ||
| Try-in Stage | e65 | ||
| Bonding Steps | e65 | ||
| Maxillary Bridge With Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Pontic | e65 | ||
| Mandibular Posterior Bridge With Metal Pontic | e66 | ||
| All-Porcelain Pontic | e66 | ||
| Technique | e66 | ||
| References | e68 | ||
| 17 Direct Gold Restorations | e69 | ||
| Materials and Manufacture | e69 | ||
| Cohesion and Degassing | e69 | ||
| Principles of Compaction | e70 | ||
| Compaction Technique for Gold Foil | e72 | ||
| Compaction Technique for E-Z Gold | e73 | ||
| Principles of Tooth Preparation for Direct Gold Restorations | e73 | ||
| Fundamentals of Tooth Preparation | e73 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | e73 | ||
| Tooth Preparations and Restorations | e73 | ||
| Class I Tooth Preparation and Restoration | e73 | ||
| Tooth Preparation Design | e73 | ||
| Instrumentation | e74 | ||
| Restoration | e74 | ||
| Class V Tooth Preparation and Restoration | e75 | ||
| Operating Field | e75 | ||
| Tooth Preparation Design | e76 | ||
| Instrumentation | e79 | ||
| Restoration | e79 | ||
| Class III Tooth Preparation and Restoration | e81 | ||
| Tooth Preparation Design for Maxillary Incisors | e81 | ||
| Modifications of Class III Preparations | e85 | ||
| Separation of Teeth | e85 | ||
| Instrumentation | e86 | ||
| Restoration | e86 | ||
| Summary | e92 | ||
| References | e93 | ||
| 18 Class II Cast-Metal Restorations | e94 | ||
| Material Qualities | e94 | ||
| Indications | e94 | ||
| Large Restorations | e94 | ||
| Endodontically Treated Teeth | e94 | ||
| Teeth at Risk for Fracture | e94 | ||
| Dental Rehabilitation With Cast-Metal Alloys | e94 | ||
| Diastema Closure and Occlusal Plane Correction | e94 | ||
| Removable Prosthodontic Abutment | e95 | ||
| Contraindications | e95 | ||
| High Caries Rate | e95 | ||
| Young Patients | e95 | ||
| Esthetics | e95 | ||
| Small Restorations | e95 | ||
| Advantages | e95 | ||
| Strength | e95 | ||
| Biocompatibility | e95 | ||
| Low Wear | e95 | ||
| Control of Contours and Contacts | e95 | ||
| Disadvantages | e95 | ||
| Number of Appointments and Higher Chair Time | e95 | ||
| Temporary Restorations | e95 | ||
| Cost | e95 | ||
| Technique Sensitivity | e95 | ||
| Splitting Forces | e95 | ||
| Initial Procedures | e95 | ||
| Occlusion | e95 | ||
| Anesthesia | e95 | ||
| Considerations for Temporary Restorations | e96 | ||
| Tooth Preparations for Class II Cast- Metal Restorations | e96 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Class II Cast-Metal Inlays | e97 | ||
| Initial Preparation | e97 | ||
| Occlusal Step | e97 | ||
| Proximal Box | e99 | ||
| Final Preparation | e101 | ||
| Removal of Soft Dentin and Pulp Protection | e101 | ||
| Preparation of Bevels and Flares | e104 | ||
| Modifications in Inlay Tooth Preparations | e108 | ||
| Mesioocclusodistal Preparation | e108 | ||
| Modifications of Class II Preparation for Esthetics | e108 | ||
| Facial or Lingual Surface Groove Extension | e108 | ||
| Class II Preparation for Abutment Teeth and Extension Gingivally to Include Root-Surface Lesions | e110 | ||
| Maxillary First Molar With Unaffected, Strong Oblique Ridge | e110 | ||
| Fissures in the Facial and Lingual Cusp Ridges or Marginal Ridges | e110 | ||
| Cusp-Capping Partial Onlay | e113 | ||
| Including Portions of the Facial and Lingual Smooth Surfaces Affected by Caries or Other Injury | e114 | ||
| Tooth Preparation for Full Cast-Metal Onlays | e116 | ||
| Initial Preparation | e116 | ||
| Occlusal Reduction | e116 | ||
| Occlusal Step | e119 | ||
| Proximal Box | e119 | ||
| Final Preparation | e119 | ||
| Removal of Infected Carious Dentin and Defective Restorative Materials and Pulp Protection | e119 | ||
| Preparation of Bevels and Flares | e119 | ||
| Modifications in Full Onlay Tooth Preparations | e121 | ||
| Facial or Lingual Surface Groove Extension | e121 | ||
| Inclusion of Portions of the Facial and Lingual Smooth Surfaces Affected by Caries, Fractured Cusps, or Other Injury | e121 | ||
| Enhancement of Resistance and Retention Forms | e121 | ||
| Skirt Preparation | e122 | ||
| Collar Preparation | e124 | ||
| Slot Preparation | e124 | ||
| Modifications for Esthetics on Maxillary Premolars and First Molars | e125 | ||
| Endodontically Treated Teeth | e125 | ||
| Restoring the Occlusal Plane of a Tilted Molar | e126 | ||
| Restorative Techniques for Cast- Metal Restorations | e126 | ||
| Interocclusal Record | e126 | ||
| Temporary Restoration | e127 | ||
| Technique for Indirect Temporary Restoration | e128 | ||
| Technique for Direct Temporary Restoration | e130 | ||
| Final Impression | e130 | ||
| Tissue Retraction | e132 | ||
| Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression | e134 | ||
| Tray Selection and Preparation | e134 | ||
| Impression Technique | e134 | ||
| Removing and Inspecting the Impression | e134 | ||
| Working Casts and Dies | e136 | ||
| Pouring the Final Impression | e136 | ||
| Completing the Working Cast | e136 | ||
| Use of Interocclusal Records | e139 | ||
| Wax Patterns | e139 | ||
| Forming the Pattern Base | e139 | ||
| Forming the Proximal Contour and Contact | e139 | ||
| Forming the Occlusal Surface | e139 | ||
| Finishing the Wax Pattern | e141 | ||
| Initial Withdrawal and Reseating of the Wax Pattern | e142 | ||
| Spruing, Investing, and Casting | e142 | ||
| Seating, Adjusting, and Polishing the Casting | e142 | ||
| Trying-in the Casting | e145 | ||
| Preparing the Mouth | e145 | ||
| Seating the Casting and Adjusting the Proximal Contacts | e145 | ||
| Occluding the Casting | e148 | ||
| Improving Marginal Adaptation | e150 | ||
| Removing the Casting | e152 | ||
| Cementation | e152 | ||
| Cement Selection | e152 | ||
| Cementation Technique | e152 | ||
| Repair | e154 | ||
| Summary | e154 | ||
| References | e154 | ||
| Index | 511 | ||
| A | 511 | ||
| B | 513 | ||
| C | 514 | ||
| D | 518 | ||
| E | 519 | ||
| F | 520 | ||
| G | 520 | ||
| H | 521 | ||
| I | 521 | ||
| J | 522 | ||
| K | 522 | ||
| L | 522 | ||
| M | 523 | ||
| N | 524 | ||
| O | 524 | ||
| P | 524 | ||
| Q | 526 | ||
| R | 526 | ||
| S | 527 | ||
| T | 528 | ||
| U | 530 | ||
| V | 530 | ||
| W | 530 | ||
| X | 530 | ||
| Y | 530 | ||
| Z | 530 |