BOOK
Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests - E-Book
Kathleen Deska Pagana | Timothy J. Pagana
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Writing care plans, understanding and performing tests, and interpreting test results is made easier with Mosby’s Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 6th Edition. This essential resource provides clear, concise overage of over 700 of the most commonly performed diagnostic and laboratory tests. Valuable in academic and clinical settings alike, it is beloved for its full-color design, user-friendly organization, and illustrations that help clarify keep concepts. Updated and streamlined content with new tests ensures you have the most relevant information. A new Diagnostic Testing for the Most Common Diseases section highlights the integration of medical testing as it relates to the top diseases or clinical syndromes.
- Tests are presented comprehensively and consistently , in a sequence that best simulates priorities in clinical practice.
- UNIQUE! Clinical Priorities boxes emphasize priorities and procedure considerations specific to understanding and performing tests.
- UNIQUE! Test Results and Clinical Significance sections describe the significance of the test findings and discuss the pathophysiology of the disease process and how it relates to the test result.
- UNIQUE! Home Care Responsibilities boxes focus on post-test factors for consideration.
- UNIQUE! Related Tests sections list additional tests related to the main test — including tests that provide similar information, confirmatory information, and other tests used to evaluate the same organ, disease process, or symptom complex.
- UNIQUE! Critical Values sections indicate test values of particular significance.
- UNIQUE! Icons indicate drugs that increase or decrease test values and patient teaching priorities.
- Age-Related Concerns boxes address pediatric and geriatric priorities.
- NEW and UPDATED! New tests have been added and outdated tests have been removed to reflect current best practices.
- NEW! A Diagnostic Testing for the Most Common Diseases section highlights the integration of medical testing as it relates to the top diseases or clinical syndromes.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | ES1 | ||
| MOSBY’S Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests | i | ||
| MOSBY’S: Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | x | ||
| Diagnostic Testing for the Most Common Diseases | xi | ||
| ADDISON’S DISEASE | xi | ||
| ADRENAL FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES | xi | ||
| AIDS/IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY | xi | ||
| ALLERGY | xii | ||
| ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE/DEMENTIA | xii | ||
| ANEMIA | xii | ||
| ARTHRITIS | xii | ||
| BACK PAIN | xii | ||
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY | xii | ||
| BLADDER CANCER | xii | ||
| BOWEL OBSTRUCTION | xiii | ||
| BREAST CANCER | xiii | ||
| CARCINOID | xiii | ||
| CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA | xiii | ||
| CELIAC DISEASE | xiii | ||
| CERVICAL CANCER | xiii | ||
| CIRRHOSIS | xiii | ||
| COAGULATION ABNORMALITIES | xiv | ||
| COLORECTAL CANCER | xiv | ||
| COMA | xiv | ||
| CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE | xiv | ||
| CORONARY OCCLUSIVE DISEASE | xv | ||
| DIABETES | xv | ||
| DIARRHEA | xv | ||
| DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING | xv | ||
| GALLBLADDER/BILIARY DISEASE | xvi | ||
| GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX | xvi | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING | xvi | ||
| HEMATURIA | xvi | ||
| HEMOLYSIS | xvi | ||
| HYPERTENSION | xvi | ||
| INFERTILITY | xvii | ||
| INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | xvii | ||
| IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA | xvii | ||
| JAUNDICE | xvii | ||
| LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA | xvii | ||
| LIVER DISEASES/FAILURE | xvii | ||
| LUNG CANCER | xviii | ||
| LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | xviii | ||
| MATERNAL/FETAL EVALUATION | xviii | ||
| MENOPAUSE | xix | ||
| OSTEOPOROSIS | xix | ||
| OVARIAN CANCER | xix | ||
| PANCREATITIS | xix | ||
| PARATHYROID FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES | xix | ||
| PEPTIC ULCER | xix | ||
| PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA | xix | ||
| PITUITARY FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES | xx | ||
| PNEUMONIA | xx | ||
| PROSTATE CANCER | xx | ||
| PULMONARY DISEASE ACUTE/CHRONIC | xx | ||
| RENAL DISEASE | xx | ||
| RENAL FAILURE | xxi | ||
| RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS | xxi | ||
| SARCOIDOSIS | xxi | ||
| SEXUAL ASSAULT | xxi | ||
| SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | xxi | ||
| SHORTNESS OF BREATH | xxi | ||
| SLEEP APNEA | xxi | ||
| STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION | xxi | ||
| STROKE SYNDROME | xxii | ||
| THROMBOCYTOPENIA | xxii | ||
| THROMBOSIS | xxii | ||
| THYROID CANCER | xxii | ||
| THYROID FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES | xxii | ||
| TRANSFUSION REACTION | xxii | ||
| TUBERCULOSIS | xxiii | ||
| URINARY STONES | xxiii | ||
| VASCULAR DISEASE | xxiii | ||
| 1 - Guidelines for Proper Test Preparation and Performance | 1 | ||
| Overview | 1 | ||
| CODING FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND LABORATORY TESTS | 1 | ||
| LABORATORY METHODS | 2 | ||
| Latex Agglutination | 2 | ||
| Agglutination Inhibition | 2 | ||
| Hemagglutination | 2 | ||
| Electrophoresis | 2 | ||
| Immunoelectrophoresis | 3 | ||
| Immunofixation Electrophoresis | 3 | ||
| Immunoassay | 3 | ||
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | 3 | ||
| Autoimmune Enzyme Immunoassay | 3 | ||
| Chemiluminescent Immunoassays | 3 | ||
| Fluorescent Immunoassays | 4 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 4 | ||
| Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization | 5 | ||
| STANDARD PRECAUTIONS | 5 | ||
| PROPER SEQUENCING AND SCHEDULING OF TESTS | 6 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 6 | ||
| Before the Test | 6 | ||
| Patient Identification | 7 | ||
| Patient Education | 7 | ||
| Variables Affecting Test Results | 7 | ||
| During Testing | 8 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 8 | ||
| Transport and Processing of the Specimen | 8 | ||
| A Note About SI Units | 8 | ||
| After the Test | 8 | ||
| Reporting Test Results | 8 | ||
| 2 - Blood Studies | 10 | ||
| Overview | 13 | ||
| Reasons for Obtaining Blood Studies | 13 | ||
| Methods of Blood Collection | 13 | ||
| Venous Puncture | 13 | ||
| Background Information | 13 | ||
| Collection Tubes | 14 | ||
| Technique | 14 | ||
| Before | 14 | ||
| During | 16 | ||
| After | 16 | ||
| Potential Complications | 17 | ||
| Preventing Interfering Factors | 17 | ||
| Drawing Blood From an Indwelling Venous Catheter | 17 | ||
| Drawing a Panel of Blood Studies | 17 | ||
| Arterial Puncture | 17 | ||
| Background Information | 17 | ||
| Technique | 18 | ||
| Before | 18 | ||
| During | 18 | ||
| After | 18 | ||
| 3 - Electrodiagnostic Tests | 477 | ||
| Overview | 477 | ||
| REASONS FOR PERFORMING ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC STUDIES | 477 | ||
| PROCEDURAL CARE FOR ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC STUDIES | 477 | ||
| Before | 477 | ||
| During | 478 | ||
| After | 478 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS OF ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC STUDIES | 478 | ||
| Cardiac Stress Testing | 478 | ||
| Contraction Stress Test | 479 | ||
| REPORTING OF RESULTS | 479 | ||
| Caloric Study (Oculovestibular Reflex Study) | 479 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 479 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 479 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 479 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 479 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 479 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 480 | ||
| Before | 480 | ||
| During | 480 | ||
| After | 480 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 480 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 480 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 481 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 481 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 481 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 483 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 483 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 484 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 484 | ||
| Before | 484 | ||
| During | 484 | ||
| After | 484 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 484 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 485 | ||
| Electrocardio | 485 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 485 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 485 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 485 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 488 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 488 | ||
| Before | 488 | ||
| During | 488 | ||
| After | 489 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 489 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 490 | ||
| Electroencephalography (Electroencephalogram [EEG]) | 490 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 490 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 490 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 490 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 491 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 491 | ||
| Before | 491 | ||
| During | 492 | ||
| After | 492 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 492 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 494 | ||
| Electromyography (EMG) | 494 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 494 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 494 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 495 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 495 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 495 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 495 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 495 | ||
| Before | 495 | ||
| During | 496 | ||
| After | 497 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 497 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 497 | ||
| Electronystagmography (ENG, Electrooculography) | 497 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 497 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 498 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 498 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 498 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 498 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 498 | ||
| Before | 498 | ||
| During | 499 | ||
| After | 499 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 499 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 500 | ||
| Electrophysiologic Study (EPS, Cardiac Mapping) | 500 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 500 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 500 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 500 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 500 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 500 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 501 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 501 | ||
| Before | 501 | ||
| During | 501 | ||
| After | 502 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 502 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 502 | ||
| Evoked Potential Studies (EP Studies, Evoked Brain Potentials, Evoked Responses, Visual-Evoked Responses [VERs], Auditory Brains... | 502 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 502 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 502 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 503 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 505 | ||
| Before | 505 | ||
| During | 505 | ||
| After | 505 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 505 | ||
| Prolonged Latency for VERs | 505 | ||
| Prolonged Latency for ABEPs | 506 | ||
| Abnormal Latency for SERs | 506 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 506 | ||
| Fetal Contraction Stress Test (CST, Oxytocin Challenge Test [OCT]) | 507 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 507 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 507 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 507 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 508 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 508 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 508 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 508 | ||
| Before | 508 | ||
| During | 509 | ||
| After | 509 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 509 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 509 | ||
| Fetal Nonstress Test (NST, Fetal Activity Determination) | 509 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 509 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 509 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 510 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 510 | ||
| Before | 510 | ||
| During | 510 | ||
| After | 511 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 511 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 511 | ||
| Holter Monitoring (Ambulatory Monitoring, Ambulatory Electrocardiography, Event Recorder) | 511 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 511 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 511 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 511 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 512 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 512 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 512 | ||
| Before | 512 | ||
| During | 513 | ||
| After | 513 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 513 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 514 | ||
| Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS, Electroneurography) | 514 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 514 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 514 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 514 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 515 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 515 | ||
| Before | 515 | ||
| During | 515 | ||
| After | 515 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 515 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 516 | ||
| Pelvic Floor Sphincter Electromyography (Pelvic Floor Sphincter EMG, Rectal EMG Procedure) | 516 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 516 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 516 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 516 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 516 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 517 | ||
| Before | 517 | ||
| During | 517 | ||
| After | 517 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 517 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 517 | ||
| 4 - Endoscopic Studies | 518 | ||
| Overview | 518 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR ENDOSCOPY | 518 | ||
| INSTRUMENTATION | 520 | ||
| PROCEDURAL CARE FOR THE ENDOSCOPY PATIENT | 520 | ||
| Pulmonary and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy | 520 | ||
| Before | 520 | ||
| During | 521 | ||
| 5 - Fluid Analysis Studies | 567 | ||
| Overview | 567 | ||
| REASONS FOR PERFORMING FLUID ANALYSIS | 567 | ||
| PROCEDURAL CARE FOR FLUID ANALYSIS | 568 | ||
| Before | 568 | ||
| During | 568 | ||
| After | 569 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS OF FLUID ANALYSIS TESTING | 569 | ||
| REPORTING RESULTS | 569 | ||
| Amniocentesis (Amniotic Fluid Analysis) | 569 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 569 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 570 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 570 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 572 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 572 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 573 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 573 | ||
| Before | 573 | ||
| During | 573 | ||
| After | 574 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 575 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 575 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 576 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 576 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 576 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 576 | ||
| Before | 576 | ||
| During | 576 | ||
| After | 576 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 577 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 577 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 577 | ||
| Arthrocentesis With Synovial Fluid Analysis (Synovial Fluid Analysis, Joint Aspiration) | 577 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 577 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 577 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 578 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 579 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 579 | ||
| Before | 579 | ||
| During | 579 | ||
| After | 579 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 579 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 580 | ||
| Breast Cyst and Nipple Discharge Fluid Analysis | 580 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 580 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 580 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 580 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 581 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 581 | ||
| Before | 581 | ||
| During | 581 | ||
| Nipple Discharge | 581 | ||
| Cyst Aspiration | 581 | ||
| After | 582 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 582 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 582 | ||
| Breast Ductal Lavage | 582 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 582 | ||
| POSSIBLE CRITICAL VALUES | 582 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 582 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 582 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 583 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 583 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 583 | ||
| Before | 583 | ||
| During | 583 | ||
| After | 583 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 583 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 584 | ||
| Fetal Fibronectin (fFN) | 584 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 584 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 584 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 584 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 584 | ||
| Before | 584 | ||
| During | 584 | ||
| After | 585 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 585 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 585 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus (HPV Test, HPV DNA Testing) | 585 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 585 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 585 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 585 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 587 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 587 | ||
| Before | 587 | ||
| During | 587 | ||
| After | 588 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 588 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 588 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 588 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 589 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 589 | ||
| Pressure | 590 | ||
| Color | 590 | ||
| Blood | 590 | ||
| Cells | 591 | ||
| Culture and Sensitivity | 591 | ||
| Protein | 592 | ||
| Glucose | 592 | ||
| Chloride | 592 | ||
| Lactic Dehydrogenase | 592 | ||
| Lactic Acid | 592 | ||
| Cytology | 593 | ||
| Tumor Markers | 593 | ||
| Serology for Syphilis | 593 | ||
| Glutamine | 593 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein | 593 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 593 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 594 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 594 | ||
| Before | 594 | ||
| During | 594 | ||
| After | 595 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 596 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 596 | ||
| Pancreatic Enzymes (Pancreatic Secretory Test, Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin) | 596 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 596 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 596 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 597 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 597 | ||
| Before | 597 | ||
| During | 597 | ||
| After | 598 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 598 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 598 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 598 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 598 | ||
| Paracentesis (Peritoneal Fluid Analysis, Abdominal Paracentesis, Ascitic Fluid Cytology, Peritoneal Tap/Lavage) | 598 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 598 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 599 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 599 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 600 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 600 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 600 | ||
| Before | 600 | ||
| During | 601 | ||
| After | 601 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 601 | ||
| Exudate | 601 | ||
| Transudate | 602 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 602 | ||
| Pericardiocentesis | 602 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 602 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 602 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 602 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 603 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 603 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 603 | ||
| Before | 603 | ||
| During | 603 | ||
| After | 604 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 605 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 605 | ||
| Semen Analysis (Sperm Count, Sperm Examination, Seminal Cytology, Semen Examination) | 606 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 606 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 606 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 606 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 607 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 608 | ||
| Before | 608 | ||
| During | 608 | ||
| After | 608 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 608 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 609 | ||
| Sexual Assault Testing | 609 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 609 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 609 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 609 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 611 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 611 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 611 | ||
| Before | 611 | ||
| During | 611 | ||
| After | 611 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 612 | ||
| Sims-Huhner (Postcoital, Postcoital Cervical Mucus, Cervical Mucus Sperm Penetration) | 612 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 612 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 612 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 612 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 613 | ||
| Before | 613 | ||
| During | 613 | ||
| After | 613 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 613 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 613 | ||
| Sweat Electrolytes (Iontophoretic Sweat) | 613 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 613 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 614 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 614 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 614 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 615 | ||
| Before | 615 | ||
| During | 615 | ||
| After | 615 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 616 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 616 | ||
| Thoracentesis and Pleural Fluid Analysis (Pleural Tap) | 616 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 616 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 616 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 616 | ||
| Gross Appearance | 617 | ||
| Cell Counts | 617 | ||
| Protein Content | 618 | ||
| Lactic Dehydrogenase | 618 | ||
| Glucose | 618 | ||
| Amylase | 618 | ||
| Triglyceride | 618 | ||
| Gram Stain and Bacteriologic Culture | 618 | ||
| Cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Fungus | 618 | ||
| Cytology | 619 | ||
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen | 619 | ||
| Special Tests | 619 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 619 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 619 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 620 | ||
| Before | 620 | ||
| During | 620 | ||
| After | 620 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 621 | ||
| Exudate | 621 | ||
| Transudate | 621 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 622 | ||
| 6 - Manometric Studies | 623 | ||
| Overview | 623 | ||
| PROCEDURAL CARE FOR MANOMETRIC STUDIES | 623 | ||
| Before | 623 | ||
| During | 623 | ||
| After | 624 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS OF MANOMETRIC STUDIES | 624 | ||
| REPORTING OF RESULTS | 624 | ||
| Esophageal Function Studies (Esophageal Manometry, Esophageal Motility Studies) | 624 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 624 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 624 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 625 | ||
| Manometric Studies | 625 | ||
| Acid Reflux With pH Probe | 625 | ||
| Acid Clearing | 626 | ||
| Bernstein Test (Acid Perfusion) | 626 | ||
| The Bernstein test is simply an attempt to reproduce the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. If the patient suffers pain with t... | 626 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 626 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 626 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 626 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 626 | ||
| Before | 626 | ||
| During | 626 | ||
| After | 627 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 627 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 628 | ||
| Plethysmography, Arterial | 628 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 628 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 628 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 628 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 629 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 629 | ||
| Before | 629 | ||
| During | 629 | ||
| After | 629 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 630 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 630 | ||
| Tilt-Table Testing | 630 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 630 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 630 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 630 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 630 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 631 | ||
| Before | 631 | ||
| During | 631 | ||
| After | 631 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 631 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 631 | ||
| Tourniquet Test (Capillary Fragility) | 631 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 631 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 631 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 632 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 632 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 632 | ||
| Before | 632 | ||
| During | 632 | ||
| Positive Pressure Test | 632 | ||
| Negative Pressure Test | 632 | ||
| After | 632 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 632 | ||
| Positive: >2 Petechiae | 632 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 633 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 633 | ||
| Maximal Urethral Pressures in Normal Patients (cm H2O) | 633 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 633 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 634 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 634 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 635 | ||
| Before | 635 | ||
| During | 635 | ||
| After | 636 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 636 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 637 | ||
| 7 - Microscopic Studies and Associated Testing | 638 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 638 | ||
| REASONS FOR PERFORMING MICROSCOPIC STUDIES | 638 | ||
| PROCEDURAL CARE FOR MICROSCOPIC STUDIES | 639 | ||
| Before | 639 | ||
| During | 640 | ||
| After | 640 | ||
| LABORATORY HANDLING OF SPECIMENS | 640 | ||
| REPORTING OF RESULTS | 640 | ||
| Acid-Fast Bacilli Smear (AFB Smear) | 641 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 641 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 641 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 641 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 641 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 642 | ||
| Before | 642 | ||
| During | 642 | ||
| After | 642 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 642 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 642 | ||
| Blood Culture and Sensitivity (Blood C&S) | 642 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 642 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 642 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 643 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 644 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 644 | ||
| Before | 644 | ||
| During | 644 | ||
| After | 644 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 644 | ||
| Blood Smear (Peripheral Blood Smear, Red Blood Cell Morphology, RBC Smear, WBC Differential) | 644 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 644 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 644 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 645 | ||
| RBC Size Abnormalities | 645 | ||
| RBC Shape Abnormalities | 645 | ||
| RBC Color Abnormalities | 645 | ||
| RBC Intracellular Structure | 646 | ||
| WBC Examination | 646 | ||
| Platelet Examination | 646 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 646 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 646 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 646 | ||
| Bone Marrow Biopsy (Bone Marrow Examination, Bone Marrow Aspiration) | 647 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 647 | ||
| ?Critical Values | 647 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 647 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 648 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 649 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 649 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 650 | ||
| Before | 650 | ||
| During | 650 | ||
| After | 650 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 651 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 652 | ||
| DNA Ploidy | 652 | ||
| S-Phase Fraction | 652 | ||
| HER 2 Protein | 652 | ||
| Cathepsin D | 652 | ||
| p53 Protein | 652 | ||
| Ki67 Protein | 652 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 652 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 652 | ||
| Ploidy (DNA Index) and S-Phase Fraction | 653 | ||
| Cathepsin D | 653 | ||
| HER-2 (c erbB2, neu) Protein | 653 | ||
| p53 Protein | 654 | ||
| Ki67 Protein | 654 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 654 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 654 | ||
| Before | 654 | ||
| During | 654 | ||
| After | 654 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 654 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 654 | ||
| Cervical Biopsy (Punch Biopsy, Endocervical Biopsy, LEEP Cervical Biopsy, Cone Biopsy, Conization) | 655 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 655 | ||
| ?Critical Values | 655 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 655 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 655 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 655 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 655 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 656 | ||
| Before | 656 | ||
| During | 656 | ||
| After | 656 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 656 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 657 | ||
| Chlamydia | 657 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 657 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 657 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 657 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 658 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 658 | ||
| Before | 658 | ||
| During | 658 | ||
| After | 659 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 659 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 659 | ||
| Endometrial Biopsy | 659 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 659 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 659 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 659 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 660 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 660 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 660 | ||
| Before | 660 | ||
| During | 660 | ||
| After | 660 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 661 | ||
| Estrogen Receptor Assay (ER Assay, ERA, Estradiol Receptor) | 661 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 661 | ||
| Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) | 661 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 661 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 662 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 662 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 662 | ||
| Before | 662 | ||
| During | 662 | ||
| After | 662 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 662 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 662 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 663 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 663 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 663 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 664 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 664 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 664 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 664 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 664 | ||
| Herpes Simplex (Herpesvirus Types 1 and 2, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 [HSV 1 and 2], Herpes Genitalis) | 665 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 665 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 665 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 665 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 666 | ||
| Before | 666 | ||
| During | 666 | ||
| Urethral Culture | 666 | ||
| Cervical Culture | 666 | ||
| Blood for Serologic Study | 667 | ||
| Molecular PCR Tissue and Other Fluids | 667 | ||
| After | 667 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 667 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 667 | ||
| Liver Biopsy | 667 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 667 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 667 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 667 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 668 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 669 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 669 | ||
| Before | 669 | ||
| During | 669 | ||
| After | 670 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 670 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 670 | ||
| Lung Biopsy | 670 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 670 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 671 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 671 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 671 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 671 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 672 | ||
| Before | 672 | ||
| During | 672 | ||
| Transbronchial Lung Biopsy | 672 | ||
| Transbronchial Needle Aspiration | 672 | ||
| Transcatheter Bronchial Brushing | 673 | ||
| Percutaneous Needle Biopsy | 673 | ||
| Open Lung Biopsy | 673 | ||
| Thoracoscopic Biopsy | 673 | ||
| After | 673 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 673 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 674 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 674 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 674 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 674 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 675 | ||
| Before | 675 | ||
| During | 675 | ||
| After | 675 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 675 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 675 | ||
| Pancreatobiliary FISH Testing | 675 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 675 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 675 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 675 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 676 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 676 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 676 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 676 | ||
| Before | 676 | ||
| During | 676 | ||
| After | 676 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 676 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 677 | ||
| Papanicolaou Test (Pap Test, Pap Smear, Cytologic Test for Cancer, Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology [LBCC], ThinPrep) | 677 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 677 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 677 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 677 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 679 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 679 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 680 | ||
| Before | 680 | ||
| During | 680 | ||
| After | 681 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 681 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 681 | ||
| Parkinson Disease Testing | 681 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 681 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 682 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 682 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 682 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 682 | ||
| Before | 682 | ||
| During | 682 | ||
| After | 682 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 683 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 683 | ||
| Pleural Biopsy | 683 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 683 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 683 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 683 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 683 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 683 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 684 | ||
| Before | 684 | ||
| During | 684 | ||
| After | 684 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 684 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 685 | ||
| Progesterone Receptor Assay (PR Assay, PRA, PgR) | 685 | ||
| Immunochemistry | 685 | ||
| Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) | 685 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 685 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 685 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 686 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 686 | ||
| Before | 686 | ||
| During | 686 | ||
| After | 686 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 686 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 686 | ||
| Prostate Cancer Genomics (Prostate Cancer Molecular Testing, Oncotype DX Prostate Genotyping, Prolaris, ProMark, Decipher) | 686 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 686 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 687 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 687 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 687 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 687 | ||
| Before | 687 | ||
| During | 688 | ||
| After | 688 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 688 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 688 | ||
| Renal Biopsy (Kidney Biopsy) | 688 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 688 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 688 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 688 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 689 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 689 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 690 | ||
| Before | 690 | ||
| During | 690 | ||
| After | 690 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 691 | ||
| SARS Viral Testing | 691 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 691 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 691 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 691 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 692 | ||
| Before | 692 | ||
| During | 692 | ||
| After | 692 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 693 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Disease Testing (STD Culture, Culture of Cervix, Urethra, and Anus) | 693 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 693 | ||
| INDICATION | 693 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 693 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 694 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 695 | ||
| Before | 695 | ||
| During | 695 | ||
| Cervical Culture | 695 | ||
| Anal Canal Culture | 695 | ||
| Oropharyngeal Culture | 695 | ||
| Urethral Culture | 695 | ||
| Urine Culture | 696 | ||
| After | 696 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 696 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 696 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 697 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 697 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 697 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 697 | ||
| Before | 697 | ||
| During | 697 | ||
| After | 697 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 698 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 698 | ||
| Sputum Culture and Sensitivity (Sputum C&S, Sputum Culture, and Gram Stain) | 698 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 698 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 698 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 698 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 699 | ||
| Before | 699 | ||
| During | 699 | ||
| After | 699 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 700 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 700 | ||
| Sputum Cytology | 700 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 700 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 700 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 700 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 700 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 701 | ||
| Before | 701 | ||
| During | 701 | ||
| After | 701 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 701 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 701 | ||
| Throat and Nose Cultures | 702 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 702 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 702 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 702 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 703 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 703 | ||
| Before | 703 | ||
| During | 704 | ||
| After | 704 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 704 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 705 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 705 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 705 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 705 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 706 | ||
| Before | 706 | ||
| During | 706 | ||
| After | 706 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 706 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 706 | ||
| Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB, Skinny-Needle Thyroid Biopsy, Fine Needle Aspiration [FNA]) | 706 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 706 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 706 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 707 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 707 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 707 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 707 | ||
| Before | 707 | ||
| During | 707 | ||
| After | 708 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 708 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 708 | ||
| Tuberculosis Culture (TB Culture, BACTEC Method, Polymerase Chain Reaction, AFB Smear) | 708 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 708 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 708 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 708 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 709 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 709 | ||
| Before | 709 | ||
| During | 709 | ||
| After | 710 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 710 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 710 | ||
| Tuberculosis Testing (TB Testing, Interferon Gamma Release Assay [IGRA, T-Spot.TB], QuantiFERON-TB Gold [QFT, QFT-G, TB Gold Tes... | 710 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 710 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 711 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 712 | ||
| Before | 712 | ||
| During | 712 | ||
| After | 712 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 712 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 712 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 712 | ||
| Varicella Virus Testing (Antibody Testing for Varicella Zoster Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus [VZV], Herpes Virus-3) | 712 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 712 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 713 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 713 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 713 | ||
| Before | 713 | ||
| During | 714 | ||
| After | 714 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 714 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 714 | ||
| Virus Testing | 714 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 714 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 714 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 714 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 716 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 717 | ||
| Before | 717 | ||
| During | 717 | ||
| After | 717 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 717 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 717 | ||
| Wound and Soft-Tissue Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) | 717 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 717 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 717 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 718 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 718 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 718 | ||
| Before | 718 | ||
| During | 718 | ||
| After | 719 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 719 | ||
| Zika Virus (ZIKV) | 719 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 719 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 719 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 720 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 720 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 720 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 720 | ||
| 8 - Nuclear Scanning | 721 | ||
| Overview | 721 | ||
| REASONS FOR PERFORMING NUCLEAR MEDICINE STUDIES | 721 | ||
| PROCEDURAL CARE FOR NUCLEAR SCANS | 723 | ||
| Before | 723 | ||
| During | 723 | ||
| After | 723 | ||
| REPORTING OF RESULTS | 724 | ||
| Bone Scan | 724 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 724 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 724 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 724 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 725 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 726 | ||
| Before | 726 | ||
| During | 726 | ||
| After | 727 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 727 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 727 | ||
| Brain Scan (Cisternogram, Cerebral Blood Flow, DaT Scan) | 727 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 727 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 728 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 728 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 729 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 729 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 729 | ||
| Before | 729 | ||
| During | 730 | ||
| After | 730 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 731 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 731 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 731 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 731 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 732 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 732 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 732 | ||
| Before | 732 | ||
| During | 732 | ||
| After | 733 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 733 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 733 | ||
| Cardiac Nuclear Scan (Myocardial Perfusion Scan, Myocardial Perfusion Imaging, Myocardial Scan, Cardiac Scan, Heart Scan, Thalli... | 733 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 733 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 733 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 734 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 736 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 736 | ||
| Before | 736 | ||
| During | 737 | ||
| After | 738 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 738 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 738 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 738 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 738 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 739 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 739 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 739 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 740 | ||
| Before | 740 | ||
| During | 741 | ||
| After | 741 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 741 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 741 | ||
| Gallium Scan | 741 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 741 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 741 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 742 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 742 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 742 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 742 | ||
| Before | 742 | ||
| During | 743 | ||
| After | 743 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 743 | ||
| Gastric Emptying Scan | 743 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 743 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 743 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 743 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 744 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 744 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 744 | ||
| Before | 744 | ||
| During | 745 | ||
| After | 745 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 745 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 745 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Scan (GE Reflux Scan, Aspiration Scan) | 745 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 745 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 746 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 746 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 746 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 746 | ||
| Before | 746 | ||
| During | 746 | ||
| GE Reflux Scan | 746 | ||
| Aspiration Scan | 747 | ||
| After | 747 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 747 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 747 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scan (Abdominal Scintigraphy, GI Scintigraphy) | 747 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 747 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 747 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 747 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 748 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 749 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 749 | ||
| Before | 749 | ||
| During | 749 | ||
| After | 749 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 750 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 750 | ||
| Liver/Spleen Scanning (Liver Scanning) | 750 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 750 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 750 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 750 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 751 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 751 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 751 | ||
| Before | 751 | ||
| During | 752 | ||
| After | 752 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 752 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 753 | ||
| Lung Scan (Ventilation/Perfusion Scanning [VPS], V/Q Scan) | 753 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 753 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 753 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 753 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 755 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 755 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 755 | ||
| Before | 755 | ||
| During | 756 | ||
| Ventilation Scan | 756 | ||
| Perfusion Scan | 756 | ||
| After | 756 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 757 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 757 | ||
| Meckel Diverticulum Nuclear Scan | 757 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 757 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 757 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 757 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 758 | ||
| Before | 758 | ||
| During | 758 | ||
| After | 758 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 758 | ||
| Octreotide Scan (Carcinoid Nuclear Scan, MIBG Scintigraphy, Neuroendocrine Nuclear Scan) | 758 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 758 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 759 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 759 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 759 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 759 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 759 | ||
| Before | 759 | ||
| During | 760 | ||
| After | 760 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 760 | ||
| Parathyroid Scan (Parathyroid Scintigraphy) | 760 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 760 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 760 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 761 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 761 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 761 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 761 | ||
| Before | 761 | ||
| During | 761 | ||
| After | 762 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 762 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 762 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan) | 762 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 762 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 762 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 762 | ||
| Neurology | 764 | ||
| Cardiology | 765 | ||
| Oncology | 765 | ||
| Bone | 766 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 767 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 767 | ||
| Before | 767 | ||
| During | 768 | ||
| After | 768 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 768 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 768 | ||
| ProstaScint Scan (Radioimmunoscintigraphy [RIS]) | 769 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 769 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 769 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 769 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 769 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 769 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 769 | ||
| Before | 769 | ||
| During | 770 | ||
| After | 770 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 770 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 770 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 770 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 770 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 771 | ||
| Renal Blood Flow (Perfusion) Scan | 771 | ||
| Renal Structural Scan | 771 | ||
| Renal Function Scan (Renogram) | 772 | ||
| Renal Hypertension Scan | 772 | ||
| Renal Obstruction Scan | 772 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 773 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 773 | ||
| Before | 773 | ||
| During | 773 | ||
| After | 774 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 774 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 775 | ||
| Salivary Gland Nuclear Imaging (Parotid Gland Nuclear Imaging) | 775 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 775 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 775 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 775 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 776 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 776 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 776 | ||
| Before | 776 | ||
| During | 776 | ||
| After | 776 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 776 | ||
| Scrotal Nuclear Imaging (Scrotal Scan, Testicular Imaging) | 777 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 777 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 777 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 777 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 777 | ||
| Before | 777 | ||
| During | 777 | ||
| After | 777 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 778 | ||
| ?Increased Testicular Blood Flow | 778 | ||
| ?Decreased Testicular Blood Flow | 778 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 778 | ||
| Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB, Lymphoscintigraphy) | 778 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 778 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 778 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 778 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 779 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 779 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 779 | ||
| Before | 779 | ||
| DURING | 779 | ||
| After | 780 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 780 | ||
| Thyroid Scanning (Thyroid Scintiscan) | 780 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 780 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 780 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 780 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 782 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 782 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 782 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 782 | ||
| Before | 782 | ||
| During | 783 | ||
| After | 783 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 783 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 783 | ||
| Total Blood Volume (TBV, Red Blood Cell [RBC] Volume) | 784 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 784 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 784 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 784 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 784 | ||
| Before | 784 | ||
| During | 785 | ||
| After | 785 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 785 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 785 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 785 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 785 | ||
| WBC Scan (Inflammatory Scan) | 785 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 785 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 785 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 785 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 786 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 786 | ||
| Before | 786 | ||
| During | 786 | ||
| After | 786 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 787 | ||
| 9 - Stool Tests | 788 | ||
| REASONS FOR PERFORMING STOOL STUDIES | 788 | ||
| PROCEDURAL CARE FOR STOOL STUDIES | 789 | ||
| Before | 789 | ||
| During | 789 | ||
| After | 789 | ||
| REPORTING OF RESULTS | 789 | ||
| Apt Test (Downey Test, Qualitative Fetal Hemoglobin Stool Test, Stool for Swallowed Blood) | 789 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 789 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 789 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 789 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 790 | ||
| Before | 790 | ||
| During | 790 | ||
| After | 790 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 790 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 790 | ||
| Clostridium difficile Testing (C. diff., Clostridial Toxin Assay) | 790 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 790 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 791 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 791 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 791 | ||
| Before | 791 | ||
| During | 792 | ||
| After | 792 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 792 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 792 | ||
| Fecal Calprotectin | 792 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 792 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 792 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 792 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 793 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 793 | ||
| Before | 793 | ||
| During | 793 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 793 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 793 | ||
| Fecal Fat (Fat Absorption, Quantitative Stool Fat Determination) | 793 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 793 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 793 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 794 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 794 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 794 | ||
| Before | 794 | ||
| During | 795 | ||
| After | 795 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 795 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 795 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 795 | ||
| Lactoferrin | 795 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 795 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 795 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 796 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 796 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 796 | ||
| Before | 796 | ||
| During | 796 | ||
| After | 796 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 796 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 797 | ||
| Stool Culture (Stool for Culture and Sensitivity [Stool C&S], Stool for Ova and Parasites [O&P]) | 797 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 797 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 797 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 797 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 797 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 798 | ||
| Before | 798 | ||
| During | 798 | ||
| Tape Test | 798 | ||
| After | 798 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 798 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 798 | ||
| Stool for Leukocytes (White Blood Cell Stool Test, Fecal Leukocyte Stain, Stool for White Cells) | 799 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 799 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 799 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 799 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 799 | ||
| Before | 799 | ||
| During | 799 | ||
| After | 799 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 799 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 800 | ||
| Stool for Occult Blood (Stool for OB, Fecal Occult Blood Test [FOBT], Fecal Immunochemical Test [FIT], DNA Stool Sample) | 800 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 800 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 800 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 800 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 802 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 802 | ||
| Before | 802 | ||
| During | 803 | ||
| Hemoccult Slide Test | 803 | ||
| Tablet Test | 803 | ||
| DNA Home Test | 803 | ||
| After | 803 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 803 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 804 | ||
| 10 - Ultrasound Studies | 805 | ||
| Overview | 805 | ||
| REASONS FOR PERFORMING ULTRASOUND STUDIES | 805 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 806 | ||
| PROCEDURAL CARE FOR ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 808 | ||
| Before | 808 | ||
| During | 808 | ||
| After | 809 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 809 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 809 | ||
| REPORTING OF RESULTS | 810 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 810 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 810 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 810 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 811 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 812 | ||
| Before | 812 | ||
| During | 812 | ||
| After | 812 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 813 | ||
| Kidney | 813 | ||
| Pancreas | 813 | ||
| Gallbladder | 814 | ||
| Liver | 814 | ||
| Bile Ducts | 814 | ||
| Abdominal Aorta | 814 | ||
| Abdominal Cavity | 814 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 814 | ||
| Breast Ultrasonography (Ultrasound Mammography, Breast Sonogram) | 815 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 815 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 815 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 815 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 815 | ||
| Before | 815 | ||
| During | 816 | ||
| After | 816 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 816 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 817 | ||
| Carotid Artery Duplex Scan (Carotid Ultrasound) | 817 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 817 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 817 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 817 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 818 | ||
| Before | 818 | ||
| During | 818 | ||
| After | 818 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 819 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 819 | ||
| Contraceptive Device Localization (Intrauterine Device [IUD] Localization) | 819 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 819 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 819 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 819 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 819 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 819 | ||
| Before | 819 | ||
| During | 820 | ||
| After | 820 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 820 | ||
| Echocardiography (Cardiac Echography, Heart Sonography, Transthoracic Echocardiography [TTE]) | 820 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 820 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 820 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 820 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 822 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 822 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 822 | ||
| Before | 822 | ||
| During | 822 | ||
| After | 823 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 823 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 824 | ||
| Fetal Biophysical Profile (BPP) | 824 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 824 | ||
| ?Critical Values | 824 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 824 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 825 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 826 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 826 | ||
| Before | 826 | ||
| During | 826 | ||
| After | 826 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 827 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 827 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) | 827 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 827 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 827 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 827 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 828 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 828 | ||
| Before | 828 | ||
| During | 828 | ||
| After | 828 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 828 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 829 | ||
| Ocular and Orbit Ultrasonography | 829 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 829 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 829 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 829 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 829 | ||
| Before | 829 | ||
| During | 829 | ||
| After | 829 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 829 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 830 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 830 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 830 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 831 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 831 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 832 | ||
| Before | 832 | ||
| During | 832 | ||
| After | 832 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 832 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 833 | ||
| Prostate and Rectal Sonography | 834 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 834 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 834 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 834 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 835 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 835 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 835 | ||
| Before | 835 | ||
| During | 835 | ||
| After | 835 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 835 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 836 | ||
| Scrotal Ultrasonography (Ultrasound of Testes) | 836 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 836 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 836 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 836 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 837 | ||
| Before | 837 | ||
| During | 837 | ||
| After | 837 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 837 | ||
| Thyroid Ultrasonography (Thyroid Echography, Thyroid Sonography) | 838 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 838 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 838 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 838 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 838 | ||
| Before | 838 | ||
| During | 839 | ||
| After | 839 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 839 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 839 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) | 840 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 840 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 840 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 840 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 841 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 841 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 842 | ||
| Before | 842 | ||
| During | 842 | ||
| After | 842 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 842 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 843 | ||
| Vascular Ultrasound Studies (Venous/Arterial Doppler Ultrasound, Venous/Arterial Duplex Scan) | 843 | ||
| Venous | 843 | ||
| Arterial | 843 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 843 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 843 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 844 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 844 | ||
| Before | 844 | ||
| During | 844 | ||
| Venous Doppler Studies | 844 | ||
| Arterial Doppler Studies | 845 | ||
| After | 845 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 845 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 845 | ||
| 11 - Urine Studies | 846 | ||
| Overview | 846 | ||
| REASONS FOR OBTAINING URINE SPECIMENS | 847 | ||
| TYPES OF URINE SPECIMENS | 847 | ||
| First Morning Specimen | 847 | ||
| Random Urine Specimen | 848 | ||
| Timed Urine Collection | 848 | ||
| Double-Voided Specimen | 848 | ||
| Urine Specimen for Culture and Sensitivity | 849 | ||
| Other Body Fluids | 849 | ||
| COLLECTION METHODS | 849 | ||
| Common Collection Methods | 849 | ||
| Routine Void Specimen | 849 | ||
| Midstream and Clean-Catch Specimens | 849 | ||
| 24-Hour Urine Collection | 849 | ||
| Special Collection Methods | 850 | ||
| Urethral Catheterization | 850 | ||
| Suprapubic Aspiration | 850 | ||
| Pediatric Collections | 850 | ||
| TRANSPORT, STORAGE, AND PRESERVATION | 851 | ||
| URINE REAGENT STRIPS | 851 | ||
| REPORTING OF RESULTS | 852 | ||
| Amylase, Urine | 852 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 852 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 852 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 852 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 853 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 853 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 853 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 853 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 854 | ||
| Bence-Jones Protein (Free Kappa and Lambda Light Chains) | 854 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 854 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 854 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 854 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 855 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 855 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 855 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 855 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 855 | ||
| 11 Beta-Prostaglandin F(2) Alpha, Urine | 855 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 855 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 856 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 856 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 856 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 856 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 856 | ||
| Bladder Cancer Markers (Bladder Tumor Antigen [BTA], Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 [NMP22]) | 856 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 856 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 857 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 857 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 857 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 857 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 858 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 858 | ||
| Bone Turnover Markers (BTMs, N-Telopeptide [NTx], Bone Collagen Equivalents [BCEs], Osteocalcin [Bone G1a Protein, BGP, Osteocal... | 858 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 858 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 859 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 859 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 860 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 860 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 860 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 860 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 861 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 861 | ||
| Chloride, Urine (CI) | 861 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 861 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 861 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 861 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 861 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 861 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 862 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 862 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 862 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 862 | ||
| Cortisol, Urine (Hydrocortisone, Urine Cortisol, Free Cortisol) | 862 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 862 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 862 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 862 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 863 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 863 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 863 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 863 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 863 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 864 | ||
| Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid (Aminolevulinic Acid [ALA], δ-ALA) | 864 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 864 | ||
| ?Critical Values | 864 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 864 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 864 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 865 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 865 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 865 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 865 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 865 | ||
| Glucose, Urine (Urine Sugar) | 865 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 865 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 865 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 865 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 866 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 866 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 867 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 867 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 867 | ||
| 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OCHS) | 867 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 867 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 867 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 868 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 868 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 868 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 868 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 868 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 869 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 869 | ||
| 5-Hydroxindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) | 869 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 869 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 869 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 869 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 869 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 870 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 870 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 870 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 870 | ||
| 17-Ketosteroid (17-KS) | 870 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 870 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 870 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 871 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 871 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 871 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 871 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 871 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 872 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 872 | ||
| Microalbumin (MA) | 872 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 872 | ||
| INDICATION | 872 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 873 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 873 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 873 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 874 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 874 | ||
| Microglobulin (Beta-2 Microglobulin [B2M], Alpha 1 Microglobulin, and Retinol-Binding Protein) | 874 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 874 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 874 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 874 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 875 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 875 | ||
| Before | 875 | ||
| During | 875 | ||
| Blood | 875 | ||
| Urine | 875 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 875 | ||
| ?Increased Urine Levels | 875 | ||
| ?Increased Serum Levels | 876 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 876 | ||
| Nicotine and Metabolites (Nicotine, Cotinine, 3-Hydroxy-Cotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine) | 876 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 877 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 877 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 878 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 878 | ||
| Before | 878 | ||
| During | 878 | ||
| Blood | 878 | ||
| Urine | 878 | ||
| Saliva | 878 | ||
| After | 878 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 878 | ||
| Osmolality, Urine | 878 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 878 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 879 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 879 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 879 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 880 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 880 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 880 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 880 | ||
| Porphyrins and Porphobilinogens (Uroporphyrins, Coproporphyrin, Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin [FEP]) | 880 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 880 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 881 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 881 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 881 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 882 | ||
| Porphobilinogens | 882 | ||
| Porphyrins | 882 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 882 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 882 | ||
| Potassium, Urine (K) | 882 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 882 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 882 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 883 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 883 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 883 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 883 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 883 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 883 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 884 | ||
| Pregnanediol | 884 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 884 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 884 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 884 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 885 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 885 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 885 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 885 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 885 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 886 | ||
| Sodium, Urine (Na) | 886 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 886 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 886 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 886 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 887 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 887 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 887 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 887 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 887 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 888 | ||
| Substance Abuse Testing (Urine Drug Testing, Drug Screening) | 888 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 888 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 888 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 888 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 890 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 890 | ||
| Before | 890 | ||
| During | 890 | ||
| After | 890 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 891 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 891 | ||
| Toxicology | 891 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 891 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 891 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 891 | ||
| Commonly Abused Drugs | 892 | ||
| Marijuana (Cannabis) | 892 | ||
| Cocaine (Including Crack) | 893 | ||
| Phencyclidine (PCP) | 893 | ||
| Amphetamines (Especially Methamphetamine) | 893 | ||
| Morphine and Other Narcotic Alkaloids | 893 | ||
| Barbiturates | 893 | ||
| Common Toxins | 893 | ||
| Lead | 893 | ||
| Other Heavy Metals | 893 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 893 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 893 | ||
| Before | 893 | ||
| During | 893 | ||
| After | 894 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 894 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 894 | ||
| Uric Acid, Urine | 894 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 894 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 894 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 894 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 895 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 895 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 895 | ||
| ?Increased Levels (Uricosuria) | 895 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 895 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 896 | ||
| Urinalysis (UA) | 896 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 896 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 896 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 897 | ||
| Laboratory Examination | 897 | ||
| Appearance and Color | 897 | ||
| Odor | 898 | ||
| pH | 898 | ||
| Protein | 899 | ||
| Glucose | 899 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 899 | ||
| Leukocyte Esterase (WBC Esterase) | 900 | ||
| Nitrites | 900 | ||
| Ketones | 900 | ||
| Bilirubin and Urobilinogen | 900 | ||
| Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment | 901 | ||
| Crystals | 901 | ||
| Casts | 901 | ||
| Hyaline Casts. Hyaline casts are conglomerations of protein and are indicative of proteinuria. A few hyaline casts are normally ... | 901 | ||
| Cellular Casts. Cellular casts are conglomerations of degenerated cells. Various types are described in the following paragraphs... | 901 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 902 | ||
| Appearance and Color | 902 | ||
| Odor | 903 | ||
| pH | 903 | ||
| Protein | 903 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 903 | ||
| Leukocyte Esterase | 903 | ||
| Ketones | 903 | ||
| Bilirubin and Urobilinogen | 904 | ||
| Crystals | 904 | ||
| WBCs | 904 | ||
| RBCs | 904 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 904 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 905 | ||
| APPEARANCE AND COLOR | 905 | ||
| ODOR | 905 | ||
| pH | 906 | ||
| 12 - X-Ray Studies | 921 | ||
| Overview | 922 | ||
| REASON FOR PERFORMING X-RAY STUDIES | 922 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF RADIOLOGY | 922 | ||
| PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY | 923 | ||
| FLUOROSCOPY | 923 | ||
| TOMOGRAPHY | 923 | ||
| CONTRAST STUDIES | 923 | ||
| DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY | 923 | ||
| RADIATION DOSE | 925 | ||
| RISK OF RADIATION | 925 | ||
| Radiation Associated With Diagnostic Testing | 925 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 927 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 927 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 928 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 928 | ||
| Before | 928 | ||
| During | 929 | ||
| After | 929 | ||
| REPORTING OF RESULTS | 929 | ||
| Arteriography (Angiography; Renal, Mesenteric, Adrenal, Cerebral, and Lower Extremity Arteriography) | 929 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 929 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 929 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 929 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 932 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 932 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 932 | ||
| Before | 932 | ||
| During | 933 | ||
| After | 934 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 935 | ||
| Adrenal Angiography | 935 | ||
| Arteriography of Lower Extremity | 935 | ||
| Brain Arteriography | 935 | ||
| Kidney Arteriography | 936 | ||
| Barium Enema (BE, Lower GI Series) | 936 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 936 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 936 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 936 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 937 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 937 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 937 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 938 | ||
| Before | 938 | ||
| During | 939 | ||
| After | 940 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 940 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 941 | ||
| Barium Swallow (Esophagogram) | 941 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 941 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 941 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 941 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 942 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 942 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 942 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 942 | ||
| Before | 942 | ||
| During | 942 | ||
| After | 942 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 943 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 943 | ||
| Bone Densitometry (Bone Mineral Content [BMC], Bone Absorptiometry, Bone Mineral Density [BMD], DEXA Scan) | 943 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 943 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 944 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 944 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 946 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 946 | ||
| Before | 946 | ||
| During | 946 | ||
| After | 947 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 947 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 948 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 948 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 948 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 948 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 949 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 949 | ||
| Before | 949 | ||
| During | 949 | ||
| After | 949 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 949 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization (Coronary Angiography, Angiocardiography, Ventriculography) | 950 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 950 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 950 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 950 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 953 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 953 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 953 | ||
| Before | 953 | ||
| During | 954 | ||
| After | 955 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 955 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 956 | ||
| Chest X-Ray (CXR) | 956 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 956 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 956 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 956 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 959 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 959 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 960 | ||
| Before | 960 | ||
| During | 960 | ||
| After | 960 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 960 | ||
| Lung | 960 | ||
| Heart | 961 | ||
| Chest Wall | 961 | ||
| Diaphragm | 961 | ||
| Mediastinum | 961 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 962 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 962 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 962 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 962 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 964 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 965 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 965 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 965 | ||
| Before | 965 | ||
| During | 965 | ||
| After | 967 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 967 | ||
| Liver | 967 | ||
| Pancreas | 967 | ||
| Spleen | 967 | ||
| Gallbladder/Biliary System | 967 | ||
| Kidneys | 967 | ||
| Adrenal gland | 967 | ||
| GI Tract | 967 | ||
| Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries | 967 | ||
| Prostate | 968 | ||
| Retroperitoneum | 968 | ||
| Peritoneum | 968 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 968 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 968 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 968 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 968 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 969 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 969 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 969 | ||
| Before | 969 | ||
| During | 970 | ||
| After | 970 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 970 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 971 | ||
| Computed Tomography, Chest (Chest CT Scan; Helical/Spiral CT Scan, Chest) | 971 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 971 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 971 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 971 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 972 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 973 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 973 | ||
| Before | 973 | ||
| During | 973 | ||
| After | 973 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 974 | ||
| Lung | 974 | ||
| Heart | 974 | ||
| Chest Wall | 974 | ||
| Diaphragm | 974 | ||
| Mediastinum | 974 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 975 | ||
| Computed Tomography, Heart (Coronary CT Angiography, Coronary Calcium Score) | 975 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 975 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 975 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 975 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 977 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 977 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 977 | ||
| Before | 977 | ||
| During | 977 | ||
| After | 978 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 978 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 978 | ||
| Cystography (Cystourethrography, Voiding, Cystography, Voiding Cystourethrography) | 978 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 978 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 978 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 979 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 979 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 979 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 979 | ||
| Before | 979 | ||
| During | 979 | ||
| After | 980 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 980 | ||
| Dental X-Ray (Dental Radiography) | 981 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 981 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 981 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 981 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 981 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 981 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 982 | ||
| Before | 982 | ||
| During | 982 | ||
| After | 982 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 982 | ||
| Hysterosalpingography (Uterotubography, Uterosalpingography, Hysterogram) | 982 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 982 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 982 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 982 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 983 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 983 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 983 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 983 | ||
| Before | 983 | ||
| During | 984 | ||
| After | 984 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 984 | ||
| Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder X-Ray (KUB, Flat Plate of the Abdomen, Plain Film of the Abdomen, Scout Film) | 985 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 985 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 985 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 985 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 985 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 986 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 986 | ||
| Before | 986 | ||
| During | 986 | ||
| After | 987 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 987 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 987 | ||
| Mammography (Mammogram, Digital Mammography) | 987 | ||
| Breast Imaging Reporting and Database System (BI-RADS®) | 987 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 987 | ||
| Screening Mammography Guidelines | 988 | ||
| National Institutes of Health | 988 | ||
| American Cancer Society | 988 | ||
| U.S. Preventive Services Task Force | 988 | ||
| When to Stop Screening | 988 | ||
| Diagnostic Mammography | 988 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 989 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 991 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 991 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 991 | ||
| Before | 991 | ||
| During | 992 | ||
| After | 992 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 992 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 993 | ||
| Myelography (Myelogram, CT Myelography) | 993 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 993 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 993 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 993 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 994 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 994 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 994 | ||
| Before | 994 | ||
| During | 994 | ||
| After | 995 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 995 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 995 | ||
| Obstruction Series | 995 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 995 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 996 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 996 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 996 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 996 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 996 | ||
| Before | 996 | ||
| During | 997 | ||
| After | 997 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 997 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 997 | ||
| Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC, PTHC) | 997 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 997 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 998 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 998 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 998 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 999 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 999 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 999 | ||
| Before | 999 | ||
| During | 999 | ||
| After | 999 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1000 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 1001 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1001 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1001 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1001 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1002 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1002 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1003 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1003 | ||
| Before | 1003 | ||
| During | 1003 | ||
| Intravenous Pyelography | 1003 | ||
| Retrograde Pyelography | 1004 | ||
| Antegrade Pyelography | 1004 | ||
| After | 1004 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1004 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1005 | ||
| Sialography | 1005 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1005 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1005 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1005 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1006 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1006 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1006 | ||
| Before | 1006 | ||
| During | 1006 | ||
| After | 1006 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1006 | ||
| Skull X-Ray | 1007 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1007 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1007 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1007 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1008 | ||
| Before | 1008 | ||
| During | 1008 | ||
| After | 1008 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1008 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 1009 | ||
| Small Bowel Follow-Through (SBF, Small Bowel Enema) | 1009 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1009 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1009 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1009 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1010 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1010 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1010 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1011 | ||
| Before | 1011 | ||
| During | 1011 | ||
| Small Bowel Enema | 1011 | ||
| After | 1011 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1011 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 1012 | ||
| Spinal X-Rays (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, or Coccygeal X-Ray Studies) | 1012 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1012 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1012 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1012 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1013 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1013 | ||
| Before | 1013 | ||
| During | 1013 | ||
| After | 1013 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1014 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1014 | ||
| Swallowing Examination (Videofluoroscopy Swallowing Examination) | 1014 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1014 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1014 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1014 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1015 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1015 | ||
| Before | 1015 | ||
| During | 1015 | ||
| After | 1015 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1015 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 1015 | ||
| T-Tube and Operative Cholangiography | 1015 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1015 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1015 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1016 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1016 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1016 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1016 | ||
| Before | 1016 | ||
| During | 1016 | ||
| Operative Cholangiogram | 1016 | ||
| T-Tube Cholangiogram | 1017 | ||
| After | 1017 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1017 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1017 | ||
| Upper Gastrointestinal Tract X-Ray (Upper GI Series, UGI) | 1017 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1017 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1017 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1018 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1018 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1018 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1018 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1019 | ||
| Before | 1019 | ||
| During | 1019 | ||
| After | 1020 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1020 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 1021 | ||
| Venography (Phlebography, Venogram) | 1021 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1021 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1021 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1021 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1021 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1022 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1022 | ||
| Before | 1022 | ||
| During | 1022 | ||
| After | 1023 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1023 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1023 | ||
| 13 - Miscellaneous Studies | 1024 | ||
| Overview | 1024 | ||
| Allergy Skin Testing | 1024 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1024 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1025 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1025 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1025 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1026 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1026 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1026 | ||
| Before | 1026 | ||
| During | 1026 | ||
| Prick-Puncture Method (Scratch Test) | 1026 | ||
| Intradermal Method | 1026 | ||
| Patch Method | 1027 | ||
| After | 1027 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1027 | ||
| Allergy-Related Diseases | 1027 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 1027 | ||
| Bioterrorism Infectious Agents Testing (Botulism, Anthrax, Hemorrhagic Fever, Plague, Smallpox, Tularemia, Brucellosis) | 1027 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1027 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1028 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1028 | ||
| Botulism Infection | 1028 | ||
| Anthrax | 1029 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Fever (Yellow Fever) | 1029 | ||
| Plague | 1029 | ||
| Brucellosis | 1030 | ||
| Smallpox | 1030 | ||
| Tularemia | 1030 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1030 | ||
| Before | 1030 | ||
| During | 1031 | ||
| After | 1031 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1031 | ||
| Breast Cancer Genomics (Oncotype DX Genotyping, MammaPrint) | 1031 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1031 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1031 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1031 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1032 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1032 | ||
| Before | 1032 | ||
| During | 1032 | ||
| After | 1032 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1032 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1033 | ||
| Cell Culture Drug Resistance Testing (CCDRT, Chemosensitivity Assay, Drug Response Assay) | 1033 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1033 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1033 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1033 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1033 | ||
| Before | 1033 | ||
| During | 1033 | ||
| After | 1033 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1033 | ||
| Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS, Chorionic Villus Biopsy [CVB]) | 1034 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1034 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1034 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1034 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1034 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1034 | ||
| Before | 1034 | ||
| During | 1035 | ||
| After | 1035 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1036 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1036 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1036 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1036 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1036 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1037 | ||
| Before | 1037 | ||
| During | 1037 | ||
| After | 1037 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1038 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 1038 | ||
| Fluorescein Angiography (FA, Ocular Photography) | 1038 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1038 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1038 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1038 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1039 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1039 | ||
| Before | 1039 | ||
| During | 1039 | ||
| After | 1040 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1040 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 1040 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 1040 | ||
| Genetic Testing (Breast Cancer [BRCA] and Ovarian Cancer, Colon Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Tay-Sachs Disease, Cystic Fibros... | 1040 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1040 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1040 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1040 | ||
| Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Genetic Testing | 1041 | ||
| Colon Cancer Genetic Testing | 1042 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease Genetic Testing | 1043 | ||
| Tay-Sachs Disease Genetic Testing | 1044 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis Genetic Testing | 1044 | ||
| Melanoma Genetic Testing | 1045 | ||
| Hemochromatosis Genetic Testing | 1045 | ||
| Thyroid Cancer Genetic Testing | 1046 | ||
| Paternity Genetic Testing (Parentage Analysis) | 1046 | ||
| Forensic Genetic Testing | 1047 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1047 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1047 | ||
| Before | 1047 | ||
| During | 1047 | ||
| After | 1048 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1048 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1048 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori Testing (Campylobacter pylori, Anti–Helicobacter pylori Immunoglobulin G [IgG] Antibody, Campylobacter-Like ... | 1048 | ||
| IgM | 1048 | ||
| IgG | 1048 | ||
| Breath Test | 1048 | ||
| Stool Test | 1048 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1049 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1049 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1050 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1050 | ||
| Before | 1050 | ||
| During | 1050 | ||
| After | 1051 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1051 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 1051 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1051 | ||
| Laboratory Genetics | 1051 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1051 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1051 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1051 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1052 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1053 | ||
| Before | 1053 | ||
| During | 1053 | ||
| After | 1053 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1053 | ||
| Related Tests | 1053 | ||
| Genetic Testing (p. 1040); Breast Cancer Tumor Analysis (p. 652) | 1053 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging [NMRI]) | 1053 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1053 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1053 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1053 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1057 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1057 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1058 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1058 | ||
| Before | 1058 | ||
| During | 1059 | ||
| After | 1060 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1060 | ||
| Brain | 1060 | ||
| Heart | 1060 | ||
| Breast | 1061 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 1061 | ||
| Other | 1061 | ||
| RELATED TEST | 1061 | ||
| Oximetry (Pulse Oximetry, Ear Oximetry, Oxygen Saturation) | 1061 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1061 | ||
| ?Critical Values | 1062 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1062 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1062 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1062 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1063 | ||
| Before | 1063 | ||
| During | 1063 | ||
| After | 1063 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1063 | ||
| ?Increased Levels | 1063 | ||
| ?Decreased Levels | 1063 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1064 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) | 1064 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1064 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1065 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1065 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1067 | ||
| POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS | 1067 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1068 | ||
| Before | 1068 | ||
| During | 1068 | ||
| Spirometry and Airflow Rates | 1068 | ||
| Gas Exchange: Diffusing Capacity of Lung (DL) | 1068 | ||
| Inhalation Tests (Bronchial Provocation Studies) | 1069 | ||
| After | 1069 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1069 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1070 | ||
| Sleep Studies (Polysomnography [PSG], Multiple Sleep Latency Tests [MSLT], Multiple Wake Test [MWT]) | 1070 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1070 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1070 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1070 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1072 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1073 | ||
| Before | 1073 | ||
| During | 1073 | ||
| Multiple Sleep Latency Testing | 1073 | ||
| Multiple Wake Testing | 1073 | ||
| After | 1073 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1073 | ||
| Tuberculin Skin Testing (TST, Tuberculin Test, Mantoux Test, PPD Test) | 1074 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1074 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1074 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1074 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1076 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1076 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1076 | ||
| Before | 1076 | ||
| During | 1076 | ||
| After | 1077 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1077 | ||
| Positive Results | 1077 | ||
| Negative Results | 1077 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1077 | ||
| Urea Breath Test (UBT, H. pylori Breath Test) | 1077 | ||
| NORMAL FINDINGS | 1077 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1078 | ||
| TEST EXPLANATION | 1078 | ||
| INTERFERING FACTORS | 1078 | ||
| PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE | 1078 | ||
| Before | 1078 | ||
| During | 1078 | ||
| After | 1079 | ||
| TEST RESULTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 1079 | ||
| RELATED TESTS | 1079 | ||
| Bibliography | 1080 | ||
| Illustration Credits | 1083 | ||
| A - ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TESTS | 1084 | ||
| A | 1084 | ||
| B | 1085 | ||
| C | 1085 | ||
| D | 1086 | ||
| E | 1087 | ||
| F | 1087 | ||
| G | 1088 | ||
| H | 1088 | ||
| I | 1088 | ||
| K | 1089 | ||
| L | 1089 | ||
| M | 1089 | ||
| N | 1090 | ||
| O | 1090 | ||
| P | 1090 | ||
| Q | 1091 | ||
| R | 1091 | ||
| S | 1091 | ||
| T | 1092 | ||
| U | 1093 | ||
| V | 1093 | ||
| W | 1093 | ||
| X | 1093 | ||
| Z | 1093 | ||
| B - PANEL TESTING | 1094 | ||
| CARDIAC RISK PREDICTORS | 1094 | ||
| COAGULATION PROFILE | 1094 | ||
| COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT | 1094 | ||
| DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC) SCREEN | 1094 | ||
| ELECTROLYTES | 1094 | ||
| LIPID PROFILE | 1094 | ||
| LIVER PROFILE | 1094 | ||
| METABOLIC ASSAY | 1094 | ||
| RENAL FUNCTION | 1095 | ||
| THYROID FUNCTION STUDIES | 1095 | ||
| C - ABBREVIATIONS FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND LABORATORY TESTS | 1096 | ||
| A | 1096 | ||
| B | 1096 | ||
| C | 1096 | ||
| D | 1096 | ||
| E | 1097 | ||
| F | 1097 | ||
| G | 1097 | ||
| H | 1097 | ||
| I | 1097 | ||
| K | 1097 | ||
| L | 1098 | ||
| M | 1098 | ||
| N | 1098 | ||
| O | 1098 | ||
| P | 1098 | ||
| R | 1098 | ||
| S | 1098 | ||
| T | 1099 | ||
| U | 1099 | ||
| V | 1099 | ||
| W | 1099 | ||
| Index | 1100 | ||
| A | 1100 | ||
| B | 1104 | ||
| C | 1106 | ||
| D | 1110 | ||
| E | 1111 | ||
| F | 1113 | ||
| G | 1114 | ||
| H | 1116 | ||
| I | 1118 | ||
| J | 1120 | ||
| K | 1120 | ||
| L | 1120 | ||
| M | 1121 | ||
| N | 1123 | ||
| O | 1124 | ||
| P | 1125 | ||
| Q | 1128 | ||
| R | 1128 | ||
| S | 1130 | ||
| T | 1132 | ||
| U | 1134 | ||
| V | 1135 | ||
| W | 1136 | ||
| X | 1137 | ||
| Y | 1137 | ||
| Z | 1137 | ||
| IBC | ES2 |