BOOK
Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing - E-Book
Marcia Stanhope | Jeanette Lancaster
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get the essential information you need to know about population health and community health nursing! Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing, 5th Edition includes concise, focused coverage of community health nursing — from nursing roles and care settings to vulnerable population groups. The book uses a practical, community-oriented approach and places an emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention. Practical application of concepts is highlighted throughout the text in case studies, critical thinking activities, QSEN competencies, and Healthy People 2020 objectives.
- QSEN boxes illustrate how quality and safety goals, competencies, objectives, knowledge, skills, and attitudes can be applied in nursing practice in the community.
- Healthy People 2020 objectives in every chapter address the health priorities and emerging health issues expected in the next decade.
- Genomics coverage provides a history of genetics and genomics and how they impact public/community health nursing care.
- Focus on health promotion throughout the text emphasizes initiatives, strategies, and interventions that promote the health of the community.
- Clinical Application scenarios present practice situations with questions and answers to help you apply chapter concepts to practice in the community.
- Evidence-Based Practice boxes highlight current research findings, their application to practice, and how community/public health nurses can apply the study results.
- Levels of Prevention boxes identify specific nursing interventions at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, to reinforce the concept of prevention as it pertains to community and public health care.
- Feature box on Linking Content to Practice highlights how chapter content is applied in the role of public/community health nursing.
- NEW! Coverage of health care reform includes discussions of the impact of The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) on public health nursing and the potential implications of its repeal.
- NEW! Check Your Practice boxes feature scenarios and discussion questions to promote active learning.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Evolve | ES1 | ||
| You’ve just purchasedmore than a textbook! | ES1 | ||
| Front matter | i | ||
| Foundations for population health in community/public health nursing | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| About the authors | iii | ||
| Marcia Stanhope, PhD, RM, FAAN | iii | ||
| Jeanette Lancaster, RN, PhD, FAAN | iii | ||
| Dedication and acknowledgments | iv | ||
| Dedication | iv | ||
| Acknowledgments | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Reviewers | vii | ||
| How to use | viii | ||
| Community nursing definitions | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Organization | x | ||
| Pedagogy | x | ||
| Practice application | xi | ||
| Remember this! | xi | ||
| Teaching and learning package | xi | ||
| (a) for the instructor: | xi | ||
| (b) for the student: | xi | ||
| References | xi | ||
| Table of contents | xii | ||
| 1 Perspectives in Health Care Delivery and Nursing | 1 | ||
| 1 Community- and prevention-oriented practice to improve population health | 1 | ||
| Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key terms | 1 | ||
| What is public health? | 3 | ||
| Public health core functions defined | 5 | ||
| Population-focused nursing practice | 6 | ||
| Practice focusing on individuals, families, and groups | 10 | ||
| Community-oriented nursing | 10 | ||
| Community-based nursing | 11 | ||
| Challenges for the future | 12 | ||
| Practice application | 12 | ||
| Remember this! | 13 | ||
| evolve website | 13 | ||
| References | 13 | ||
| 2 The history of public health and public and community health nursing | 15 | ||
| Objectives | 15 | ||
| Key terms | 15 | ||
| Early public health | 16 | ||
| Public health during america’s colonial period and the new republic | 16 | ||
| Nightingale and the origins of trained nursing | 17 | ||
| Continued growth in public health nursing | 20 | ||
| Public health nursing during the early 20th century | 21 | ||
| African american nurses in public health nursing | 23 | ||
| Economic depression and the impact on public health | 23 | ||
| From world war II until the 1970s | 25 | ||
| Public health nursing from the 1970s to the present | 26 | ||
| Practice application | 30 | ||
| Remember this! | 31 | ||
| evolve website | 31 | ||
| References | 31 | ||
| 3 The changing U.S. health and public health care systems | 33 | ||
| Objectives | 33 | ||
| Key terms | 33 | ||
| Health care in the united states | 34 | ||
| Forces stimulating change in the demand for health care | 34 | ||
| Demographic trends | 35 | ||
| Social and economic trends | 36 | ||
| Health workforce trends | 36 | ||
| Technological trends | 36 | ||
| Current health care system in the united states | 37 | ||
| Cost | 38 | ||
| Access | 38 | ||
| Quality | 38 | ||
| Organization of the current health care system | 39 | ||
| Primary-care system | 39 | ||
| Public health system | 39 | ||
| The federal system | 41 | ||
| The state system | 42 | ||
| The local system | 42 | ||
| Forces influencing changes in the health care system | 43 | ||
| Integration of public health and the primary-care system | 43 | ||
| Potential barriers to integration | 43 | ||
| Primary health care | 44 | ||
| Promoting health/preventing disease: Year 2020 objectives for the nation | 44 | ||
| Practice application | 46 | ||
| Remember this! | 46 | ||
| evolve website | 46 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| 2 Influences on Health Care Delivery and Nursing | 49 | ||
| 4 Ethics in public and community health nursing practice | 49 | ||
| Objectives | 49 | ||
| Key terms | 49 | ||
| Introduction | 49 | ||
| Brief history of ethics and bioethics: Relationship to nursing and public health | 50 | ||
| Foundations of nursing and public health’s codes of ethics | 50 | ||
| Ethical decision making | 51 | ||
| Ethical principles and theories as guides to ethical decision making | 53 | ||
| Utilitarianism and deontology | 53 | ||
| Virtue, feminist, and care ethic theories | 56 | ||
| Care ethics | 56 | ||
| Feminist ethics | 56 | ||
| Ethics and the core functions of public health nursing | 57 | ||
| Assessment | 57 | ||
| Policy development | 58 | ||
| Assurance | 58 | ||
| Nursing code of ethics | 58 | ||
| Public health code of ethics | 60 | ||
| Advocacy and ethics | 61 | ||
| Definitions, codes, standards | 61 | ||
| Advocacy and health care reform | 61 | ||
| Practice application | 62 | ||
| Remember this! | 62 | ||
| evolve website | 63 | ||
| References | 63 | ||
| 5 Cultural influences in nursing in community health | 65 | ||
| Objectives | 65 | ||
| Key terms | 65 | ||
| Immigrant health issues | 66 | ||
| Culture, race, and ethnicity | 68 | ||
| Culture | 68 | ||
| Race | 69 | ||
| Ethnicity | 70 | ||
| Cultural diversity | 70 | ||
| Communication | 70 | ||
| Space | 71 | ||
| Social organization | 71 | ||
| Time perception | 71 | ||
| Environmental control | 72 | ||
| Biological variations | 72 | ||
| Nutrition | 72 | ||
| Culture, diversity, and social determinants of health | 73 | ||
| Cultural competence | 73 | ||
| Developing cultural competence | 74 | ||
| Cultural awareness | 75 | ||
| Cultural knowledge | 75 | ||
| Cultural skill | 76 | ||
| Cultural encounter | 76 | ||
| Cultural desire | 77 | ||
| Culturally competent nursing interventions | 77 | ||
| Cultural preservation | 77 | ||
| Cultural accommodation | 77 | ||
| Cultural repatterning | 78 | ||
| Cultural brokering | 78 | ||
| Inhibitors to developing cultural competence | 78 | ||
| Cultural nursing assessment | 80 | ||
| Building culturally competent organizations | 81 | ||
| Practice application | 81 | ||
| Remember this! | 82 | ||
| evolve website | 82 | ||
| References | 82 | ||
| 6 Environmental health | 84 | ||
| Objectives | 84 | ||
| Key terms | 84 | ||
| Historical context | 86 | ||
| Environmental health sciences | 87 | ||
| Toxicology | 87 | ||
| Epidemiology | 88 | ||
| Multidisciplinary approaches | 88 | ||
| Climate change | 89 | ||
| Environmental health assessment | 90 | ||
| Air | 92 | ||
| Water | 93 | ||
| Land | 94 | ||
| Food | 94 | ||
| The right to know | 94 | ||
| Risk assessment | 94 | ||
| Assessing environmental health risks in children | 95 | ||
| Reducing environmental health risks | 97 | ||
| Risk communication | 98 | ||
| Ethics | 98 | ||
| Government environmental protection | 99 | ||
| Advocacy | 100 | ||
| Environmental justice and environmental health disparities | 101 | ||
| Unique environmental health threats in the health care industry: New opportunities for advocacy | 101 | ||
| Referral resources | 101 | ||
| Roles for nurses in environmental health | 102 | ||
| Practice application | 102 | ||
| Remember this! | 103 | ||
| evolve website | 103 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| 7 Government, the law, and policy activism | 105 | ||
| Objectives | 105 | ||
| Key terms | 105 | ||
| Definitions | 106 | ||
| Governmental role in US health care | 106 | ||
| Trends and shifts in governmental roles | 106 | ||
| Government health care functions | 108 | ||
| Direct services | 108 | ||
| Financing | 108 | ||
| Information | 108 | ||
| Policy setting | 108 | ||
| Public protection | 108 | ||
| Healthy people 2020: an example of national health policy guidance | 109 | ||
| Organizations and agencies that influence health | 110 | ||
| International organizations | 110 | ||
| Federal health agencies | 110 | ||
| US department of health and human services | 110 | ||
| Health resources and services administration | 111 | ||
| Centers for disease control and prevention | 111 | ||
| National institutes of health | 112 | ||
| Agency for healthcare research and quality | 112 | ||
| Centers for medicare and medicaid services | 113 | ||
| Federal nonhealth agencies | 113 | ||
| State and local health departments | 113 | ||
| Impact of government health functions and structures on nursing | 114 | ||
| The law and health care | 114 | ||
| Constitutional law | 115 | ||
| Legislation and regulation | 115 | ||
| Judicial and common law | 115 | ||
| Laws specific to nursing practice | 115 | ||
| Scope of practice | 115 | ||
| Professional negligence | 116 | ||
| Legal issues affecting health care practices | 117 | ||
| School and family health | 117 | ||
| Occupational health | 117 | ||
| Home care and hospice | 117 | ||
| Correctional health | 117 | ||
| The nurse’s role in the policy process | 117 | ||
| Legislative action | 119 | ||
| Regulatory action | 121 | ||
| The process of regulation | 121 | ||
| Nursing advocacy | 121 | ||
| Practice application | 122 | ||
| Remember this! | 122 | ||
| evolve website | 123 | ||
| References | 123 | ||
| 8 Economic influences | 125 | ||
| Objectives | 125 | ||
| Key terms | 125 | ||
| Public health and economics | 126 | ||
| Factors affecting resource allocation in health care | 127 | ||
| The uninsured | 128 | ||
| The poor | 128 | ||
| Access to health services | 128 | ||
| Rationing health care | 129 | ||
| Healthy people 2020 | 129 | ||
| Primary prevention | 130 | ||
| The context of the US health system | 130 | ||
| First phase | 131 | ||
| Second phase | 131 | ||
| Third phase | 132 | ||
| Fourth phase | 133 | ||
| Challenges for the 21st century | 133 | ||
| Trends in health care spending | 135 | ||
| Factors influencing health care costs | 136 | ||
| Demographics affecting health care | 136 | ||
| Technology and intensity | 136 | ||
| Chronic illness | 137 | ||
| Financing of health care | 138 | ||
| Public support | 138 | ||
| Medicare | 138 | ||
| Medicaid | 139 | ||
| Public health | 140 | ||
| Other public support | 140 | ||
| Private support | 140 | ||
| Evolution of health insurance | 140 | ||
| Employers | 141 | ||
| Individuals | 141 | ||
| Managed care arrangements | 141 | ||
| Medical savings accounts | 142 | ||
| Health care payment systems | 142 | ||
| Paying health care organizations | 142 | ||
| Paying health care practitioners | 143 | ||
| Reimbursement for nursing services | 143 | ||
| Economics and the future of nursing practice | 143 | ||
| Practice application | 144 | ||
| Remember this! | 144 | ||
| evolve website | 144 | ||
| References | 144 | ||
| 3 Conceptual Frameworks Applied to Nursing Practice in the Community | 147 | ||
| 9 Epidemiological applications | 147 | ||
| Objectives | 147 | ||
| Key terms | 147 | ||
| Definitions | 148 | ||
| History | 149 | ||
| How nurses use epidemiology | 150 | ||
| Basic concepts in epidemiology | 151 | ||
| Measures of morbidity and mortality | 151 | ||
| Rates, proportions, and risk | 151 | ||
| Measures of incidence | 152 | ||
| Prevalence proportion | 152 | ||
| Incidence and prevalence compared | 153 | ||
| Attack rate | 153 | ||
| Mortality rates | 153 | ||
| Epidemiologic triangle: Agent, host, and environment | 155 | ||
| Levels of preventive interventions | 156 | ||
| Screening | 157 | ||
| Reliability and validity | 158 | ||
| Reliability | 158 | ||
| Validity: Sensitivity and specificity | 158 | ||
| Basic methods in epidemiology | 159 | ||
| Sources of data | 159 | ||
| Routinely collected data | 159 | ||
| Data collected for other purposes | 159 | ||
| Epidemiological data | 159 | ||
| Rate adjustment | 159 | ||
| Comparison groups | 160 | ||
| Descriptive epidemiology | 160 | ||
| Person | 160 | ||
| Place | 161 | ||
| Time | 161 | ||
| Secular changes | 161 | ||
| Analytic epidemiology | 163 | ||
| Cohort studies | 163 | ||
| Prospective cohort studies | 163 | ||
| Retrospective cohort studies | 164 | ||
| Case-control studies | 164 | ||
| Cross-sectional studies | 165 | ||
| Ecological studies | 165 | ||
| Experimental studies | 165 | ||
| Clinical trials | 165 | ||
| Community trials | 166 | ||
| Causality | 166 | ||
| Statistical associations | 166 | ||
| Bias | 166 | ||
| Assessing for causality | 167 | ||
| Applications of epidemiology in nursing | 167 | ||
| Practice application | 168 | ||
| Remember this! | 168 | ||
| evolve website | 169 | ||
| References | 169 | ||
| 10 Evidence-based practice | 170 | ||
| Objectives | 170 | ||
| Key terms | 170 | ||
| Definition of evidence-based practice | 171 | ||
| History of evidence-based practice | 171 | ||
| Types of evidence | 172 | ||
| Factors leading to change or barriers to evidence-based practice | 173 | ||
| Steps in the evidence-based practice process | 173 | ||
| Approaches to finding evidence | 174 | ||
| Approaches to evaluating evidence | 176 | ||
| Approaches to implementing evidence-based practice | 177 | ||
| Current perspectives | 177 | ||
| Cost versus quality | 177 | ||
| Individual differences | 178 | ||
| Appropriate evidence-based practice methods for community-oriented nursing practice | 178 | ||
| Healthy people 2020 objectives | 179 | ||
| Example of application of evidence-based practice to public health nursing | 179 | ||
| Practice application | 180 | ||
| Remember this! | 180 | ||
| Evolve website | 180 | ||
| References | 180 | ||
| 11 Using health education and groups in the community | 182 | ||
| Objectives | 182 | ||
| Key terms | 182 | ||
| Healthy people 2020 objectives for health education | 183 | ||
| Education and learning | 184 | ||
| The nature of learning | 184 | ||
| Cognitive domain | 184 | ||
| Affective domain | 184 | ||
| Psychomotor domain | 184 | ||
| The educational process | 185 | ||
| Identify educational needs | 185 | ||
| Establish educational goals and objectives | 186 | ||
| Select appropriate educational methods | 186 | ||
| Skills of the effective educator | 187 | ||
| Motivational interviewing | 188 | ||
| Developing effective health education programs | 189 | ||
| Educational issues and barriers to learning | 189 | ||
| Population considerations based on age and cultural and ethnic backgrounds | 190 | ||
| Educator-related barriers | 191 | ||
| Learner-related barriers | 192 | ||
| Use of technology in health education | 194 | ||
| Evaluation of the educational process | 194 | ||
| Evaluation of health and behavioral changes | 195 | ||
| Groups: A tool in health education | 195 | ||
| Group: Definitions and concepts | 196 | ||
| Choosing groups for health change | 198 | ||
| Beginning interactions and dealing with conflict | 199 | ||
| Evaluation of group progress | 200 | ||
| Practice application | 200 | ||
| Remember this! | 200 | ||
| evolve website | 201 | ||
| References | 201 | ||
| 4 Issues and Approaches in Health Care Populations | 203 | ||
| 12 Community assessment and evaluation | 203 | ||
| Objectives | 203 | ||
| Key terms | 203 | ||
| What is a community? | 204 | ||
| Community as client | 206 | ||
| The community as client and partner in nursing practice | 206 | ||
| Goals and means of community-oriented practice | 207 | ||
| Community health | 207 | ||
| Status | 207 | ||
| Structure | 207 | ||
| Process | 208 | ||
| Healthy people 2020 | 209 | ||
| Community partnerships | 209 | ||
| Strategies to improve community health | 210 | ||
| Community-focused nursing process: An overview of the process from assessment to evaluation | 211 | ||
| Assessing community health | 211 | ||
| Data collection and interpretation | 211 | ||
| Data gathering. | 212 | ||
| Data generation. | 212 | ||
| Composite database analysis. | 212 | ||
| Data-collection methods | 212 | ||
| Collection of direct data. | 212 | ||
| Collection of reported data. | 213 | ||
| Community reconnaissance | 214 | ||
| Assessment issues | 214 | ||
| Identifying community problems | 214 | ||
| Planning for community health | 215 | ||
| Problem analysis | 215 | ||
| Problem priorities | 215 | ||
| Problem priority criteria. | 215 | ||
| Establishing goals and objectives | 215 | ||
| Identifying intervention activities | 216 | ||
| Implementation in the community | 216 | ||
| Factors influencing implementation | 216 | ||
| Nurse’s role. | 216 | ||
| The problem and the nurse’s role. | 216 | ||
| Social change process and the nurse’s role. | 216 | ||
| Evaluating the intervention for community health | 217 | ||
| Role of outcomes in the evaluation phase | 217 | ||
| Personal safety in community practice | 217 | ||
| Practice application | 219 | ||
| Remember this! | 219 | ||
| evolve website | 219 | ||
| References | 219 | ||
| 13 Case management | 221 | ||
| Objectives | 221 | ||
| Key terms | 221 | ||
| Concepts of case management | 222 | ||
| Definitions of case management | 223 | ||
| Healthy people 2020 and the case management process | 224 | ||
| Case management and the nursing process | 224 | ||
| Characteristics and roles | 224 | ||
| Knowledge and skill requirements | 225 | ||
| Tools of case managers | 225 | ||
| Community models of case management | 228 | ||
| Essential skills for case managers | 229 | ||
| Advocacy | 229 | ||
| Process of advocacy | 229 | ||
| Informing. | 230 | ||
| Supporting. | 230 | ||
| Affirming. | 230 | ||
| Skill development | 230 | ||
| Systematic problem solving | 230 | ||
| Illuminating values. | 231 | ||
| Generating alternatives. | 231 | ||
| Impact of advocacy | 231 | ||
| Conflict management | 231 | ||
| Collaboration | 232 | ||
| Issues in case management | 232 | ||
| Legal issues | 232 | ||
| Ethical issues | 232 | ||
| Clinical application | 234 | ||
| Remember this! | 234 | ||
| evolve website | 235 | ||
| References | 235 | ||
| 14 Disaster management | 236 | ||
| Objectives | 236 | ||
| Key terms | 236 | ||
| Disasters | 236 | ||
| Healthy people 2020 objectives | 238 | ||
| The disaster management cycle and the nursing role | 239 | ||
| Prevention (mitigation and protection) | 239 | ||
| Preparedness | 239 | ||
| Personal preparedness | 239 | ||
| Professional preparedness | 241 | ||
| Community preparedness | 242 | ||
| The national health security strategy | 243 | ||
| Disaster and mass casualty exercises. | 243 | ||
| Response | 244 | ||
| National response framework | 244 | ||
| National incident management system | 245 | ||
| Response to bioterrorism | 245 | ||
| How disasters affect communities | 246 | ||
| Stress reactions in individuals. | 246 | ||
| Stress reactions in the community. | 246 | ||
| Role of the nurse in disaster response | 248 | ||
| Shelter management | 249 | ||
| International relief efforts | 250 | ||
| Psychological stress of disaster workers | 250 | ||
| Recovery | 250 | ||
| Role of the nurse in disaster recovery | 251 | ||
| Future of disaster management | 251 | ||
| Clinical application | 252 | ||
| Remember this! | 252 | ||
| What would you do? | 253 | ||
| evolve website | 253 | ||
| References | 253 | ||
| 15 Surveillance and outbreak investigation | 255 | ||
| Objectives | 255 | ||
| Key terms | 255 | ||
| Disease surveillance/public health surveillance | 255 | ||
| Definitions and importance | 255 | ||
| Uses of public health surveillance | 256 | ||
| Purposes of surveillance | 256 | ||
| Collaboration among partners | 257 | ||
| Nurse competencies | 257 | ||
| Data sources for surveillance | 257 | ||
| National notifiable diseases | 258 | ||
| State notifiable diseases | 259 | ||
| Types of surveillance systems | 260 | ||
| Passive system | 260 | ||
| Active system | 260 | ||
| Sentinel system | 260 | ||
| Special systems | 260 | ||
| The investigation | 261 | ||
| Investigation objectives | 261 | ||
| Defining the magnitude of a problem or an event | 261 | ||
| Patterns of occurrence | 261 | ||
| Causal factors from the epidemiological triangle | 261 | ||
| When to investigate | 262 | ||
| Interventions and protection | 262 | ||
| Practice application | 263 | ||
| Remember this! | 263 | ||
| evolve website | 263 | ||
| References | 263 | ||
| 16 Program management | 265 | ||
| Objectives | 265 | ||
| Key terms | 265 | ||
| Definitions and goals | 266 | ||
| Benefits of program planning | 266 | ||
| Planning process | 266 | ||
| Basic program planning | 266 | ||
| Definition of problem and need | 266 | ||
| Name the problem. | 269 | ||
| Identify objectives and activities for alternatives | 269 | ||
| Evaluate problem solutions | 270 | ||
| Choose the solution | 270 | ||
| Program planning models for public health | 270 | ||
| Program evaluation | 270 | ||
| Benefits of program evaluation | 270 | ||
| Evaluation process | 271 | ||
| Formulation of objectives | 271 | ||
| Specifying objectives (goals) | 271 | ||
| Levels of program objectives | 272 | ||
| Sources of program evaluation | 272 | ||
| Aspects of program evaluation | 273 | ||
| Relevance | 273 | ||
| Adequacy | 273 | ||
| Progress | 273 | ||
| Efficiency | 273 | ||
| Effectiveness and impact | 274 | ||
| Sustainability | 274 | ||
| Practice application | 274 | ||
| Remember this! | 275 | ||
| evolve website | 275 | ||
| References | 275 | ||
| 17 Managing quality and safety | 276 | ||
| Objectives | 276 | ||
| Key terms | 276 | ||
| Historical developments | 278 | ||
| Quality and nursing practice | 278 | ||
| Definitions and goals | 279 | ||
| What is quality? | 279 | ||
| How does quality assurance relate to total quality management? | 279 | ||
| Approaches to quality improvement | 280 | ||
| General approaches | 280 | ||
| Specific approaches | 281 | ||
| Total quality management and continuous quality improvement | 282 | ||
| Traditional quality assurance | 283 | ||
| Staff review committees. | 284 | ||
| Utilization review. | 284 | ||
| Risk management. | 285 | ||
| Professional review organizations | 285 | ||
| Evaluative studies | 285 | ||
| Model continuous quality improvement program | 286 | ||
| Structure | 286 | ||
| Process | 287 | ||
| Outcome | 288 | ||
| Evaluation, interpretation, and action | 288 | ||
| Documentation | 289 | ||
| Records | 289 | ||
| Community health agency records | 290 | ||
| Healthy people 2020 and quality health care | 290 | ||
| Practice application | 290 | ||
| Remember this! | 291 | ||
| evolve website | 291 | ||
| References | 291 | ||
| 5 Issues and Approaches in Family and Individual Health Care | 294 | ||
| 18 Family development and family nursing assessment | 294 | ||
| Objectives | 294 | ||
| Key terms | 294 | ||
| Family nursing in the community | 294 | ||
| Family demographics | 295 | ||
| Definition of family | 295 | ||
| Family functions | 295 | ||
| Family structure | 295 | ||
| Family health | 297 | ||
| Family health, nonhealth, and resilience | 297 | ||
| Four approaches to family nursing | 297 | ||
| Theories for working with families in the community | 299 | ||
| Family systems theory | 299 | ||
| Family developmental and life cycle theory | 299 | ||
| Bioecological systems theory | 300 | ||
| Working with families for healthy outcomes | 301 | ||
| Preencounter data collection | 301 | ||
| Determining where to meet the family | 301 | ||
| Making an appointment with the family | 302 | ||
| Planning for personal safety | 302 | ||
| Interviewing the family: Defining the problem | 302 | ||
| Designing family interventions | 303 | ||
| Evaluation of the plan | 304 | ||
| Family nursing assessment | 305 | ||
| Friedman family assessment model | 305 | ||
| Social and family policy challenges | 306 | ||
| Healthy people 2020 and family implications | 307 | ||
| Clinical application | 307 | ||
| Remember this! | 307 | ||
| Evolve website | 308 | ||
| References | 308 | ||
| 19 Family health risks | 310 | ||
| Objectives | 310 | ||
| Key terms | 310 | ||
| Early approaches to family health risks | 311 | ||
| Health of families | 311 | ||
| Health of the nation | 312 | ||
| Concepts in family health risk | 312 | ||
| Family health | 312 | ||
| Health risk | 313 | ||
| Health risk appraisal | 313 | ||
| Health risk reduction | 314 | ||
| Family crisis | 314 | ||
| Major family health risks and nursing interventions | 314 | ||
| Family health risk appraisal | 314 | ||
| Biological and age-related risk | 315 | ||
| Biological health risk assessment | 316 | ||
| Genetics and family health risks | 318 | ||
| Environmental risk | 319 | ||
| Environmental risk assessment | 320 | ||
| Behavioral (lifestyle) risk | 321 | ||
| Behavioral (lifestyle) health risk assessment | 322 | ||
| Nursing approaches to family health risk reduction | 323 | ||
| Home visits | 323 | ||
| Purpose | 323 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages | 323 | ||
| Process | 323 | ||
| Initiation phase. | 323 | ||
| Previsit phase. | 323 | ||
| In-home phase. | 323 | ||
| Termination phase. | 326 | ||
| Postvisit phase. | 326 | ||
| Contracting with families | 327 | ||
| Purposes | 327 | ||
| Process of contracting | 327 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages of contracting | 328 | ||
| Empowering families | 328 | ||
| Vulnerable populations: Lgbtq families at risk | 328 | ||
| Community resources | 329 | ||
| Practice application | 330 | ||
| Remember this! | 331 | ||
| evolve website | 331 | ||
| References | 331 | ||
| 20 Health risks across the life span | 333 | ||
| Objectives | 333 | ||
| Key terms | 333 | ||
| Status of children | 334 | ||
| Children’s health and major public health issues | 334 | ||
| Obesity | 334 | ||
| Injuries and accidents | 336 | ||
| Developmental considerations | 336 | ||
| Infants. | 336 | ||
| Toddlers and preschoolers. | 336 | ||
| School-age children. | 336 | ||
| Adolescents. | 336 | ||
| Injury prevention | 338 | ||
| Child maltreatment | 339 | ||
| Alterations of behavior and mental health problems | 339 | ||
| Acute illnesses | 340 | ||
| Chronic health conditions | 340 | ||
| Target areas for prevention with children | 341 | ||
| Smoking | 341 | ||
| Nutrition | 342 | ||
| Immunizations | 342 | ||
| Environmental health hazards | 342 | ||
| Health policy, legislation, and ethics related to adult health | 343 | ||
| Ethical and legal issues and legislation for older adults | 344 | ||
| Major health issues and chronic disease management of adults across the life span | 344 | ||
| Health status indicators | 345 | ||
| Chronic disease | 345 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 345 | ||
| Hypertension | 345 | ||
| Stroke | 346 | ||
| Diabetes | 346 | ||
| Mental illness | 346 | ||
| Cancer | 346 | ||
| Weight control | 347 | ||
| Women’s health concerns | 347 | ||
| Eating disorders | 347 | ||
| Reproductive health | 347 | ||
| Gestational diabetes | 348 | ||
| Menopause | 348 | ||
| Breast cancer | 348 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 348 | ||
| Men’s health concerns | 348 | ||
| Cancers unique to men | 349 | ||
| Erectile dysfunction | 350 | ||
| Health disparities among special groups of adults | 350 | ||
| Adults of color | 350 | ||
| Incarcerated adults | 350 | ||
| Lesbian and gay adults | 350 | ||
| Adults with physical and mental disabilities | 350 | ||
| Frail elderly | 351 | ||
| Family caregiving | 351 | ||
| Community-based models for care of adults | 352 | ||
| Community care settings | 352 | ||
| Senior centers | 352 | ||
| Adult day health | 352 | ||
| Home health and hospice | 352 | ||
| Assisted living | 352 | ||
| Long-term care and rehabilitation | 352 | ||
| Practice application | 353 | ||
| Remember this! | 353 | ||
| evolve website | 353 | ||
| References | 354 | ||
| 6 Vulnerability: Predisposing Factors | 357 | ||
| 21 Vulnerability and vulnerable populations: An overview | 357 | ||
| Objectives | 357 | ||
| Key terms | 357 | ||
| Vulnerability: Definition and influencing factors | 358 | ||
| Factors contributing to vulnerability | 359 | ||
| Social determinants of health | 359 | ||
| Health status | 362 | ||
| Health care of veterans | 362 | ||
| Outcomes of vulnerability | 363 | ||
| Public policies affecting vulnerable populations | 363 | ||
| Nursing approaches to care in the community | 364 | ||
| Levels of prevention | 366 | ||
| Assessment issues | 367 | ||
| Planning and implementing care for vulnerable populations | 368 | ||
| Practice application | 371 | ||
| Remember this! | 371 | ||
| evolve website | 372 | ||
| References | 372 | ||
| 22 Rural health and migrant health | 374 | ||
| Objectives | 374 | ||
| Key terms | 374 | ||
| Differences in rural versus urban | 375 | ||
| Population characteristics and cultural considerations | 376 | ||
| Health status of rural residents | 376 | ||
| Women’s health and maternal and infant health | 377 | ||
| Health of children | 378 | ||
| Mental health | 378 | ||
| Occupational and environmental health problems in rural areas | 379 | ||
| Rural health care delivery issues and barriers to care | 380 | ||
| Health of minorities, particularly migrant farmworkers | 380 | ||
| Characteristics of migrant farmworkers | 380 | ||
| Migrant lifestyle | 382 | ||
| Housing | 383 | ||
| Issues in migrant health | 383 | ||
| Other specific health problems | 384 | ||
| Children of migrant workers | 384 | ||
| Cultural considerations in migrant health care | 385 | ||
| Nurse-client relationship | 385 | ||
| Health: Values, beliefs, and practices | 385 | ||
| Nursing care in rural environments | 387 | ||
| Healthy people 2020: related to rural health | 388 | ||
| Use of technology | 388 | ||
| Clinical application | 389 | ||
| Remember this! | 389 | ||
| evolve website | 390 | ||
| References | 390 | ||
| 23 Poverty, homelessness, teen pregnancy, and mental illness | 392 | ||
| Objectives | 392 | ||
| Key terms | 392 | ||
| Attitudes, beliefs, and media communication about vulnerable groups | 393 | ||
| Poverty: Definition and description | 393 | ||
| Poverty and health: Effects across the life span | 394 | ||
| Homelessness: Understanding the concept | 396 | ||
| Effects of homelessness on health | 397 | ||
| Homelessness and at-risk populations | 398 | ||
| Trends in adolescent sexual behavior and pregnancy | 399 | ||
| Background factors | 399 | ||
| Sexual activity, use of birth control, and peer and partner pressure | 400 | ||
| Other factors | 400 | ||
| Young men and paternity | 401 | ||
| Early identification of the pregnant teen | 402 | ||
| Special issues in caring for the pregnant teen | 402 | ||
| Violence | 402 | ||
| Nutrition | 403 | ||
| Infant care | 404 | ||
| Schooling and educational needs | 404 | ||
| Mental illness in the united states | 404 | ||
| Deinstitutionalization | 406 | ||
| At-risk populations for mental illness | 406 | ||
| Children and adolescents | 406 | ||
| Adults | 407 | ||
| Adults with serious mental illness | 407 | ||
| Older adults | 408 | ||
| Cultural diversity | 409 | ||
| Levels of prevention and the nurse | 409 | ||
| Role of the nurse | 410 | ||
| Practice application | 412 | ||
| Remember this! | 412 | ||
| evolve website | 413 | ||
| References | 413 | ||
| 24 Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug problems in the community | 415 | ||
| Objectives | 415 | ||
| Key terms | 415 | ||
| Scope of the problem | 416 | ||
| Definitions | 417 | ||
| Psychoactive drugs | 417 | ||
| Alcohol | 417 | ||
| Tobacco | 418 | ||
| Electronic nicotine delivery systems | 419 | ||
| Caffeine | 420 | ||
| Illicit drug use | 421 | ||
| Opioids | 421 | ||
| Cocaine | 421 | ||
| Amphetamines and methamphetamines | 421 | ||
| Marijuana | 422 | ||
| Street drugs commonly used | 422 | ||
| Predisposing and contributing factors | 422 | ||
| Genetic factors in addiction | 422 | ||
| Primary prevention and the role of the nurse | 423 | ||
| Drug education | 423 | ||
| Secondary prevention and the role of the nurse | 425 | ||
| Assessing for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug problems | 425 | ||
| Drug testing | 426 | ||
| High-risk groups | 426 | ||
| Adolescents | 426 | ||
| Older adults | 426 | ||
| Injection drug users | 427 | ||
| Drug use during pregnancy | 427 | ||
| Use of illicit drugs | 427 | ||
| Codependency and family involvement | 427 | ||
| Tertiary prevention and the role of the nurse | 428 | ||
| Detoxification | 428 | ||
| Addiction treatment | 428 | ||
| Smoking cessation programs | 429 | ||
| Support groups | 429 | ||
| The nurse’s role | 429 | ||
| Practice application | 430 | ||
| Remember this! | 431 | ||
| evolve website | 431 | ||
| References | 431 | ||
| 25 Violence and human abuse | 433 | ||
| Objectives | 433 | ||
| Key terms | 433 | ||
| Social and community factors influencing violence | 434 | ||
| Work | 434 | ||
| Education | 435 | ||
| Media | 435 | ||
| Organized religion | 435 | ||
| Population | 436 | ||
| Community facilities | 436 | ||
| Violence against individuals or oneself | 436 | ||
| Homicide | 436 | ||
| Assault | 437 | ||
| Sexual violence and rape | 437 | ||
| Suicide | 439 | ||
| Family violence and abuse | 440 | ||
| Development of abusive patterns | 440 | ||
| Types of family violence | 441 | ||
| Child abuse | 441 | ||
| Indicators of child abuse. | 441 | ||
| Child neglect | 444 | ||
| Sexual abuse | 444 | ||
| Intimate partner abuse | 445 | ||
| Signs of abuse. | 445 | ||
| Abuse as a process. | 445 | ||
| Abuse of older adults | 447 | ||
| Nursing interventions | 448 | ||
| Clinical application | 451 | ||
| Remember this! | 452 | ||
| What would you do? | 452 | ||
| evolve website | 452 | ||
| References | 452 | ||
| 26 Infectious disease prevention and control | 455 | ||
| Objectives | 455 | ||
| Key terms | 455 | ||
| Historical and current perspectives | 456 | ||
| Transmission of communicable diseases | 458 | ||
| Agent, host, and environment | 458 | ||
| Agent factor | 458 | ||
| Host factor | 458 | ||
| Environment factor | 459 | ||
| Modes of transmission | 459 | ||
| Disease development | 459 | ||
| Disease spectrum | 459 | ||
| Surveillance of communicable diseases | 460 | ||
| Surveillance for agents of bioterrorism | 460 | ||
| List of reportable diseases | 460 | ||
| Emerging infectious diseases | 461 | ||
| Emergence factors | 461 | ||
| Prevention and control of communicable diseases | 462 | ||
| Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention | 463 | ||
| Agents of bioterrorism | 463 | ||
| Anthrax | 464 | ||
| Smallpox | 464 | ||
| Vaccine-preventable disease | 465 | ||
| Routine childhood immunization schedule | 465 | ||
| Measles | 465 | ||
| Rubella | 466 | ||
| Pertussis | 466 | ||
| Influenza | 467 | ||
| Foodborne and waterborne diseases | 468 | ||
| Salmonellosis | 469 | ||
| Escherichia coli o157:h7 | 469 | ||
| Waterborne disease outbreaks and pathogens | 470 | ||
| Vector-borne disease and zoonoses | 470 | ||
| Lyme disease | 470 | ||
| Rocky mountain spotted fever | 471 | ||
| Zika virus | 471 | ||
| Zoonoses | 472 | ||
| Rabies (hydrophobia) | 472 | ||
| Parasitic diseases | 472 | ||
| Intestinal parasitic infections | 473 | ||
| Parasitic opportunistic infections | 473 | ||
| Diseases of travelers | 474 | ||
| Malaria | 474 | ||
| Foodborne and waterborne diseases | 474 | ||
| Diarrheal diseases | 474 | ||
| Health care–acquired infections | 475 | ||
| Practice application | 475 | ||
| Remember this! | 476 | ||
| evolve website | 476 | ||
| References | 476 | ||
| 27 HIV infection, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases | 478 | ||
| Objectives | 478 | ||
| Key terms | 478 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus infection | 479 | ||
| Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection | 479 | ||
| Transmission | 480 | ||
| Epidemiology and surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 480 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus testing | 481 | ||
| Caring for clients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the community | 481 | ||
| Sexually transmitted diseases | 482 | ||
| Gonorrhea | 482 | ||
| Syphilis | 485 | ||
| Chlamydia | 485 | ||
| Herpes simplex virus 2 (genital herpes) | 486 | ||
| Human papillomavirus infection | 486 | ||
| Hepatitis | 487 | ||
| Hepatitis A virus | 487 | ||
| Hepatitis B virus | 487 | ||
| Hepatitis C virus | 489 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 489 | ||
| Nurse’s role in providing preventive care for communicable diseases | 491 | ||
| Primary prevention | 491 | ||
| Safer sex | 492 | ||
| Drug use | 493 | ||
| Community outreach, education, and evaluation | 493 | ||
| Secondary prevention | 493 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus test counseling | 493 | ||
| Partner notification and contact tracing | 494 | ||
| Tertiary prevention | 494 | ||
| Directly observed therapy | 494 | ||
| Standard precautions | 494 | ||
| Practice application | 495 | ||
| Remember this! | 495 | ||
| evolve website | 495 | ||
| References | 495 | ||
| 7 Nursing Practice in the Community: Roles and Functions | 498 | ||
| 28 Nursing practice at the local, state, and national levels in public health | 498 | ||
| Objectives | 498 | ||
| Key terms | 498 | ||
| Roles of local, state, and federal public health agencies | 499 | ||
| History and trends of public health | 500 | ||
| Scope, standards, and roles of nursing in public health | 501 | ||
| Issues and trends in public health nursing | 503 | ||
| Education and knowledge requirements for public health nurses | 504 | ||
| National health objectives | 505 | ||
| Functions of public health nurses | 505 | ||
| Practice application | 508 | ||
| Remember this! | 508 | ||
| evolve website | 509 | ||
| References | 509 | ||
| 29 The faith community nurse | 510 | ||
| Objectives | 510 | ||
| Key terms | 510 | ||
| Definitions in faith community nursing | 511 | ||
| Historical perspectives | 513 | ||
| Faith communities | 513 | ||
| Faith nurse community | 513 | ||
| Health care delivery | 514 | ||
| Faith community nursing practice | 515 | ||
| Characteristics of the practice | 515 | ||
| Scope and standards of faith community nursing practice | 516 | ||
| Educational preparation for the faith community nurse | 516 | ||
| Issues in faith community nursing practice | 517 | ||
| Professional issues | 517 | ||
| Ethical issues | 518 | ||
| Legal issues | 518 | ||
| Financial issues | 518 | ||
| National health objectives and faith communities | 518 | ||
| Functions of the faith community nurse | 520 | ||
| Practice application | 522 | ||
| Remember this! | 522 | ||
| evolve website | 523 | ||
| References | 523 | ||
| 30 The nurse in home health and hospice | 524 | ||
| Objectives | 524 | ||
| Key terms | 524 | ||
| History of home health and nursing | 525 | ||
| Description of practice models | 526 | ||
| Population-focused home care | 526 | ||
| Transitional care in the home | 527 | ||
| Home-based primary care | 527 | ||
| Home health | 527 | ||
| Hospice | 528 | ||
| Home care of the dying child | 529 | ||
| Scope and standards of practice | 529 | ||
| Direct and indirect care | 529 | ||
| Nursing roles in home health, hospice, and palliative care | 530 | ||
| Omaha system | 531 | ||
| Description of the omaha system | 531 | ||
| Professional development and collaboration | 532 | ||
| Education and roles | 532 | ||
| Certification | 532 | ||
| Interprofessional collaboration | 532 | ||
| Accountability and quality management | 533 | ||
| Evidence-based quality and performance improvement and client safety | 533 | ||
| Accreditation | 534 | ||
| Legal, ethical, and financial aspects of home care | 534 | ||
| Reimbursement mechanisms | 534 | ||
| Cost-effectiveness | 535 | ||
| Legal and ethical issues | 535 | ||
| Trends and opportunities | 535 | ||
| National health objectives | 535 | ||
| Family responsibility, roles, and functions | 536 | ||
| Technology and telehealth | 536 | ||
| Health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996 | 536 | ||
| Practice application | 537 | ||
| Remember this! | 537 | ||
| evolve website | 537 | ||
| References | 537 | ||
| 31 The nurse in the schools | 540 | ||
| Objectives | 540 | ||
| Key terms | 540 | ||
| History of school nursing | 541 | ||
| Federal legislation in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s | 541 | ||
| Standards of practice for school nurses | 543 | ||
| Educational credentials of school nurses | 543 | ||
| Roles and functions of school nurses | 543 | ||
| School nurse roles | 544 | ||
| Direct caregiver | 544 | ||
| Health educator | 544 | ||
| School health services | 545 | ||
| Federal school health programs | 545 | ||
| School health policies and practices study | 546 | ||
| School-based health programs | 546 | ||
| School nurses and healthy people 2020 | 546 | ||
| Levels of prevention in schools | 546 | ||
| Primary prevention in schools | 546 | ||
| Prevention of childhood injuries | 547 | ||
| Substance abuse prevention education | 547 | ||
| Disease prevention education | 548 | ||
| Required vaccinations for schoolchildren | 548 | ||
| Secondary prevention in schools | 548 | ||
| Nursing care for emergencies in the school | 549 | ||
| Emergency equipment in the school nurse’s office | 549 | ||
| Giving medication in school | 550 | ||
| Assessing and screening children at school | 550 | ||
| Screening children for lice | 551 | ||
| Identification of child abuse or neglect | 551 | ||
| Communicating with health care providers | 551 | ||
| Efforts to prevent suicide and other mental health problems | 551 | ||
| Violence at school | 552 | ||
| Tertiary prevention in schools | 552 | ||
| Controversies in school nursing | 555 | ||
| Ethics in school nursing | 555 | ||
| Future trends in school nursing | 555 | ||
| Practice application | 556 | ||
| Remember this! | 556 | ||
| evolve website | 557 | ||
| References | 557 | ||
| 32 The nurse in occupational health | 560 | ||
| Objectives | 560 | ||
| Key terms | 560 | ||
| Definition and scope of occupational health nursing | 561 | ||
| History and evolution of occupational health nursing | 561 | ||
| Roles and professionalism in occupational health nursing | 561 | ||
| Workers as a population aggregate | 562 | ||
| Characteristics of the workforce | 563 | ||
| Characteristics of work | 563 | ||
| Work–health interactions | 563 | ||
| Application of the epidemiologic model | 564 | ||
| Host | 564 | ||
| Agent | 565 | ||
| Biological agents | 565 | ||
| Chemical agents | 566 | ||
| Environmental and mechanical agents | 566 | ||
| Physical agents | 567 | ||
| Psychosocial agents | 568 | ||
| Environment | 568 | ||
| Organizational and public efforts to promote worker health and safety | 569 | ||
| Onsite occupational health and safety programs | 569 | ||
| Nursing care of working populations | 570 | ||
| Worker assessment | 570 | ||
| Workplace assessment | 571 | ||
| Healthy people 2020 related to occupational health | 574 | ||
| Legislation related to occupational health | 574 | ||
| Disaster planning and management | 575 | ||
| Practice application | 576 | ||
| Remember this! | 577 | ||
| evolve website | 577 | ||
| References | 577 | ||
| Appendixes | 579 | ||
| Appendix A Guidelines for practice | 580 | ||
| A.1 The health insurance portability and accountability act (hipaa): What does it mean for public health nurses? | 580 | ||
| A.2 Living will directive | 582 | ||
| Appendix B Assessment tools | 583 | ||
| B.1 Community assessment model | 583 | ||
| B.2 Friedman family assessment model (short form) | 584 | ||
| B.3 Comprehensive occupational and environmental exposure history | 584 | ||
| B.4 Omaha system problem classification scheme with case study application | 590 | ||
| B.5 Cultural assessment guide | 593 | ||
| Appendix C Essential elements of public health nursing | 594 | ||
| C.1 Examples of public health nursing roles and implementing public health functions | 594 | ||
| C.2 American nurses association standards of practice and professional performance for public health nursing | 601 | ||
| C.3 Quad council public health nursing core competencies and skill levels | 602 | ||
| C.4 Minnesota department of health public health interventions wheel | 602 | ||
| Appendix D Hepatitis information | 606 | ||
| D.1 Summary description of hepatitis A-E | 606 | ||
| D.2 Recommendations for prophylaxis of hepatitis A | 608 | ||
| D.3 Recommended postexposure prophylaxis for percutaneous or permucosal exposure to hepatitis B virus | 609 | ||
| Appendix E | 610 | ||
| A | 610 | ||
| B | 610 | ||
| C | 610 | ||
| D | 610 | ||
| E | 610 | ||
| F | 610 | ||
| G | 610 | ||
| H | 610 | ||
| I | 610 | ||
| J | 617 | ||
| L | 617 | ||
| M | 617 | ||
| N | 617 | ||
| O | 617 | ||
| P | 617 | ||
| Q | 618 | ||
| R | 618 | ||
| S | 618 | ||
| T | 618 | ||
| U | 618 | ||
| V | 618 | ||
| W | 618 | ||
| Index | 623 | ||
| A | 623 | ||
| B | 623 | ||
| C | 624 | ||
| D | 627 | ||
| E | 627 | ||
| F | 629 | ||
| G | 630 | ||
| H | 630 | ||
| I | 630 | ||
| J | 633 | ||
| K | 633 | ||
| L | 633 | ||
| M | 634 | ||
| N | 635 | ||
| O | 635 | ||
| P | 636 | ||
| Q | 638 | ||
| R | 638 | ||
| S | 639 | ||
| T | 640 | ||
| U | 641 | ||
| V | 641 | ||
| W | 641 | ||
| Y | 642 | ||
| Z | 642 | ||
| Inside back cover | ES2 |