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Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Medical Clinics, guest edited by Dr. Thomas G. DeLoughery, is devoted to anemia. Articles in this issue include: Anemia: Evaluation and Diagnostic Tests; Anemia of Chronic Disease; B12/Folate Deficiency; Iron Deficiency; Myelodysplasia; Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia; Congenital Hemolytic Anemia; Sickle Cell Disease; Thrombotic Microangiopathy; Unusual Anemias; and Transfusion Therapy.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Anemia\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| CME Accreditation Page | iii | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iii | ||
| TO ENROLL | iii | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iii | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iv | ||
| MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | v | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | v | ||
| May 2017 | v | ||
| July 2017 | v | ||
| September 2017 | v | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | v | ||
| January 2017 | v | ||
| November 2016 | v | ||
| September 2016 | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | vii | ||
| EDITOR | vii | ||
| AUTHORS | vii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Foreword: This Is Not an Anemic Issue\r | ix | ||
| Preface: Anemia: Things Have Changed! | ix | ||
| Anemia: Evaluation and Diagnostic Tests | ix | ||
| Anemia of Inflammation: A Review\r | ix | ||
| Megaloblastic Anemias: Nutritional and Other Causes | ix | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | x | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Updates and Nuances | x | ||
| Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | x | ||
| Congenital Hemolytic Anemia | x | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease: A Brief Update | xi | ||
| Syndromes of Thrombotic Microangiopathy | xi | ||
| Unusual Anemias | xi | ||
| Blood Transfusion Therapy | xi | ||
| Foreword:\rThis Is Not an Anemic Issue | xiii | ||
| Preface:\rAnemia: Things Have Changed! | xv | ||
| Anemia | 263 | ||
| Key points | 263 | ||
| ANEMIA: DEFINITION | 263 | ||
| SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF ANEMIA | 263 | ||
| COMPENSATION FOR ANEMIA | 264 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 264 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | 265 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 266 | ||
| Peripheral Blood Smear Assessment | 266 | ||
| Reticulocyte Count | 274 | ||
| RED CELL INDICES: OLD AND NEW | 275 | ||
| BONE MARROW EXAMINATION | 276 | ||
| CYTOGENETICS AND MOLECULAR TESTS | 276 | ||
| TESTING FOR SPECIFIC CAUSES OF ANEMIA | 277 | ||
| Renal Disease | 277 | ||
| Anemia of Inflammation | 278 | ||
| Endocrine Disease | 279 | ||
| Iron Deficiency | 279 | ||
| Other Nutritional Deficiencies | 279 | ||
| Vitamin B12 deficiency | 279 | ||
| Folate deficiency | 279 | ||
| Copper | 280 | ||
| Thalassemia | 280 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease and Other Hemoglobinopathies | 280 | ||
| Hemolysis | 280 | ||
| Plasma Cell Myeloma | 281 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndrome | 281 | ||
| A Rational Approach to Anemia | 284 | ||
| REFERENCES | 284 | ||
| Anemia of Inflammation | 285 | ||
| Key points | 285 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 285 | ||
| Anemia in Critical Illness | 285 | ||
| Anemia in Obesity | 286 | ||
| Anemia in Cancer | 286 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 286 | ||
| Regulation of Hepcidin | 287 | ||
| Iron Sequestration | 289 | ||
| Changes in Erythrocyte Membrane | 289 | ||
| NEW EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | 289 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENTS | 292 | ||
| REFERENCES | 293 | ||
| Megaloblastic Anemias | 297 | ||
| Key points | 297 | ||
| MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS: NUTRITIONAL AND OTHER CAUSES | 297 | ||
| Introduction | 297 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Megaloblastic Anemia | 298 | ||
| Clinical Picture | 299 | ||
| Laboratory Features | 299 | ||
| CONDITIONS THAT MAY CONFUSE OR OBSCURE THE PICTURE OF MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA | 301 | ||
| Coexistent Microcytic Anemia | 301 | ||
| Acute Leukemia and Myelodysplasia | 301 | ||
| Attenuated Megaloblastic Anemia | 301 | ||
| Acute Megaloblastic Anemia | 301 | ||
| CAUSES OF VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY | 302 | ||
| Impaired Absorption | 302 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori Infection | 302 | ||
| Gastrectomy Syndromes | 302 | ||
| Hyperchlorhydria | 302 | ||
| Diseases of the Small Intestine | 303 | ||
| Inherited Disorders of Vitamin B12 Absorption | 303 | ||
| Miscellaneous Causes | 303 | ||
| Inherited Disorders of B12 Metabolism | 303 | ||
| Homocystinuria | 304 | ||
| Methylmalonic Aciduria and Homocystinuria | 304 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF B12 DEFICIENCY | 304 | ||
| Neurologic Abnormalities | 304 | ||
| Concealed B12 Deficiency | 304 | ||
| MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 305 | ||
| Injected Vitamin B12 | 305 | ||
| High-dose Oral Treatment | 305 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 305 | ||
| CAUSES OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY | 305 | ||
| Cause and Pathogenesis | 305 | ||
| Dietary Deficiency | 306 | ||
| Impaired Absorption | 306 | ||
| Other Intestinal Defects | 306 | ||
| Increased Requirements | 306 | ||
| Increase in Cell Turnover | 307 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY | 307 | ||
| LABORATORY FEATURES OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY | 307 | ||
| OTHER EFFECTS OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY | 307 | ||
| Neural Tube Closure | 307 | ||
| INBORN ERRORS OF FOLATE METABOLISM | 307 | ||
| Hereditary Folate Malabsorption | 307 | ||
| Dihydrofolate Reductase Deficiency | 308 | ||
| Methionine Synthase (MTR) Deficiency | 308 | ||
| Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency | 308 | ||
| MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 308 | ||
| DRUG-INDUCED MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA | 308 | ||
| OTHER RARE CAUSES OF MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA | 309 | ||
| Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia | 309 | ||
| Refractory Megaloblastic Anemia | 309 | ||
| Acute Erythroid Leukemia | 309 | ||
| Thiamine-responsive Megaloblastic Anemia | 309 | ||
| REFERENCES | 309 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 319 | ||
| Key points | 319 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 319 | ||
| IRON METABOLISM | 319 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGIES | 320 | ||
| SYMPTOMS | 322 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 323 | ||
| TREATMENT | 324 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS IRON | 326 | ||
| DETERMINING THE ETIOLOGY OF IRON DEFICIENCY | 327 | ||
| SUMMARY | 328 | ||
| REFERENCES | 328 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes | 333 | ||
| Key points | 333 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 333 | ||
| CLINICAL VIGNETTE 1: DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME | 334 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL VIGNETTE 1 | 334 | ||
| CLINICAL VIGNETTE 2: EVALUATING PATIENTS WHO FAIL HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS | 337 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL VIGNETTE 2 | 337 | ||
| CLINICAL VIGNETTE 3: RISK-ADAPTED TREATMENT AND ALLOGENEIC BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPLANT | 341 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL VIGNETTE 3 | 342 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 345 | ||
| REFERENCES | 345 | ||
| Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | 351 | ||
| Key points | 351 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 351 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 352 | ||
| TREATMENT | 355 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 355 | ||
| Splenectomy | 355 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Drugs | 356 | ||
| Anti-CD20 Therapy (Rituximab) | 356 | ||
| SUMMARY | 357 | ||
| REFERENCES | 357 | ||
| Congenital Hemolytic Anemia | 361 | ||
| Key points | 361 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 361 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 362 | ||
| Baseline | 362 | ||
| Hemolytic Event | 362 | ||
| Aplastic Event | 363 | ||
| Complications | 363 | ||
| LABORATORY FEATURES | 363 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 364 | ||
| MEMBRANOPATHIES | 364 | ||
| Hereditary Spherocytosis | 364 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 364 | ||
| Epidemiology | 366 | ||
| Diagnosis | 366 | ||
| Disease severity | 366 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 367 | ||
| Treatment | 367 | ||
| Hereditary Elliptocytosis | 367 | ||
| ENZYMOPATHIES | 367 | ||
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency | 368 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 368 | ||
| Epidemiology | 368 | ||
| Disease severity | 368 | ||
| Diagnosis | 368 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 369 | ||
| Treatment | 369 | ||
| Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency | 369 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 369 | ||
| Epidemiology | 369 | ||
| Diagnosis | 370 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 370 | ||
| Treatment | 370 | ||
| HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES | 370 | ||
| THALASSEMIA | 370 | ||
| Alpha-Thalassemia | 371 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 375 | ||
| Key points | 375 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 375 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 376 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 376 | ||
| Molecular Mechanisms | 376 | ||
| Cellular Mechanisms | 377 | ||
| DISEASE SEVERITY AND PROGNOSIS | 378 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 382 | ||
| Infection Prevention | 382 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Transfusions | 382 | ||
| Iron Chelation | 384 | ||
| Hydroxyurea | 385 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 386 | ||
| Treatments in Development | 386 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 387 | ||
| REFERENCES | 387 | ||
| Syndromes of Thrombotic Microangiopathy | 395 | ||
| Key points | 395 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 395 | ||
| Classical Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 396 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 396 | ||
| Neurologic | 396 | ||
| Hematologic | 396 | ||
| Renal | 397 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 397 | ||
| Pulmonary | 397 | ||
| Cardiac | 397 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 397 | ||
| CONGENITAL THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA | 398 | ||
| HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME | 399 | ||
| Typical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | 399 | ||
| Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | 399 | ||
| Complement Factor H Point Mutations | 400 | ||
| Autoantibodies to Factor H | 400 | ||
| Membrane Cofactor Protein | 400 | ||
| Complement Factor B and C3 Convertase | 400 | ||
| Factor I | 400 | ||
| METABOLISM-MEDIATED MICROANGIOPATHY | 401 | ||
| COAGULATION-MEDIATED MICROANGIOPATHY | 401 | ||
| DRUG-RELATED THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY | 402 | ||
| STEM CELL TRANSPLANT–RELATED THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY | 402 | ||
| PREGNANCY RELATED THROMBOTIC SYNDROMES | 403 | ||
| UPCOMING THERAPIES | 404 | ||
| Recombinant ADAMTS13 | 404 | ||
| Caplacizumab | 405 | ||
| Bortezomib | 405 | ||
| SUMMARY | 405 | ||
| REFERENCES | 405 | ||
| Unusual Anemias | 417 | ||
| Key points | 417 | ||
| THALASSEMIA | 417 | ||
| COPPER DEFICIENCY | 420 | ||
| PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA | 420 | ||
| APLASTIC ANEMIA | 421 | ||
| PURE RED CELL APLASIA | 424 | ||
| ACQUIRED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS | 426 | ||
| SUMMARY | 427 | ||
| REFERENCES | 427 | ||
| Blood Transfusion Therapy | 431 | ||
| Key points | 431 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 431 | ||
| RISKS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION | 432 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSION THERAPY | 433 | ||
| Pediatric Patients | 433 | ||
| Adult Patients | 435 | ||
| Clinical Practice Guidelines | 438 | ||
| Improving Blood Utilization | 440 | ||
| SUMMARY | 442 | ||
| REFERENCES | 442 | ||
| Index | 449 |