BOOK
Physiotherapy in Mental Health and Psychiatry E-Book
Michel Probst | Liv Helvik Skjaerven
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A brand new and must have textbook for the students and practising physiotherapists which acts as a trusted guide on the different perspectives, contexts and approaches across the spectrum of mental health and psychiatry settings. Grounded in theory and clinical practice, it covers a range of widely-used evaluation tools and treatment methods for specific syndromes and pathologies which will help physiotherapists to signpost and identify the care needs of their patients within both individual and group therapeutic settings. Case studies ensure that the theory discussed is applied to various practical scenarios after which reflective exercises are used to reinforce learning and understanding.
- First internationally-relevant textbook for physiotherapists covering a range of mental health and psychiatry settings
- Ideal confidence booster for both students and practitioners new to the subject
- Contributed by world-leading academics, clinicians and researchers in the field
- Advocates a scientific and clinical based approach with patient at centre
- Concepts applied to practice with case studies
- Multi-perspective views and approaches to human movement and function
- In-text reflective learning exercises
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Physiotherapy in Mental Health and Psychiatry | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Contributors List | ix | ||
| 1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Physiotherapy in Mental Health and Psychiatry | 2 | ||
| Summary | 2 | ||
| Introduction | 2 | ||
| No Health Without Mental Health | 3 | ||
| Mental Health and Stigma | 4 | ||
| ‘No Mental Health Without Physical Activity’ and ‘Exercise Is Medicine’ | 5 | ||
| Physiotherapy and Mental Health | 6 | ||
| History of the International Organization of Physical Therapy in Mental Health | 7 | ||
| Physiotherapy in Mental Health: Definition | 8 | ||
| The Professional Status of Physiotherapy in Mental Health Care | 9 | ||
| Research in Physiotherapy and Mental Health Care | 10 | ||
| The Future | 11 | ||
| References | 11 | ||
| 2 Psychological Models Used in Physiotherapy in Mental Health | 13 | ||
| 2.1 From a Biomedical to More Biopsychosocial Models in Physiotherapy in Mental Health | 14 | ||
| Summary | 14 | ||
| References | 17 | ||
| 2.2 Phenomenology—A Source of Inspiration | 18 | ||
| Summary | 18 | ||
| Basic Concepts and Tenets | 18 | ||
| The Life-World and Taken-for-Grantedness | 19 | ||
| Beyond the Silent Body and the Speaking Mind | 19 | ||
| Humans: Practical Agents | 20 | ||
| Interaction: Movements and Perception | 20 | ||
| Attention and Awareness | 21 | ||
| The Body as History and Memory | 21 | ||
| References | 22 | ||
| 2.3 Perspectives on Human Movement, the Phenomenon of Movement Quality and How to Promote Movement Quality Through Movement Awareness as Physiotherapy in Mental Health | 23 | ||
| Summary | 23 | ||
| Human Movement—a Core in Physiotherapy | 23 | ||
| Concepts and Definitions | 24 | ||
| Defining Awareness, Presence and Embodied Presence | 24 | ||
| Perspectives on Human Movement | 24 | ||
| Choice of Perspective | 24 | ||
| Perspective on Health | 25 | ||
| Perspectives on Human Movement | 25 | ||
| The Phenomenon of Movement Quality | 25 | ||
| A Literature Review | 25 | ||
| How to Promote Movement Quality | 26 | ||
| Map 1: The MQ-Model—Overview of Healthy Movement Elements and Aspects | 26 | ||
| Map 2: Therapeutic Factors—an Overview | 27 | ||
| Map 3: the Movement Awareness Learning Cycle—a Process for Change | 28 | ||
| Expanding the Perspectives on Human Movement—Summing Up | 29 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| 2.4 Improving Adherence to Physiotherapy in Mental Health Settings | 32 | ||
| Summary | 32 | ||
| The Need to Consider Adherence | 32 | ||
| Factors Contributing to Nonadherence | 33 | ||
| The Importance of Gaining Insight Into Reasons Why Patients Are Adhering to Physiotherapy: the Value of the Self-Determination Theory | 33 | ||
| How Can One Implement the Self-Determination Theory Principles Into Physiotherapeutic Settings? | 34 | ||
| Autonomy-Support | 34 | ||
| Competence-Support | 34 | ||
| Relatedness-Support | 34 | ||
| Conclusion | 35 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| 2.5 ACTivePhysio | 36 | ||
| Summary | 36 | ||
| ACT and Physiotherapy | 39 | ||
| The Patient | 39 | ||
| Three Case Examples | 39 | ||
| The ‘Interprofessional’ Pain Rehabilitation Programme | 40 | ||
| Before You Start | 40 | ||
| Matrix Overview | 40 | ||
| Assessment, Part 1: Values | 41 | ||
| Assessment, Part 2: The Control Agenda | 42 | ||
| Assessment, Part 3: To Be or Not To Be, to Live Your Values or to Get Stuck in Avoidance and Control | 43 | ||
| The Rehab-Plan: From Creative Hopelessness into Values in ACTion | 46 | ||
| The ACTive Matrix Explained | 46 | ||
| Conclusion | 46 | ||
| References | 48 | ||
| 3 Methodologies within Physiotherapy in Mental Health and Psychiatry | 50 | ||
| 3.1 Norwegian Psychomotor Physiotherapy, a Brief Introduction | 51 | ||
| Summary | 51 | ||
| Historical Background | 51 | ||
| Core Features of NPMP | 52 | ||
| Theoretical Frames of Reference in NPMP | 52 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 53 | ||
| Trial-Treatment: a Dynamic, Intersubjective Perception of Body Relationships | 53 | ||
| Therapeutic Aims | 55 | ||
| Patients’ Experiences | 55 | ||
| Quantitative Body Examinations Derived From NPMP | 56 | ||
| Education: From Being an Apprentice to Achieving a Master’s Degree | 56 | ||
| References | 57 | ||
| 3.2 Basic Body Awareness Therapy (Bbat) | 59 | ||
| Summary | 59 | ||
| Introduction | 59 | ||
| Clinical Hypothesis | 60 | ||
| Everyday Movements—Core Movements for Daily Use | 60 | ||
| Awareness, Body Awareness and Movement Awareness | 61 | ||
| Movement Quality in BBAT | 62 | ||
| Therapeutic Factors and Movement Pedagogy | 62 | ||
| Group Therapeutic Factors | 63 | ||
| WHO Can Benefit From BBAT? | 63 | ||
| Historical Roots | 64 | ||
| Background Influences | 65 | ||
| Qualification | 65 | ||
| Focusing a Need in Society | 65 | ||
| References | 66 | ||
| 3.3 Psychomotor Therapy or Physiotherapy in Mental Health for Patients With Psychiatric Problems | 69 | ||
| Summary | 69 | ||
| Introduction | 69 | ||
| History | 70 | ||
| The Cornerstones of Physiotherapy in Mental Health | 70 | ||
| Developmental and Health-Related Approach | 70 | ||
| Psychosocial-Oriented and Psychophysiological Approaches | 72 | ||
| Psychotherapeutic-Oriented Physiotherapy Approach | 72 | ||
| References | 73 | ||
| 3.4 Prescribing Physical Activity in Mental Healthcare Settings | 74 | ||
| Summary | 74 | ||
| Physiotherapists Have a Central Role in Promoting Physical Activity in Mental Healthcare Settings | 74 | ||
| The Benefits of Physical Activity and Exercise Prescription in People With Severe Mental Illness | 75 | ||
| General Principles of Physical Activity Counselling | 75 | ||
| Assess | 76 | ||
| Advise | 76 | ||
| Agree | 77 | ||
| Assist | 77 | ||
| Arrange | 77 | ||
| The Need to Unlock the Potential of Physiotherapists in Mental Healthcare Settings | 77 | ||
| Conclusion | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| 3.5 Relaxation Therapy | 80 | ||
| Summary | 80 | ||
| Rationale | 80 | ||
| The Stress Response and the Relaxation Response | 81 | ||
| Relaxation Techniques | 81 | ||
| Breathing | 81 | ||
| Progressive Relaxation Training | 82 | ||
| Autogenic Training | 82 | ||
| Mindfulness | 82 | ||
| Assessment, Evaluation and Compliance | 82 | ||
| Conclusion | 83 | ||
| Reflective Questions | 83 | ||
| Appendix A | 84 | ||
| Appendix B | 85 | ||
| References | 83 | ||
| 3.6 The Added Value of Biofeedback for the Psychosomatic Physiotherapist | 86 | ||
| Summary | 86 | ||
| Introduction | 86 | ||
| Definition of Biofeedback | 87 | ||
| Assessment and Training With Biofeedback | 87 | ||
| Biofeedback Assessment | 87 | ||
| Biofeedback Training | 88 | ||
| Lowering Muscle Tension With Electromyography Feedback | 88 | ||
| Demonstrating the Interaction of Mind and Body | 88 | ||
| Biofeedback as Part of a Specific Treatment Protocol | 88 | ||
| Measuring the Effect of an Intervention With Biofeedback | 89 | ||
| The Psychosomatic Physiotherapist as Biofeedback Trainer | 89 | ||
| Examples of Biofeeedback Applications in Psychosomatic Physical Therapy | 89 | ||
| Tension Headache | 89 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Problems | 90 | ||
| Biofeedback Treatment of Patients With Medically Unexplained Symptoms | 91 | ||
| References | 91 | ||
| 3.7 Group Therapeutic Factors for Use In Physiotherapy in Mental Health | 92 | ||
| Summary | 92 | ||
| Group Therapy Within Physiotherapy | 94 | ||
| Competency in Group Physiotherapy | 94 | ||
| Composition of the Inpatient Group | 95 | ||
| Group Therapeutic Factors: Summing Up | 95 | ||
| References | 95 | ||
| 4 Observation and Evaluation Tools | 97 | ||
| 4.1 Observation and Evaluation Tools Within Physiotherapy in Mental Health | 98 | ||
| Summary | 98 | ||
| Introduction | 98 | ||
| 4.1.1 The Louvain Observation Scales for Objectives in Psychomotor Therapy | 99 | ||
| References | 100 | ||
| 4.1.2 Exercise and Eating Disorder Questionnaire | 100 | ||
| References | 101 | ||
| 4.1.3 Physical Activity and Unrest Test | 102 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| 4.1.4 The Global Physiotherapy Examination (GPE-52) | 103 | ||
| 5 Physiotherapy within Mental Health and Psychiatry Care. Specific Interventions during Life Span: Children, Adolescents, Adults and Elderly | 133 | ||
| 5.1 Physiotherapy in Mental Health Care | 134 | ||
| 5.1.1 Musculoskeletal Pain: Evidence and Critical Factors in Rehabilitation Relevant for Physiotherapy in Mental Health | 134 | ||
| Introduction | 134 | ||
| Psychological Factors as Critical Factors for Positive Results in Rehabilitation | 135 | ||
| Use of Cognitive Behaviour Principles in Rehabilitation as Critical Factors for Positive Results | 135 | ||
| Acknowledging the Relationship to the Painful Body as a Critical Factor in Pain Rehabilitation | 136 | ||
| Effects of Body Awareness Therapies in Musculoskeletal Pain Rehabilitation | 136 | ||
| Effects of Other Body-Centered Treatment Methods in Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions | 137 | ||
| Self-Management of Pain and Behaviour Change | 138 | ||
| Use of WEB-Based Programmes in Pain Management | 138 | ||
| References | 139 | ||
| 5.1.2 Touching the Lived Body: Integrating Myofascial Bodywork and Body Awareness in Mental Healthcare Practice | 140 | ||
| Introduction | 141 | ||
| Integrating Myofascial Bodywork and Body Awareness | 142 | ||
| Touching the Myofascial Body, Moving the Lived Body | 142 | ||
| Body Awareness Translated | 144 | ||
| Experiential Bodywork: Integrating Myofascial Bodywork and Body Awareness | 145 | ||
| References | 146 | ||
| 5.1.3 Norwegian Psychomotor Physiotherapy Treatment: Change and Communication in a Long-Term Perspective—Presentation of Results From Clinical Based Research | 148 | ||
| Introduction | 149 | ||
| Theoretical Perspectives | 149 | ||
| Method | 149 | ||
| Results | 150 | ||
| Conclusions | 151 | ||
| References | 151 | ||
| 5.1.4 Best Practice: Basic Body Awareness Therapy—Evidence and Experiences | 151 | ||
| Best Practice | 152 | ||
| Background to Body-Awareness Therapies | 152 | ||
| Incidence of Mental Health Problems | 153 | ||
| Basic Body Awareness Therapy | 153 | ||
| Evidence for Patients With Prolonged Pain | 153 | ||
| Evidence for Patients With Anxiety, Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders | 153 | ||
| What Is BBAT? | 154 | ||
| The Effects of BBAT on the Autonomic Nervous System | 154 | ||
| Central Concepts | 154 | ||
| Body Awareness | 154 | ||
| Movement Quality | 155 | ||
| What Can the Physiotherapist See When the Patients Move? | 155 | ||
| Analysis of Movement | 155 | ||
| Movements in Patients With Prolonged Pain | 155 | ||
| Movements in Patients With Mental Illness | 156 | ||
| Studies of Patient Experiences | 156 | ||
| The Experience of Identity | 156 | ||
| Patients’ Experiences of BBAT With Regard to Prolonged Pain | 156 | ||
| Patients’ Experiences of BBAT in Psychiatry | 157 | ||
| References | 158 | ||
| 5.1.5 Physiotherapy for Patients With Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain and Comorbid Mental Illnesses | 160 | ||
| Background | 160 | ||
| Assessment | 162 | ||
| Screening for Psychosocial Factors and Mental Illnesses | 162 | ||
| Maladaptive Posture and Movement and Pain Behaviour | 163 | ||
| Central Sensitization | 163 | ||
| Physical Activity and Physical Fitness | 163 | ||
| Intervention | 163 | ||
| Patient Education | 163 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioural Therapy–Based Treatment Strategies | 164 | ||
| Posture and Movement Exercises, Relaxation Techniques and Physical Exercises | 165 | ||
| Measurement of Treatment Outcomes | 165 | ||
| Conclusion | 165 | ||
| References | 166 | ||
| 5.1.6 Physiotherapy Interventions in Individuals With Chronic Widespread Pain or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 167 | ||
| Introduction | 168 | ||
| Three Pillars of Physiotherapy in Treatment of CWP and CFS | 168 | ||
| Education | 169 | ||
| Pacing | 169 | ||
| Physical Exercises | 170 | ||
| Concluding Remarks | 172 | ||
| References | 172 | ||
| 5.1.7 The Role of Adaptive Pacing Therapy and Graded Exercise in Treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | 174 | ||
| Introduction | 174 | ||
| Treatment Modalities | 174 | ||
| Adaptive Pacing Therapy | 174 | ||
| Phases of Adaptive Pacing Therapy | 175 | ||
| Practical Guidelines for APT | 175 | ||
| Purpose | 176 | ||
| Evidence | 176 | ||
| APT Conclusion | 177 | ||
| Graded Exercise Therapy | 177 | ||
| What Is Graded Exercise Therapy? | 177 | ||
| Practical Implementations | 178 | ||
| Evidence | 178 | ||
| GET Conclusion | 178 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| 5.1.8 Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms | 180 | ||
| Introduction | 181 | ||
| Definition | 181 | ||
| Prevalence | 182 | ||
| Etiology | 182 | ||
| Paradigm | 182 | ||
| Levels of Complexity | 182 | ||
| Diagnostic Phase | 183 | ||
| Clinimetrics | 183 | ||
| Explanation Model | 183 | ||
| Intervention Phase (Box 4) | 186 | ||
| Individual Intervention | 186 | ||
| Group Intervention | 188 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| 5.1.9 Distress and Stress Overload | 191 | ||
| Introduction | 192 | ||
| Relevance and Prevalence | 192 | ||
| Defining Symptoms and Treatment | 193 | ||
| Mindfulness, Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy and Problem Solving Therapy | 194 | ||
| Mindfulness | 194 | ||
| Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy | 194 | ||
| Problem Solving Therapy | 195 | ||
| Conclusions | 195 | ||
| References | 196 | ||
| 5.1.10 Physiotherapy Interventions in Individuals With a Burnout | 196 | ||
| Introduction | 197 | ||
| Physiotherapeutic Interventions During Crisis Phase | 198 | ||
| Physiotherapeutic Interventions During Problem and Solution Phase | 198 | ||
| Application Phase | 199 | ||
| References | 200 | ||
| 5.1.11 Working in General Practice Treating People With Comorbid Mental Health Problems | 200 | ||
| Introduction | 200 | ||
| How Physiotherapists Encounter People With Comorbid Mental Illness | 201 | ||
| Prevalence of Physical Health Problems Impacting on Mental Health | 201 | ||
| Prevalence of Mental Health Comorbidities Where Relationship Is Not Clearly Defined | 201 | ||
| Prevalence of Conditions Without Correlation | 202 | ||
| Challenges of Accessing Appropriate Services in the General Healthcare Setting | 203 | ||
| Engaging People With Comorbid Mental Illness | 203 | ||
| Summary | 204 | ||
| References | 204 | ||
| 5.2 Physiotherapy in Psychiatric Care | 206 | ||
| 5.2.1 Physiotherapy With Survivors of Torture and Trauma | 206 | ||
| Definition of Torture and Scope of the Problem | 207 | ||
| Prevalence Estimates of Torture | 207 | ||
| History of Torture Treatment Programmes | 207 | ||
| International Survey of Physiotherapy Utilization by Torture Treatment Programmes | 207 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 208 | ||
| Biopsychosocial Approach | 208 | ||
| Trauma-Informed Care for Survivors | 209 | ||
| Identifying Clients Who Have Been Tortured or Traumatized | 209 | ||
| Medical Screening and Differential Diagnosis Considerations | 210 | ||
| Special Considerations for Survivors of Torture and Trauma | 211 | ||
| Children/Family | 211 | ||
| Sexual and Gender-Based Violence | 211 | ||
| Refugee Status | 212 | ||
| The Role of Group Treatment | 212 | ||
| Prevalence of Chronic Pain With a Survivor of Torture and Trauma | 212 | ||
| Pain and PTSD | 213 | ||
| Symptoms of Hyperarousal | 213 | ||
| Body Awareness | 214 | ||
| The Unique Context of Dissociative Symptoms With STT | 215 | ||
| Survivors of Rape and Sexual Abuse | 215 | ||
| Limb Amputation as a Result of Torture | 215 | ||
| Physical Disfigurement (e.g., Scars and Burns) as a Result of Torture or Injury During War | 215 | ||
| Restraint by Binding of the Wrist | 215 | ||
| Physical Beating (e.g., Falanga) | 215 | ||
| The Role of Traditional Physiotherapy Interventions in Functional Recovery | 216 | ||
| Role of Fear Avoidance in STT | 216 | ||
| Brief Example of Pain Catastrophizing in Torture Survivors | 217 | ||
| Fear Avoidance | 217 | ||
| Conclusion | 217 | ||
| Bibliography | 219 | ||
| References | 219 | ||
| 5.2.2 Physiotherapy for Sexually Abused Women | 225 | ||
| Introduction and Prevalence of Sexual Abuse | 226 | ||
| Consequences for Adult Health | 226 | ||
| Recognition of Sexual Abuse in Society and Consequences for HealthCare Services | 227 | ||
| Clinical Pitfalls | 227 | ||
| Physiotherapy and Sexual Abuse | 227 | ||
| Basic Body Awareness Therapy: a Short Description | 228 | ||
| Patient Needs and Preferences in Relation to Physiotherapy | 228 | ||
| Principles of ‘Sensitive Practice’ Transferred Into Physiotherapy | 228 | ||
| 1. Establish and Maintain a Positive Rapport | 228 | ||
| 2. Establish a Partnership With the Client | 229 | ||
| 3. Offer Choice of Gender of PT | 229 | ||
| 4. Share Information: a Critical Two-Way Exchange of Dialogue | 230 | ||
| 5. Convey Understanding and Work With Survivors’ Attitudes About the Body and Pain | 230 | ||
| 6. Work With the Client on the Difficult Physical Environmental Factors | 230 | ||
| 7. Understand and Respond Sensitively to ‘Triggers’ and Dissociation | 231 | ||
| 8. Respond Carefully to Disclosure of Abuse | 231 | ||
| 9. Practise Holistic Health Care | 231 | ||
| Summary and Conclusion | 232 | ||
| References | 232 | ||
| 5.2.3 Physiotherapy and Substance Misuse | 234 | ||
| Introduction | 234 | ||
| Alcohol Addiction | 236 | ||
| Smoking | 237 | ||
| Drug Misuse | 237 | ||
| Physiotherapeutic Interventions in Substance Misuse | 238 | ||
| Exercise | 238 | ||
| Basic Body Awareness Therapy | 239 | ||
| Massage | 239 | ||
| Other Interventions | 239 | ||
| Conclusions | 239 | ||
| References | 240 | ||
| 5.2.4 Physiotherapy and Patients With Eating Disorders | 241 | ||
| Introduction | 241 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 241 | ||
| Indications and Objectives for Physiotherapy in Eating Disorders | 244 | ||
| Physiotherapy Objectives | 246 | ||
| 1. Rebuilding a Realistic Self-Image | 246 | ||
| 2. Limiting Hyperactivity, Impulses and Tensions | 246 | ||
| Observation and Evaluation | 247 | ||
| Specific Therapeutic Techniques | 247 | ||
| Guidelines for Physical Activity and Eating Disorders | 248 | ||
| General Considerations | 249 | ||
| Discussion | 250 | ||
| References | 250 | ||
| 5.2.5 Physiotherapy for Patients with Depression | 253 | ||
| Description of Major Depression | 253 | ||
| Major Depression, a Big Public Health Problem | 253 | ||
| Physical Exercise as Intervention for Depression: Findings of Two Recent Meta-Analyses | 254 | ||
| Suggestions for Further Research | 255 | ||
| Major Depression and Metabolic Syndrome | 255 | ||
| Evidence-Based Recommendations for Exercise Therapy in Depressed Patients | 256 | ||
| Exercise Modality | 256 | ||
| Frequency and Duration of Sessions | 256 | ||
| Exercise Intensity | 256 | ||
| Duration of Intervention | 256 | ||
| Adherence to Exercise Interventions | 256 | ||
| References | 257 | ||
| 5.2.6 Conversion Syndrome and Physiotherapy | 258 | ||
| Definition and Description | 258 | ||
| Etiology | 258 | ||
| Diagnosis | 259 | ||
| Treatment | 259 | ||
| Cornerstones of Physical Therapy Interventions | 260 | ||
| References | 261 | ||
| 5.2.7 Physiotherapy Within the Multidisciplinary Treatment of Schizophrenia | 261 | ||
| Schizophrenia: the Facts | 262 | ||
| The Physical Health Disparity and Premature Mortality Among People With Schizophrenia | 262 | ||
| Disturbed Bodily Experiences and Body-Image Aberrations in Schizophrenia | 263 | ||
| The Role of Physiotherapists in the Treatment of Schizophrenia | 263 | ||
| Evidence for Physiotherapy in Patients With Schizophrenia | 263 | ||
| Aerobic and Strength Training in the Treatment of Schizophrenia | 263 | ||
| Yoga as a Physiotherapeutic Method in the Treatment of Schizophrenia | 264 | ||
| The Importance of Progressive Muscle Relation | 264 | ||
| The Evidence for Basic Body Awareness Therapy | 264 | ||
| Challenges for Physiotherapists Working With Patients With Schizophrenia | 264 | ||
| How Can Physiotherapists Position Themselves to Be Leaders in the Multidisciplinary Care of People With Schizophrenia? | 265 | ||
| References | 265 | ||
| 5.2.8 The Need of Embodiment in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: a Physiotherapeutic Perspective | 266 | ||
| Embodiment | 267 | ||
| Self-Recognition, Body Ownership and Agency | 267 | ||
| Self-Disturbance and Movement Disorder | 268 | ||
| Embodiment, Physiotherapy and Physical Activity | 268 | ||
| Assessing Movement Quality and Lack of Vitality | 269 | ||
| Strengthening Embodiment in Patients With Schizophrenia | 270 | ||
| References | 270 | ||
| 5.2.9 Physiotherapy for People With Bipolar Disorder: a Systematic Review | 272 | ||
| Introduction | 272 | ||
| Methods | 273 | ||
| Data Searches and Sources | 273 | ||
| Participants | 273 | ||
| Types of Physical Therapy Interventions | 273 | ||
| Types of Outcomes | 274 | ||
| Results | 274 | ||
| Study Selection | 274 | ||
| Details of Intervention Studies | 274 | ||
| Participants | 275 | ||
| Mental Health Outcomes | 275 | ||
| Physical Health Outcomes | 275 | ||
| Adverse Outcomes | 275 | ||
| Discussion | 275 | ||
| General Findings | 275 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 275 | ||
| Conclusions | 277 | ||
| References | 277 | ||
| 5.3 Physiotherapy for Children and Adolescents | 279 | ||
| 5.3.1 Physiotherapy in Mental Health With Children and Adolescents in Belgium | 279 | ||
| Introduction | 279 | ||
| Situating the Domain | 280 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 280 | ||
| Motor | 281 | ||
| Developmental Tests | 281 | ||
| Basic Motor Skills | 281 | ||
| Perceptual-Motor Development | 282 | ||
| Fitness and Skills Tests | 283 | ||
| Motor-Cognitive | 283 | ||
| Social-Affective | 283 | ||
| Goals for Psychomotor Therapy | 284 | ||
| Therapeutic Approach | 284 | ||
| Functional Training | 284 | ||
| Psychotherapeutic-Orientated Psychomotor Therapy | 285 | ||
| Evidence-Based Results | 286 | ||
| Functional Training | 286 | ||
| Psychotherapeutic-Orientated Psychomotor Therapy | 286 | ||
| Conclusion | 287 | ||
| References | 287 | ||
| 5.3.2 Creating Space for Youth in Physiotherapy: Aspects Related to Gender and Embodied Empowerment | 290 | ||
| Introduction | 291 | ||
| Gendered Patterns of Youth Mental Health and Body Pressures | 291 | ||
| The Need for Youth-Friendly and Gender-Sensitive Mental Health Interventions | 292 | ||
| The Research Project: Stress and Health in Youth (Umeå SHY) | 292 | ||
| The Intervention Model: Gender-Sensitive Stress Management | 293 | ||
| A Space for Gendered and Embodied Empowerment | 294 | ||
| Concluding Reflections | 295 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 296 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| 5.3.3 Physiotherapy for Children With Intellectual Disabilities | 298 | ||
| Introduction | 298 | ||
| Motor Development | 299 | ||
| Mental Health Problems in People With Intellectual Disability | 299 | ||
| Child Characteristics | 299 | ||
| Family Characteristics | 299 | ||
| General Guidelines for Physical Activity | 300 | ||
| Precautions in Sports Participation for Children With Disabilities | 300 | ||
| Improving Physical Fitness | 301 | ||
| Strength | 301 | ||
| Aerobic Endurance | 301 | ||
| Flexibility | 301 | ||
| Bone Strength | 301 | ||
| Benefits of Sports Participation in Children With Intellectual Disabilities | 302 | ||
| Treatment Approaches | 302 | ||
| Treatment Principles | 303 | ||
| Conclusion | 303 | ||
| References | 303 | ||
| Appendix A | 305 | ||
| Strength Training | 305 | ||
| Aerobic Endurance | 305 | ||
| Flexibility | 305 | ||
| Joint Rotation | 305 | ||
| Shoulder Circles | 305 | ||
| Arm Swings | 305 | ||
| Side Bends | 305 | ||
| Hip Twists | 306 | ||
| Half Squats | 306 | ||
| Bone Strengthening | 306 | ||
| 5.4 Physiotherapy for Elderly | 307 | ||
| 5.4.1 Physical Activity in People With Dementia: Clinical Recommendations for Physiotherapists | 307 | ||
| Dementia: The Facts | 307 | ||
| The Importance of Physical Activity in the Treatment of Dementia | 308 | ||
| Potential Mechanisms for the Benefits of Physical Activity on Cognition in Patients With Dementia | 308 | ||
| Challenges When Motivating Patients With Dementia Towards Physical Activity | 309 | ||
| General Recommendations for Prescribing Physical Activity to Elderly With Dementia | 309 | ||
| Examples of Physical Activities That Can Be Implemented in the Earlier Stages of Dementia | 310 | ||
| Outdoor Activities | 310 | ||
| Indoor Activities | 310 | ||
| Structured Exercise Programmes | 310 | ||
| Examples of Physical Activities That Can Be Implemented in the Later Stages of Dementia | 311 | ||
| Physiotherapists Should Have a Pivotal Role in the Assessment and Management of Clinical Pain in People With Dementia | 311 | ||
| Conclusion | 311 | ||
| References | 312 | ||
| 5.4.2 Pain Assessment in People With Dementia | 313 | ||
| Background | 313 | ||
| Drivers for Effective Pain Assessment | 314 | ||
| Models of Care for Pain Assessment | 314 | ||
| The Standardized Model | 315 | ||
| The Person-Centred Model | 315 | ||
| The National Guidelines for Pain Assessment | 316 | ||
| Frequency of Pain Assessment | 316 | ||
| The Assessment of Pain Through Behavioural Observation | 316 | ||
| Pain Assessment Scales | 317 | ||
| Involving Carers When Assessing for Pain in People With Dementia | 319 | ||
| Awareness of Pain-Producing Diagnoses | 319 | ||
| Barriers to Effective Pain Assessment | 319 | ||
| The Voice of the Person With Dementia in Pain Assessment Literature | 319 | ||
| Now Test Yourself With This Questionnaire | 321 | ||
| Conclusions | 322 | ||
| References | 322 | ||
| Index | 327 | ||
| A | 327 | ||
| B | 328 | ||
| C | 329 | ||
| D | 330 | ||
| E | 330 | ||
| F | 331 | ||
| G | 331 | ||
| H | 331 | ||
| I | 332 | ||
| J | 332 | ||
| K | 332 | ||
| L | 332 | ||
| M | 333 | ||
| N | 334 | ||
| O | 334 | ||
| P | 334 | ||
| Q | 336 | ||
| R | 336 | ||
| S | 336 | ||
| T | 337 | ||
| U | 338 | ||
| V | 338 | ||
| W | 338 | ||
| Y | 338 | ||
| Z | 338 |