Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Well illustrated with over 170 entries, together with a helpful array of figures, tables and pull-out boxes, this helpful guide includes a wealth of information arranged in a useful A-Z format. Published in conjunction with The Practising Midwife, this publication will be ideal for all midwives – whether qualified or in training – and all other health care professionals working in the maternity environment.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| A-Z Midwifery | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Acknowledgements | v | ||
| Introduction | vi | ||
| A | 1 | ||
| ABO incompatibility | 1 | ||
| AIDS | 2 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 2 | ||
| What is a unit? | 2 | ||
| Calculation | 3 | ||
| Anaemia | 3 | ||
| Types of anaemia | 4 | ||
| Effects on pregnancy and childbirth | 4 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 4 | ||
| Iron deficiency anaemia | 4 | ||
| Management | 4 | ||
| Folic acid deficiency anaemia | 5 | ||
| Management | 5 | ||
| Anaphylactic syndrome of pregnancy | 5 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 6 | ||
| Treatment | 6 | ||
| Antenatal care | 7 | ||
| Ongoing antenatal care (Fig. 1) | 8 | ||
| 16 weeks | 9 | ||
| 18–20 weeks | 9 | ||
| 25 weeks | 9 | ||
| 28 weeks | 9 | ||
| 31 weeks (nulliparous women) | 9 | ||
| 34 weeks | 9 | ||
| 36 weeks | 10 | ||
| 38 weeks | 10 | ||
| 40 weeks (nulliparous women) | 10 | ||
| 41 weeks | 10 | ||
| Antenatal examination | 10 | ||
| Weight | 11 | ||
| Blood pressure | 11 | ||
| Urinalysis | 11 | ||
| Blood tests | 11 | ||
| Abdominal examination | 11 | ||
| Auscultation | 12 | ||
| Antenatal screening | 12 | ||
| Tests for fetal abnormality | 12 | ||
| Screening for fetal abnormality | 12 | ||
| Diagnosis for fetal abnormality | 12 | ||
| Ultrasound screening for fetal anomalies | 12 | ||
| Screening for Down syndrome | 13 | ||
| Antepartum haemorrhage | 13 | ||
| Effect on the fetus | 13 | ||
| Effect on the mother | 14 | ||
| Types of APH | 14 | ||
| Anticoagulation therapy | 14 | ||
| Anxiety | 15 | ||
| Apgar score | 15 | ||
| Arrhythmias, cardiac | 16 | ||
| The heartbeat | 16 | ||
| Types of arrhythmia | 17 | ||
| B | 17 | ||
| Bandl ring | 17 | ||
| Bishop score | 18 | ||
| Blood pressure | 18 | ||
| Hypertension | 19 | ||
| Body mass index (BMI) | 19 | ||
| Interpretation of BMI in adults | 19 | ||
| Booking interview | 20 | ||
| Bradycardia | 21 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 21 | ||
| Benefits to mothers | 22 | ||
| Breastmilk | 24 | ||
| Breech presentation | 25 | ||
| Types of vaginal breech birth | 27 | ||
| Burns–Marshall method | 28 | ||
| C | 28 | ||
| Caesarean section | 28 | ||
| Caput succedaneum (Fig. 6) | 29 | ||
| Features of caput succedaneum | 30 | ||
| Cardiac disease in pregnancy | 30 | ||
| Common congenital heart defects in pregnancy | 31 | ||
| Acquired heart conditions | 31 | ||
| Changes in cardiovascular dynamics during pregnancy | 31 | ||
| Diagnosis | 31 | ||
| Common signs and symptoms of cardiac compromise in pregnancy | 31 | ||
| Risks to mother and fetus | 32 | ||
| Preconception care | 32 | ||
| Antenatal care | 32 | ||
| Management | 32 | ||
| Intrapartum care | 33 | ||
| The first stage of labour | 33 | ||
| Fluid balance | 33 | ||
| Pain relief | 33 | ||
| Positioning | 33 | ||
| Preterm labour | 34 | ||
| Induction | 34 | ||
| The second stage of labour | 34 | ||
| The third stage of labour | 34 | ||
| Postnatal care | 34 | ||
| Cardiotocography (Fig. 7) | 34 | ||
| Cephalhaematoma | 37 | ||
| Chorioamnionitis | 37 | ||
| Coombs test | 38 | ||
| Conjoined twins | 38 | ||
| Constipation | 38 | ||
| D | 39 | ||
| Depression | 39 | ||
| Clinical features of depression | 39 | ||
| Screening for depression | 39 | ||
| Postnatal depression | 40 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 41 | ||
| Domestic abuse | 41 | ||
| Dystocia | 42 | ||
| E | 43 | ||
| Eclampsia | 43 | ||
| Epidural | 44 | ||
| Entonox | 45 | ||
| Episiotomy | 45 | ||
| Ectopic pregnancy | 46 | ||
| Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy | 47 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 47 | ||
| Typical signs | 47 | ||
| Atypical signs | 47 | ||
| Erythema toxicum | 48 | ||
| External cephalic version | 48 | ||
| F | 51 | ||
| Female genital mutilation | 51 | ||
| Ferguson reflex | 53 | ||
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | 53 | ||
| Fetal blood sampling | 54 | ||
| Fontanelles | 55 | ||
| Forceps delivery | 55 | ||
| Fundal height | 58 | ||
| G | 60 | ||
| German measles | 60 | ||
| Gestational diabetes | 60 | ||
| Group B streptococcus | 61 | ||
| H | 62 | ||
| Haemolytic disease of the newborn | 62 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 63 | ||
| Antepartum haemorrhage | 63 | ||
| Fetal condition | 64 | ||
| Diagnosis | 64 | ||
| Postpartum haemorrhage | 64 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 65 | ||
| Management of postpartum haemorrhage | 65 | ||
| Secondary postpartum haemorrhage | 65 | ||
| Signs of secondary postpartum haemorrhage | 66 | ||
| Treatment | 66 | ||
| Healthcare associated infections | 66 | ||
| Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn | 67 | ||
| Heart disease | 67 | ||
| Antenatal care | 68 | ||
| Care in labour | 68 | ||
| Postnatal care | 68 | ||
| Haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count syndrome | 69 | ||
| Signs | 69 | ||
| Hepatitis | 70 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 70 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 70 | ||
| HepB vaccination | 71 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 71 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 71 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 72 | ||
| Herpes | 72 | ||
| Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection | 72 | ||
| Genital herpes in pregnancy | 72 | ||
| Herpes zoster virus infection | 73 | ||
| Chickenpox | 73 | ||
| Shingles | 73 | ||
| HIV | 73 | ||
| HIV in pregnancy | 74 | ||
| Hyperemesis gravidarum | 74 | ||
| Hyperglycaemia | 75 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 75 | ||
| Hypoglycaemia | 75 | ||
| Risk factors for neurological sequelae of hypoglycaemia | 76 | ||
| Management | 76 | ||
| Hypothermia | 76 | ||
| Hypoxia | 77 | ||
| Before birth | 77 | ||
| After birth | 77 | ||
| I | 78 | ||
| Induction of labour | 78 | ||
| Maternal | 78 | ||
| Fetal | 79 | ||
| Contraindications | 79 | ||
| Methods of inducing labour | 79 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 79 | ||
| Sweeping or stripping of membranes | 79 | ||
| Amniotomy | 79 | ||
| Oxytocin | 80 | ||
| Initial antenatal assessment | 80 | ||
| Infertility | 81 | ||
| Influenza/Influenza vaccination | 81 | ||
| Vaccination | 82 | ||
| Instrumental delivery | 82 | ||
| Intrauterine death | 82 | ||
| Diagnosis | 82 | ||
| Delivery | 83 | ||
| After the birth | 83 | ||
| Intrauterine growth restriction | 84 | ||
| J | 85 | ||
| Jaundice | 85 | ||
| Jaundice in pregnancy | 85 | ||
| K | 86 | ||
| Karyotyping | 86 | ||
| Kernicterus (bilirubin toxicity) | 86 | ||
| Ketoacidosis | 86 | ||
| Ketonuria | 87 | ||
| Kidney disease | 87 | ||
| Kleihauer test | 88 | ||
| Klinefelter syndrome | 89 | ||
| L | 89 | ||
| Laboratory results | 89 | ||
| Labour | 89 | ||
| Onset of labour | 89 | ||
| Phases of the first stage of labour | 92 | ||
| The latent phase | 92 | ||
| Active first stage | 92 | ||
| Transitional phase | 92 | ||
| Second stage | 92 | ||
| Third stage | 93 | ||
| Lactation | 93 | ||
| Løvset manoeuvre | 94 | ||
| M | 94 | ||
| Mastitis | 94 | ||
| Acute inflammatory mastitis | 94 | ||
| Infective mastitis | 95 | ||
| Breast abscess | 95 | ||
| Mauriceau–Smellie–Veit manoeuvre | 95 | ||
| McRoberts manoeuvre | 95 | ||
| Meconium | 97 | ||
| Meconium aspiration syndrome | 97 | ||
| Membrane rupture | 98 | ||
| Rupture of the membranes | 98 | ||
| Sweeping or stripping of membrane | 98 | ||
| Multiple pregnancy | 98 | ||
| Twin pregnancy | 98 | ||
| Types of twin pregnancy | 98 | ||
| Monozygosity and dizygosity | 99 | ||
| Monozygotic or uniovular twins | 99 | ||
| Dizygotic or binovular twins | 100 | ||
| Diagnosis of twin pregnancy | 100 | ||
| Abdominal examination | 100 | ||
| Inspection | 100 | ||
| Palpation | 100 | ||
| Auscultation | 101 | ||
| The pregnancy | 101 | ||
| Effects of pregnancy | 101 | ||
| Exacerbation of common disorders. | 101 | ||
| Anaemia. | 101 | ||
| Polyhydramnios. | 101 | ||
| Pressure symptoms. | 101 | ||
| Other effects | 101 | ||
| Antenatal screening | 101 | ||
| Ultrasound examination | 102 | ||
| Antenatal preparation | 102 | ||
| Preparation for breastfeeding | 102 | ||
| Labour and birth | 102 | ||
| Onset of labour | 102 | ||
| Management of labour | 103 | ||
| Management of the births | 103 | ||
| Complications associated with multiple pregnancy | 105 | ||
| Polyhydramnios | 105 | ||
| Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome | 105 | ||
| Fetal abnormality | 105 | ||
| Conjoined twins. | 105 | ||
| Acardiac twins (twin reversed arterial perfusion [TRAP]). | 105 | ||
| Fetus-in-fetu (endoparasite). | 106 | ||
| Malpresentations | 106 | ||
| Premature rupture of the membranes. | 106 | ||
| Prolapse of the cord. | 106 | ||
| Prolonged labour. | 106 | ||
| Monoamniotic twins. | 106 | ||
| Locked twins. | 106 | ||
| Delay in the birth of the second twin | 106 | ||
| Premature expulsion of the placenta | 107 | ||
| Postpartum haemorrhage | 107 | ||
| Undiagnosed twins | 107 | ||
| Postnatal period | 107 | ||
| Care of the babies | 107 | ||
| Nutrition | 107 | ||
| Care of the mother | 108 | ||
| Triplets and higher-order births | 108 | ||
| Embryo reduction | 108 | ||
| Selective fetocide | 109 | ||
| N | 109 | ||
| Nausea | 109 | ||
| Nausea in labour | 110 | ||
| Needlestick/sharps injury | 110 | ||
| Hepatitis B prophylaxis | 111 | ||
| Neonatal intensive care unit | 111 | ||
| Neonatal infections | 112 | ||
| Individual risk factors for infection | 112 | ||
| Group B streptococcus | 112 | ||
| Syphilis | 112 | ||
| Herpes simplex virus | 113 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 113 | ||
| Neonatal specialist care | 114 | ||
| Neonatal screening | 114 | ||
| Neural tube defects | 115 | ||
| Neural tube defect screening | 115 | ||
| Nosocomial infections | 115 | ||
| Nuchal translucency | 115 | ||
| Nuchal fold measurement | 116 | ||
| Nipples, anatomical variation | 116 | ||
| Nipples, sore | 116 | ||
| O | 117 | ||
| Obesity | 117 | ||
| Obstetric cholestasis | 117 | ||
| Obstructed labour | 119 | ||
| Causes | 119 | ||
| Occipitoposterior positions | 120 | ||
| Oedema | 121 | ||
| Oligohydramnios | 121 | ||
| Management | 122 | ||
| Operative vaginal delivery | 122 | ||
| Forceps method | 122 | ||
| Ventouse method | 123 | ||
| Procedure | 123 | ||
| Complications | 124 | ||
| Ophthalmia neonatorum | 124 | ||
| Opiate drugs | 124 | ||
| Oxytocin | 124 | ||
| P | 125 | ||
| Pain | 125 | ||
| Nociceptive pain | 125 | ||
| Neuropathic pain | 125 | ||
| Pain in labour | 125 | ||
| Pain control | 126 | ||
| Nonpharmacological methods of pain control | 126 | ||
| Pharmacological methods of pain control | 127 | ||
| Pelvic floor | 127 | ||
| Perinatal mental health | 128 | ||
| Stress/anxiety and domestic abuse | 128 | ||
| The transition to motherhood | 128 | ||
| Normal emotional changes during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium | 128 | ||
| First trimester | 128 | ||
| Second trimester | 128 | ||
| Third trimester | 129 | ||
| Labour | 129 | ||
| The puerperium | 129 | ||
| Postnatal ‘blues’ | 130 | ||
| Emotional distress associated with traumatic birth events | 130 | ||
| Perinatal psychiatric disorders | 130 | ||
| Types of psychiatric disorder | 130 | ||
| Psychiatric disorder in pregnancy | 131 | ||
| Psychiatric disorders after birth | 131 | ||
| The ‘blues’ | 131 | ||
| Puerperal psychosis | 131 | ||
| Postnatal depressive illness | 132 | ||
| Treatment of perinatal psychiatric disorders | 132 | ||
| Pharmacological treatment | 133 | ||
| General principles | 133 | ||
| Perineum | 134 | ||
| Perineal trauma | 134 | ||
| Phototherapy | 135 | ||
| Placenta | 135 | ||
| Delivery of the placenta | 136 | ||
| Retained placenta | 136 | ||
| Placenta praevia | 137 | ||
| Postnatal care | 138 | ||
| Defining the puerperium and the postnatal period | 138 | ||
| Midwives and the management of postpartum care | 139 | ||
| Immediate care | 140 | ||
| Postpartum vaginal fluid loss (lochia) | 140 | ||
| Assessment of vaginal blood loss | 141 | ||
| Perineal pain | 141 | ||
| Vital signs and general health | 141 | ||
| Observations of pulse, temperature, respiration and blood pressure | 141 | ||
| Blood pressure | 142 | ||
| Circulation | 142 | ||
| Skin and nutrition | 142 | ||
| Urine and bowel function | 142 | ||
| Exercise and healthy activity versus rest, relaxation and sleep | 142 | ||
| Afterpains | 143 | ||
| Future health, future fertility | 143 | ||
| Postnatal depression | 143 | ||
| Postpartum haemorrhage | 144 | ||
| Primary postpartum haemorrhage | 144 | ||
| Atonic uterus | 145 | ||
| Signs of primary postpartum haemorrhage | 145 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 145 | ||
| Management of primary postpartum haemorrhage (Fig. 30) | 146 | ||
| Secondary or delayed primary postpartum haemorrhage | 146 | ||
| Signs of secondary PPH | 146 | ||
| Treatment | 146 | ||
| Preeclampsia | 147 | ||
| Blood pressure measurement | 148 | ||
| Urinalysis | 149 | ||
| Oedema | 149 | ||
| Laboratory tests | 149 | ||
| Care and management | 149 | ||
| Antenatal care | 150 | ||
| Rest | 150 | ||
| Diet | 150 | ||
| Weight gain | 150 | ||
| Blood pressure and urinalysis | 150 | ||
| Abdominal examination | 150 | ||
| Fetal assessment | 150 | ||
| Laboratory studies | 151 | ||
| Antihypertensive therapy | 151 | ||
| Antithrombotic agents | 151 | ||
| Intrapartum care | 151 | ||
| Vital signs | 151 | ||
| Fluid balance | 152 | ||
| Plasma volume expansion | 152 | ||
| Pain relief | 152 | ||
| Fetal condition | 153 | ||
| Birth plan | 153 | ||
| Postpartum care | 153 | ||
| Signs of impending eclampsia | 153 | ||
| Prematurity/preterm birth | 154 | ||
| Causes of preterm labour | 154 | ||
| Spontaneous causes | 154 | ||
| Elective causes | 154 | ||
| Appearance of the preterm baby | 155 | ||
| Management at birth | 155 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 156 | ||
| Hypoglycaemia | 157 | ||
| The care environment | 157 | ||
| Handling and touch | 157 | ||
| Noise and light hazards | 157 | ||
| Sleeping position | 158 | ||
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | 158 | ||
| The prevention of infection | 158 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 158 | ||
| Puerperal psychosis | 159 | ||
| Pyrexia | 159 | ||
| Temperature control | 160 | ||
| Pyrexia in neonates | 160 | ||
| Q | 161 | ||
| Quadruplets | 161 | ||
| Quickening | 161 | ||
| R | 162 | ||
| Resuscitation of the newborn | 162 | ||
| Stimulation | 162 | ||
| Warmth | 162 | ||
| Clearing the airway | 163 | ||
| Ventilation and oxygenation | 163 | ||
| Facemask ventilation | 163 | ||
| Endotracheal intubation | 163 | ||
| Technique for intubation | 164 | ||
| Mouth-to-face/nose resuscitation | 164 | ||
| External cardiac massage | 164 | ||
| Use of drugs | 165 | ||
| Naloxone hydrochloride | 165 | ||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 165 | ||
| Adrenaline (epinephrine) | 166 | ||
| Observations and aftercare | 166 | ||
| Key points for practice | 166 | ||
| Rhesus D incompatibility | 167 | ||
| Prevention of RhD isoimmunization | 167 | ||
| Administration of anti-D Ig | 168 | ||
| Dose of anti-D Ig | 168 | ||
| Ethical and legal issues | 169 | ||
| Management of RhD isoimmunization | 169 | ||
| Antenatal monitoring and treatment of RhD isoimmunization | 169 | ||
| Postnatal treatment of RhD isoimmunization | 170 | ||
| Rubella | 170 | ||
| Rubin manoeuvre | 171 | ||
| S | 171 | ||
| Sepsis | 171 | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections | 172 | ||
| Trichomoniasis | 172 | ||
| Bacterial vaginosis | 172 | ||
| Candidiasis | 173 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 173 | ||
| Chlamydia | 173 | ||
| Chlamydia in pregnancy | 173 | ||
| Fetal and neonatal infections | 173 | ||
| Gonorrhoea | 174 | ||
| Gonorrhoea in pregnancy | 174 | ||
| Fetal and neonatal infections | 175 | ||
| Syphilis | 175 | ||
| Syphilis in pregnancy | 175 | ||
| Congenital syphilis | 175 | ||
| Diagnosis | 176 | ||
| Treatment | 176 | ||
| Viral infections | 176 | ||
| Genital warts | 176 | ||
| Hepatitis | 176 | ||
| Shock | 177 | ||
| Hypovolaemic shock | 177 | ||
| Initial stage | 177 | ||
| Compensatory stage | 177 | ||
| Progressive stage | 177 | ||
| Final, irreversible stage of shock | 178 | ||
| Management | 178 | ||
| Septic shock | 178 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 179 | ||
| Management | 179 | ||
| Shoulder dystocia | 179 | ||
| Risk factors | 179 | ||
| Warning signs and diagnosis | 180 | ||
| Management | 180 | ||
| Noninvasive procedures | 180 | ||
| Manipulative procedures | 181 | ||
| Complications associated with shoulder dystocia | 183 | ||
| Smoking in pregnancy | 183 | ||
| Stillbirth | 184 | ||
| Symphysiotomy | 184 | ||
| T | 185 | ||
| Tachycardia | 185 | ||
| Tachypnoea | 185 | ||
| Increased work of breathing | 186 | ||
| TENS | 186 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 186 | ||
| Twins | 186 | ||
| U | 187 | ||
| Umbilical cord | 187 | ||
| Cord blood sampling | 187 | ||
| Cord clamping | 187 | ||
| Controlled cord traction | 188 | ||
| Umbilical haemorrhage | 189 | ||
| Umbilical infection | 189 | ||
| Cord presentation and prolapse | 189 | ||
| Predisposing factors | 189 | ||
| Cord presentation | 189 | ||
| Management | 190 | ||
| Cord prolapse (Fig. 34) | 190 | ||
| Diagnosis | 190 | ||
| Immediate action and management | 191 | ||
| Immediate action | 191 | ||
| Treatment | 191 | ||
| Urinary tract infections in newborns | 191 | ||
| Renal/genitourinary system | 192 | ||
| Uterus | 192 | ||
| The cavity | 193 | ||
| The isthmus | 193 | ||
| The cervix | 193 | ||
| Layers | 193 | ||
| The endometrium | 193 | ||
| The myometrium | 194 | ||
| The perimetrium | 194 | ||
| Blood supply | 194 | ||
| Lymphatic drainage | 194 | ||
| Nerve supply | 194 | ||
| Physiological changes in pregnancy | 194 | ||
| The body of the uterus | 194 | ||
| Decidua | 194 | ||
| Myometrium | 195 | ||
| Muscle layers | 195 | ||
| Uterine activity in pregnancy | 195 | ||
| Perimetrium | 196 | ||
| Blood supply | 196 | ||
| Changes in uterine shape and size | 196 | ||
| Formation of the upper and lower segments | 196 | ||
| Uterus, acute inversion | 197 | ||
| Classification of inversion | 197 | ||
| Causes | 198 | ||
| Warning signs and diagnosis | 198 | ||
| Management | 199 | ||
| Immediate action | 199 | ||
| Medical management | 199 | ||
| V | 200 | ||
| Vaginal birth after caesarean | 200 | ||
| Vaginal examination | 201 | ||
| Breech presentation | 202 | ||
| Brow presentation | 202 | ||
| Face presentation | 202 | ||
| Occipitoposterior positions | 203 | ||
| Shoulder presentation | 203 | ||
| Vaginal seeding | 203 | ||
| Valsalva manoeuvre | 204 | ||
| Varicella zoster | 204 | ||
| Ventouse method | 204 | ||
| Vitamin K deficiency bleeding | 205 | ||
| W | 205 | ||
| Water birth | 205 | ||
| Temperature of the water | 206 | ||
| Time of entry to water | 206 | ||
| Infection of mother or baby | 206 | ||
| Water embolism | 206 | ||
| Perineal trauma | 206 | ||
| Monitoring maternal and fetal health | 206 | ||
| The baby | 206 | ||
| Weight gain in pregnancy | 207 | ||
| Wharton jelly | 207 | ||
| Woods manoeuvre | 207 | ||
| Z | 208 | ||
| Zavanelli manoeuvre | 208 | ||
| Zika virus | 208 | ||
| Following birth | 209 |