Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Known for its superb, step-by-step photo sequences, Colour Atlas of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, 4th Edition, by Drs. A. G. Tyers and J. R. O. Collin, remains your first choice for gaining essential knowledge in oculoplastic surgery. Ideal for both novices and experienced surgeons, this award-winning title offers comprehensive coverage of ophthalmic plastic surgery including eyelids, brows, and mid-face – all highlighted by unsurpassed photographic sequences and explanatory text that depict key stages of each procedure. New photos and new operative series, as well as major updates throughout the book, make this an invaluable resource for your practice.
- Includes updated coverage of ptosis surgery, lid and periocular reconstruction, and blepharoplasty and forehead rejuvenation.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Colour Atlas of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Video Table of Contents | x | ||
| Preface to the Fourth Edition | xi | ||
| Preface to the Third Edition | xii | ||
| Preface to the Second Edition | xiii | ||
| Preface to the First Edition | xiv | ||
| Acknowledgements | xv | ||
| New Images and Videos for this Edition | xvi | ||
| Dedication | xviii | ||
| 1 Anatomy | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1 The bony orbit (Diags 1.1–1.3) | 2 | ||
| 1.2 Surface anatomy of the eyelids (Figs 1.1–1.5) | 4 | ||
| 1.3 Eyelid skin | 6 | ||
| 1.4 Eyelid structure | 7 | ||
| 1.5 Muscles of facial expression, the mimetic muscles (Diags 1.4, 1.5) | 7 | ||
| 1.5.1 Muscles and tendons of the eyelids | 8 | ||
| (a) The muscles – orbicularis oculi (Diags 1.6, 1.7) | 8 | ||
| (b) The canthal tendons (also known as palpebral ligaments) | 9 | ||
| (i) The lateral canthal tendon (Diag. 1.8) | 9 | ||
| (ii) The medial canthal tendon (Diag. 1.7) | 9 | ||
| (c) The lacrimal pump | 9 | ||
| 1.5.2 Muscles of the forehead and scalp (Diags 1.4, 1.5) | 10 | ||
| 1.5.3 Muscles of the mouth (Diags 1.5, 1.11) | 11 | ||
| 1.6 Muscles of mastication (Diag. 1.5) | 11 | ||
| 1.6.1 Temporalis muscle | 11 | ||
| 1.6.2 Masseter muscle | 11 | ||
| 1.7 Facial fat and fascia | 11 | ||
| 1.7.1 The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) (Diags 1.9, 1.10) | 11 | ||
| 1.7.2 Temporal fascia and fat pads (Diag. 1.9) | 12 | ||
| 1.7.3 Sub-orbicularis oculi fat pad – SOOF (Diags 1.10–1.12) | 14 | ||
| 1.7.4 The retro-orbicularis oculi fat pad – ROOF (Diags 1.10–1.12) | 15 | ||
| 1.7.5 The retaining ligaments (Diag. 1.13) | 16 | ||
| 1.8 Orbital fat and fascia (Diags 1.14, 1.23) | 16 | ||
| 1.9 The retro-orbicular fascia and related spaces (Diags 1.15–1.17) | 17 | ||
| 1.10 The septum and tarsal plates | 19 | ||
| 1.11 The conjunctiva | 19 | ||
| 1.12 The upper lid retractors (Diag. 1.16) | 19 | ||
| 1.13 The lower lid retractors (Diag. 1.15) | 20 | ||
| 1.14 The lacrimal apparatus | 20 | ||
| 1.14.1 The lacrimal gland | 20 | ||
| 1.14.2 The lacrimal sac | 20 | ||
| 1.15 Blood supply to the lids (Diags 1.18, 1.19) | 21 | ||
| 1.15.1 Arterial supply | 21 | ||
| 1.15.2 Venous drainage | 22 | ||
| 1.16 Lymphatic drainage of the lids (Diag. 1.20) | 22 | ||
| 1.17 Nerve supply to the lids and face | 23 | ||
| 1.17.1 Motor supply (Diag. 1.21) | 23 | ||
| 1.17.2 Sensory supply (Diags 1.22–1.24) | 24 | ||
| 1.18 The eyelids of Asians (Figs 1.6–1.10) (Diag. 1.25) | 26 | ||
| 1.19 Age changes in the lids and face (Figs 1.11, 1.12) | 28 | ||
| Further Reading | 28 | ||
| 2 Basic techniques in ophthalmic plastic surgery | 29 | ||
| Introduction | 29 | ||
| Section A Incisions | 30 | ||
| Section B Wound closure | 31 | ||
| 2.1 Routine wound closure | 32 | ||
| 2.2 Continuous sutures | 33 | ||
| 2.3 Intradermal sutures | 34 | ||
| 2.4 Mattress sutures (Fig. 2.4) | 35 | ||
| 2.5 Three-point suture (Fig. 2.4) | 35 | ||
| 2.6 Full-thickness eyelid margin excision and repair (Fig. 2.6) | 36 | ||
| 2.7 Horizontal lid tightening (Fig. 2.7) | 36 | ||
| Section C Skin grafts | 37 | ||
| Taking full-thickness skin grafts | 38 | ||
| 2.8 Upper lid skin | 38 | ||
| 2.9 Postauricular skin | 39 | ||
| 2.10 Preauricular skin | 41 | ||
| Alternative sources of full-thickness skin | 42 | ||
| 2.11 Taking a split skin graft | 43 | ||
| Split skin knife | 43 | ||
| Dermatome | 43 | ||
| Storage of skin grafts | 46 | ||
| Skin graft fixation | 47 | ||
| 2.12 Graft stabilisation with a fixed bolster | 47 | ||
| 2.13 Graft fixation with a pressure dressing | 48 | ||
| 2.14 Quilting sutures (Video 1) | 48 | ||
| Section D Grafts for reconstruction of the posterior eyelid lamella | 49 | ||
| 2.15 Taking an oral mucous membrane graft (Video 2) | 50 | ||
| 2.16 Split-thickness mucous membrane grafts | 51 | ||
| 2.17 Donor sclera | 52 | ||
| 2.18 Taking auricular cartilage | 52 | ||
| 2.19 Taking a tarsal graft | 54 | ||
| 2.20 Harvesting hard palate grafts (Diags 2.2, 2.3) | 55 | ||
| Anatomy | 55 | ||
| Anaesthesia | 55 | ||
| Harvesting the graft | 55 | ||
| Section E Other techniques | 56 | ||
| 2.21 Taking autogenous fascia lata (Video 3) | 57 | ||
| 2.22 Lid traction sutures | 59 | ||
| 2.23 The Z-plasty | 60 | ||
| Further Reading | 60 | ||
| 3 Preoperative evaluation | 61 | ||
| Introduction | 61 | ||
| Section A Obvious pathology | 62 | ||
| Section B Eyelid position | 63 | ||
| 3.1 Margin–reflex distance | 64 | ||
| 3.2 Telecanthus | 64 | ||
| Section C Eyelid movement | 65 | ||
| 3.3 Levator function | 66 | ||
| 3.4 Laxity of the lower lid retractors | 68 | ||
| 3.5 Bell’s phenomenon | 68 | ||
| 3.6 Jaw wink | 69 | ||
| 3.7 Fatigue in myasthenia gravis | 70 | ||
| Section D Eye position | 71 | ||
| 3.8 Exophthalmometry | 72 | ||
| 3.9 Eye displacement | 72 | ||
| Section E Eye movement | 73 | ||
| Section F Other examinations | 76 | ||
| 3.13 Brow position | 77 | ||
| 3.14 Lateral canthus and cheek | 77 | ||
| 3.15 Upper lid skin crease | 78 | ||
| 3.16 Horizontal lower lid laxity | 78 | ||
| 3.17 Medial and lateral canthal tendons | 79 | ||
| 3.18 Eye and orbit | 80 | ||
| Photography | 81 | ||
| Further Reading | 81 | ||
| 4 Anaesthesia | 83 | ||
| Introduction | 83 | ||
| Premedication | 83 | ||
| Local anaesthesia | 83 | ||
| Section A Local infiltration | 84 | ||
| 4.1 Subcutaneous approach | 85 | ||
| 4.2 Subconjunctival approach | 85 | ||
| 4.3 Tumescent local anaesthesia | 85 | ||
| Section B Regional blocks | 86 | ||
| 4.4 Frontal nerve block | 87 | ||
| 4.5 Infratrochlear nerve block | 88 | ||
| 4.6 Infraorbital nerve block | 88 | ||
| 4.7 Retrobulbar nerve block | 88 | ||
| 4.8 Facial nerve block | 89 | ||
| Section C Adverse reactions to local anaesthetics | 90 | ||
| Further Reading | 90 | ||
| 5 Instruments | 91 | ||
| Introduction | 91 | ||
| 5.1 The basic instruments | 92 | ||
| 5.2 Detail of forceps | 92 | ||
| 5.3 Putterman clamp | 92 | ||
| 5.4 Pen, scalpel, blades | 93 | ||
| 5.5 Commonly used sutures | 93 | ||
| 5.6 Nasal speculum and bone punches | 93 | ||
| 5.7 Fascia lata set | 93 | ||
| 5.8 Malleable retractors | 94 | ||
| 5.9 Transnasal wire set | 94 | ||
| 5.10 Air-powered drill and oscillating saw with blades | 94 | ||
| 5.11 Watson split skin knife with blade and boards | 94 | ||
| 5.12 Dermatome | 95 | ||
| 5.13 Orbital sizers and orbital implant introducer | 95 | ||
| 5.14 Evisceration spoon and enucleation scissors | 95 | ||
| 6 Entropion | 97 | ||
| Introduction | 97 | ||
| Classification: | 97 | ||
| Section A Involutional entropion | 98 | ||
| Choice of operation | 98 | ||
| 6.1 Suture repair (Video 4) | 99 | ||
| 6.2 Wies | 101 | ||
| 6.3 Quickert (Video 5) | 101 | ||
| 6.4 Jones (Video 6) | 105 | ||
| Section B Cicatricial entropion | 108 | ||
| Choice of operation | 108 | ||
| 6.5 Tarsal fracture | 109 | ||
| 6.6 Posterior graft (lower lid) | 111 | ||
| 6.7 Anterior lamellar reposition with or without lid split (upper lid) (Video 7) | 112 | ||
| 6.8 Tarsal wedge resection | 116 | ||
| 6.9 Lamellar division | 116 | ||
| 6.10 Posterior graft (upper lid) | 116 | ||
| 6.11 Lid margin rotation (Trabut) | 117 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 117 | ||
| 6.12 Excision of the tarsal plate | 117 | ||
| Section C Congenital entropion | 118 | ||
| Choice of operation | 118 | ||
| 6.13 Tarsal fixation (Hotz) (Video 8) | 119 | ||
| Further Reading | 121 | ||
| 7 Ectropion | 123 | ||
| Introduction | 123 | ||
| Classification | 123 | ||
| Section A Involutional ectropion | 124 | ||
| Choice of operation | 124 | ||
| Horizontal lid shortening | 125 | ||
| 7.1 Full-thickness excision | 125 | ||
| 7.2 Lateral tarsal strip (canthal sling) (Video 9) | 126 | ||
| 7.3 Bick lid tightening (Fig. 7.3) | 132 | ||
| 7.4 Excision of a medial conjunctival diamond | 135 | ||
| 7.5 Horizontal shortening medially with excision of a medial conjunctival diamond (‘Lazy-T’) | 138 | ||
| 7.6 Horizontal shortening and blepharoplasty (Kuhnt-Szymanowski) | 140 | ||
| 7.7 Stabilisation of the medial canthal tendon – conjunctival approach | 141 | ||
| 7.8 Medial wedge excision | 142 | ||
| Section B Cicatricial ectropion | 145 | ||
| Choice of operation | 145 | ||
| 7.9 Z-plasty | 146 | ||
| 7.10 Skin graft | 148 | ||
| 7.11 Upper lid to lower lid flap based medially | 152 | ||
| 7.12 Upper lid to lower lid flap based laterally | 154 | ||
| Section C Paralytic ectropion | 158 | ||
| Choice of operation | 158 | ||
| 7.13 Medial canthoplasty | 159 | ||
| 7.14 Autogenous fascia lata sling | 161 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 165 | ||
| 7.15 Medial canthal tendon plication | 165 | ||
| Further Reading | 166 | ||
| 8 Eyelash abnormalities | 167 | ||
| Introduction | 167 | ||
| Classification: | 167 | ||
| Section A Trichiasis | 168 | ||
| Choice of operation | 168 | ||
| 8.1 Cryotherapy | 169 | ||
| Section B Distichiasis | 170 | ||
| 8.2 Lamellar division and cryotherapy to the posterior lamella (Fig. 8.2 is Fig. 8.2 in 3e) | 171 | ||
| Alternative procedure | 173 | ||
| 8.3 Eyelid split and direct excision of distichiasis lash roots | 173 | ||
| Further Reading | 174 | ||
| 9 Ptosis | 175 | ||
| Introduction | 175 | ||
| Classification | 175 | ||
| Choice of operation | 177 | ||
| Choice of approach to the levator | 177 | ||
| Lid level at operation | 177 | ||
| Section A Levator aponeurosis repair | 178 | ||
| 9.1 Anterior levator aponeurosis repair (advancement) (Video 10) | 179 | ||
| 9.2 Posterior levator aponeurosis repair (advancement) (Video 11) | 184 | ||
| Section B Levator resection | 189 | ||
| 9.3 Anterior levator resection (Video 12) | 190 | ||
| Alternative procedure | 199 | ||
| Levator aponeurosis resection without Müller’s muscle | 199 | ||
| 9.4 Posterior levator resection | 200 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 202 | ||
| Adjustable sutures in ptosis surgery and upper lid retraction | 202 | ||
| Ptosis correction in Asian eyelids | 202 | ||
| Section C Müller’s muscle shortening | 204 | ||
| Phenylephrine test | 204 | ||
| 9.5 Müller’s muscle–conjunctiva resection (Putterman) (Video 13) | 206 | ||
| 9.6 Tarso-Müllerectomy (Fasanella-Servat) (Video 14) | 211 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 213 | ||
| ‘Open sky’ Müller’s muscle–conjunctiva resection | 213 | ||
| ‘White line advancement’ | 213 | ||
| Section D Brow suspension | 214 | ||
| Choice of operation | 214 | ||
| Choice of brow suspension material | 214 | ||
| 9.7 Fascia lata brow suspension – Crawford method (Video 15) | 215 | ||
| 9.8 Levator weakening (Video 16) | 218 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 224 | ||
| Levator transfer | 224 | ||
| 9.9 Brow suspension – closed Fox approach (Video 17) | 225 | ||
| 9.10 Brow suspension - open Fox approach | 229 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 229 | ||
| 9.11 Prop contact lenses | 229 | ||
| 9.12 Whitnall’s sling | 230 | ||
| Further Reading | 230 | ||
| 10 Blepharoplasty | 233 | ||
| Introduction | 233 | ||
| Preoperative assessment | 233 | ||
| History | 233 | ||
| Examination | 234 | ||
| Discussion with the patient | 234 | ||
| Choice of operation | 234 | ||
| Brow ptosis (Section C) | 234 | ||
| Cheek ptosis (Section D) | 234 | ||
| Upper lid blepharoplasty (Section A) | 234 | ||
| Lower lid blepharoplasty (Section B) | 234 | ||
| Section A Upper lid blepharoplasty | 235 | ||
| Choice of operation | 235 | ||
| Dressings after blepharoplasty | 235 | ||
| 10.1 Skin and muscle excision (Video 18) | 236 | ||
| 10.1.1 Estimating skin excess | 236 | ||
| 10.1.2 Excision of excess skin and orbicularis muscle | 238 | ||
| 10.1.3 Fat excision | 239 | ||
| 10.1.4 Correction of ptosis or lacrimal gland prolapse | 241 | ||
| 10.1.5 Skin closure | 241 | ||
| 10.2 Ptosis correction (Video 19) | 244 | ||
| 10.3 Lacrimal gland prolapse | 248 | ||
| Section B Lower lid blepharoplasty | 250 | ||
| Choice of operation | 250 | ||
| 10.4 Transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty | 251 | ||
| 10.5 Transcutaneous lower lid blepharoplasty | 255 | ||
| 10.5.1 Skin incision and exposure of the orbital septum | 255 | ||
| 10.5.2 Management of fat | 257 | ||
| 10.5.3 Correction of horizontal lower lid laxity | 259 | ||
| 10.5.4 Skin excision and closure | 262 | ||
| 10.6 Festoons and malar bags | 265 | ||
| Section C Brow ptosis | 266 | ||
| Choice of operation | 266 | ||
| 10.7 Direct brow lift (Video 20) | 268 | ||
| 10.8 Mid-forehead brow lift | 271 | ||
| 10.9 Pretrichial brow and forehead lift (Video 21) | 273 | ||
| 10.10 Transblepharoplasty brow lift | 275 | ||
| 10.11 Lateral brow elevation | 276 | ||
| 10.12 Coronal brow and forehead lift | 278 | ||
| 10.13 Endoscopic brow and forehead lift | 278 | ||
| Section D Cheek ptosis | 279 | ||
| Further Reading | 280 | ||
| 11 Eyelid retraction | 281 | ||
| Introduction | 281 | ||
| Classification | 281 | ||
| Choice of operation | 281 | ||
| Section A Muller’s muscle | 282 | ||
| 11.1 Muller’s muscle excision | 283 | ||
| Section B Recession of Muller’s muscle and levator | 286 | ||
| Choice of operation | 286 | ||
| 11.2 Upper lid retractor recession without spacer – posterior approach | 287 | ||
| 11.3 Upper lid retractor recession without spacer – anterior approach | 290 | ||
| Alternative procedure | 293 | ||
| Adjustable sutures | 293 | ||
| 11.4 Full-thickness upper lid recession | 293 | ||
| 11.5 Upper lid retractor recession with spacer – anterior approach | 295 | ||
| Alternative procedure | 297 | ||
| 11.6 Upper lid retractor recession with spacer – posterior approach | 297 | ||
| 11.7 Gold weight implant (Video 22) | 298 | ||
| Section C Lower lid | 302 | ||
| 11.8 Recession of lower lid retractors | 303 | ||
| 11.9 Cheek lift | 307 | ||
| Section D Other procedures | 311 | ||
| 11.10 Temporary central tarsorrhaphy sutures | 312 | ||
| 11.11 Temporary lateral tarsorrhaphy | 313 | ||
| 11.12 Permanent lateral tarsorrhaphy | 314 | ||
| Further Reading | 316 | ||
| 12 Evisceration, enucleation, exenteration | 317 | ||
| Introduction | 317 | ||
| 12.1 Evisceration with removal of the cornea | 318 | ||
| 12.2 Enucleation | 323 | ||
| 12.3 Exenteration | 326 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 329 | ||
| 12.4 Split skin lining to socket | 329 | ||
| 12.5 Preservation of eyelid skin | 330 | ||
| 12.6 Skin flaps to socket | 331 | ||
| 12.7 Osseointegrated fixation for prosthesis | 332 | ||
| Further Reading | 333 | ||
| 13 The anophthalmic socket | 335 | ||
| Introduction | 335 | ||
| Classification | 335 | ||
| Section A Primary implants | 336 | ||
| Choice of operation | 336 | ||
| 13.1 Primary spherical implant with Vicryl mesh wrap | 337 | ||
| 13.2 Primary porous implant with a scleral wrap | 342 | ||
| 13.3 Primary dermofat graft | 344 | ||
| Section B Secondary implants | 347 | ||
| Choice of operation | 347 | ||
| 13.4 Secondary wrapped implants | 348 | ||
| 13.5 Secondary unwrapped implants | 352 | ||
| 13.6 Secondary dermofat graft | 354 | ||
| 13.7 Subperiosteal orbital floor implant – single sheet | 354 | ||
| 13.8 Subperiosteal orbital floor implant – multiple strips | 356 | ||
| 13.9 Dermofat graft to the superior sulcus | 357 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 360 | ||
| Autogenous (Coleman) fat injection | 360 | ||
| Section C Exposed and extruding orbital implants | 361 | ||
| Choice of operation | 361 | ||
| 13.10 Patch repair | 362 | ||
| Section D Contracted socket | 364 | ||
| Choice of operation | 364 | ||
| 13.11 Fornix deepening sutures | 365 | ||
| 13.12 Fornix reconstruction – lower fornix (Video 23) | 367 | ||
| 13.13 Fornix reconstruction – upper fornix | 369 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 369 | ||
| Upper fornix reconstruction – posterior approach | 369 | ||
| Split skin in socket reconstructions | 369 | ||
| Section E Other problems with the anophthalmic socket | 370 | ||
| 13.14 Ptosis | 371 | ||
| 13.15 Lower lid ectropion | 371 | ||
| 13.16 Entropion | 371 | ||
| Further Reading | 372 | ||
| 14 Eyelid reconstruction – eyelid margin closure | 373 | ||
| Introduction | 373 | ||
| Choice of operation | 373 | ||
| Section A Direct closure of the lid margin | 374 | ||
| 14.1 Full-thickness eyelid margin excision – repair with surface knot at margin | 375 | ||
| 14.2 Eyelid margin repair with a buried knot (Video 24) | 377 | ||
| Alternative procedure | 380 | ||
| 14.3 Lid margin closure with a transverse incision | 380 | ||
| Section B Direct closure with extra tissue laterally | 382 | ||
| 14.4 Lateral cantholysis (Video 24) | 383 | ||
| 14.5 Lateral advancement flap | 385 | ||
| 14.6 Semicircular flap (Tenzel) | 385 | ||
| 14.7 McGregor cheek flap | 387 | ||
| Further Reading | 388 | ||
| 15 Eyelid reconstruction – anterior lamella | 389 | ||
| Introduction | 389 | ||
| Classification | 389 | ||
| Section A Use of skin grafts to fill the defect | 390 | ||
| Choice of operation | 390 | ||
| 15.1 Full-thickness graft to partial-thickness defect – lower lid | 391 | ||
| 15.2 Full-thickness graft to partial-thickness defect – upper lid | 392 | ||
| 15.3 Full-thickness graft to inner canthus | 393 | ||
| 15.4 Split-thickness graft to partial-thickness defect | 394 | ||
| Section B Use of flaps to cover the defect | 396 | ||
| Choice of operation | 396 | ||
| Advancement flaps | 397 | ||
| 15.5 Advancement flap in the cheek (Video 25) | 397 | ||
| 15.6 Advancement flaps in the lower lid | 398 | ||
| Rotation flaps | 400 | ||
| 15.7 O to Z rotation flaps | 400 | ||
| 15.8 Mustardé cheek rotation flap | 401 | ||
| Transposition flaps | 401 | ||
| Reconstruction of part of the lower eyelid | 401.e4 | ||
| 15.9 Upper lid to lower lid transposition flap – based laterally | 402 | ||
| 15.10 Upper lid to lower lid transposition flap – based medially | 404 | ||
| 15.11 Nasojugal transposition flap | 406 | ||
| 15.12 Lateral cheek to lower lid transposition flap | 409 | ||
| 15.13 Rhombic transposition flap (Video 26) | 413 | ||
| 15.14 Bilobed transposition flap | 417 | ||
| Glabellar flaps | 418 | ||
| 15.15 Glabellar V-Y sliding flap | 418 | ||
| 15.16 Glabellar transposition flap | 421 | ||
| 15.17 Glabellar flap and Cutler-Beard bridge flap combined | 421 | ||
| 15.18 Glabellar flap and Hughes’ tarsoconjunctival flap combined | 423 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 424 | ||
| 15.19 Midline forehead flap | 424 | ||
| 15.20 Lateral forehead flap | 426 | ||
| Further Reading | 426 | ||
| 16 Eyelid reconstruction – posterior lamella | 427 | ||
| Introduction | 427 | ||
| Classification | 427 | ||
| Section A Grafts to reconstruct the posterior lamella | 428 | ||
| Choice of operation | 428 | ||
| Preparing the grafts | 428 | ||
| 16.1 Using grafts for the posterior lamella | 429 | ||
| Alternative procedures | 430 | ||
| 16.2 Nasal septal cartilage with mucoperichondrium | 430 | ||
| 16.3 Tarsomarginal graft | 431 | ||
| Section B Flaps to reconstruct the posterior lamella | 432 | ||
| Choice of operation | 432 | ||
| 16.4 Hughes’ tarsoconjunctival flap (Video 27) | 433 | ||
| 16.5 Lateral periosteal flap | 439 | ||
| 16.6 Hewes tarsal transposition flap | 442 | ||
| Further Reading | 444 | ||
| 17 Eyelid reconstruction – anterior and posterior lamellae combined | 445 | ||
| Introduction | 445 | ||
| Choice of operation | 445 | ||
| 17.1 Cutler-Beard flap | 446 | ||
| Alternative procedure | 449 | ||
| 17.2 ‘Switch’ flap to the upper lid | 449 | ||
| Closure of the lower lid defect | 450 | ||
| Further Reading | 451 | ||
| 18 Miscellaneous conditions | 453 | ||
| Section A Epicanthus and/or telecanthus | 454 | ||
| Choice of operation | 454 | ||
| 18.1 Mustardé double Z-plasty | 455 | ||
| 18.2 Y-V plasty | 460 | ||
| 18.3 Transnasal wire to fix the canthi | 463 | ||
| Section B Vertical displacement of the canthi | 464 | ||
| 18.4 Vertical displacement of the lateral canthus | 465 | ||
| 18.5 Vertical displacement of the medial canthus | 465 | ||
| Section C Miscellaneous | 466 | ||
| 18.6 Autogenous fat harvesting (Coleman) | 467 | ||
| 18.7 Orbicularis muscle strip | 472 | ||
| Further Reading | 477 | ||
| Index | 479 | ||
| A | 479 | ||
| B | 479 | ||
| C | 480 | ||
| D | 480 | ||
| E | 481 | ||
| F | 481 | ||
| G | 481 | ||
| H | 482 | ||
| I | 482 | ||
| J | 482 | ||
| K | 482 | ||
| L | 482 | ||
| M | 483 | ||
| N | 484 | ||
| O | 484 | ||
| P | 484 | ||
| Q | 485 | ||
| R | 485 | ||
| S | 485 | ||
| T | 486 | ||
| U | 487 | ||
| V | 487 | ||
| W | 487 | ||
| Z | 487 |