Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Completely revised to meet the demands of today’s trainee and practicing plastic surgeon, Hand and Upper Extremity, Volume 6 of Plastic Surgery, 4th Edition, features new full-color clinical photos, dynamic videos, and authoritative coverage of hot topics in the field. Editor-narrated video presentations offer a step-by-step audio-visual walkthrough of techniques and procedures in plastic surgery.
- Offers evidence-based advice from a diverse collection of experts to help you apply the very latest advances in hand and upper extremity surgery and ensure optimal outcomes.
- Provides updated coverage of: Pediatric and adult hand surgery, nerve transfers, tendon repair, and functional prosthetics.
- Includes brand-new color clinical photos, videos, and lectures.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Plastic Surgery | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Video Contents | xii | ||
| Lecture Video Contents | xvii | ||
| Preface to the Fourth Edition | xxi | ||
| List of Editors | xxii | ||
| List of Contributors | xxiii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xl | ||
| Dedication | xli | ||
| Introduction Plastic surgery contributions to hand surgery | xlii | ||
| Origins of hand surgery | xlii | ||
| Principles of plastic surgery and their application to hand surgery | xliii | ||
| Origins of modern hand surgery | xlv | ||
| Developments after World War II | xlv | ||
| The era of microsurgery | xlvi | ||
| Recent developments | xlvi | ||
| Future directions | xlvii | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | xlvii | ||
| References | xlvii.e1 | ||
| I Introduction and Principles | 1 | ||
| 1 Anatomy and biomechanics of the hand | 1 | ||
| Synopsis | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia | 2 | ||
| Bones and joints | 5 | ||
| Hand elements | 5 | ||
| The wrist | 7 | ||
| Joint motion | 11 | ||
| The thumb | 13 | ||
| Muscles and tendons | 15 | ||
| Extrinsic extensors (Video 1.1 ) | 15 | ||
| Pronators and supinators | 20 | ||
| Extrinsic flexors (Video 1.3 ) | 20 | ||
| The retinacular system | 25 | ||
| Intrinsic muscles (Video 1.2 ) | 33 | ||
| Blood supply | 37 | ||
| Peripheral nerves | 42 | ||
| Conclusion | 42 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 48 | ||
| References | 48.e1 | ||
| 2 Examination of the upper extremity | 49 | ||
| Synopsis | 49 | ||
| Obtaining a patient history | 49 | ||
| Patient demographics | 49 | ||
| Current complaint | 49 | ||
| Medical history | 50 | ||
| Allergies and medications | 50 | ||
| Social history | 50 | ||
| Physical examination specific to the hand | 50 | ||
| Inspection | 50 | ||
| Discoloration | 50 | ||
| Deformity | 50 | ||
| Muscular atrophy | 50 | ||
| Trophic changes | 50 | ||
| Swelling | 51 | ||
| Skin creases | 51 | ||
| Palpation | 51 | ||
| Assessment of musculotendinous function | 51 | ||
| Posture | 51 | ||
| Motion | 51 | ||
| Power | 51 | ||
| Examination of the muscles of the hand | 51 | ||
| Examination of the extrinsic muscles | 52 | ||
| Flexor digitorum profundus muscle | 52 | ||
| Flexor profundus test (Video 2.1 ) | 52 | ||
| Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle | 52 | ||
| Flexor sublimis test (Video 2.2 ) | 52 | ||
| Flexor pollicis longus muscle | 52 | ||
| Milking test of the finger and thumb flexor tendons (Video 2.14 ) | 52 | ||
| Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus muscles | 52 | ||
| Finkelstein test | 53 | ||
| Eichoff test (Video 2.15 ) | 53 | ||
| Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles | 53 | ||
| Extensor pollicis longus muscle (Video 2.3 ) | 53 | ||
| Extensor digitorum communis muscles (Video 2.4 ) | 53 | ||
| Extrinsic tightness test | 53 | ||
| Extensor indicis proprius muscle | 53 | ||
| Extensor digiti minimi muscle | 53 | ||
| Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle | 53 | ||
| Examination of the intrinsic muscles | 53 | ||
| Thenar muscles (Video 2.5 ) | 53 | ||
| Adductor pollicis muscle | 53 | ||
| Interosseous and lumbrical muscles (Video 2.6 ) | 53 | ||
| Intrinsic tightness test (Bunnell) | 54 | ||
| Lumbrical-plus test | 54 | ||
| Hypothenar muscles | 54 | ||
| Assessment of stability | 54 | ||
| Scaphoid shift test (Watson) (Video 2.12 ) | 55 | ||
| Finger extension test | 55 | ||
| Triquetrolunate ballottement test and the lunotriquetral shuck test | 55 | ||
| Distal radioulnar joint instability test | 56 | ||
| Ulnocarpal abutment test | 56 | ||
| The ulnar fovea sign | 57 | ||
| Pisiform gliding test | 57 | ||
| Midcarpal instability test | 57 | ||
| Extensor carpi ulnaris synergy test | 59 | ||
| Assessment of peripheral nerves | 59 | ||
| Signs and tests for peripheral nerves | 60 | ||
| Tinel’s sign | 60 | ||
| Phalen’s test | 60 | ||
| Froment’s test | 60 | ||
| Jeanne’s sign | 60 | ||
| Wartenberg’s sign | 61 | ||
| Other signs associated with ulnar nerve palsy | 61 | ||
| Tests for evaluating sensory nerve function | 61 | ||
| Two-point discrimination (2PD) test (Video 2.7 ) | 61 | ||
| Semmes–Weinstein monofilament test (Video 2.9 ) | 61 | ||
| Moberg’s pick-up test | 62 | ||
| Assessment of the vascular system | 62 | ||
| Allen’s test (Video 2.10 ) | 62 | ||
| Digital Allen’s test (Video 2.11 ) | 62 | ||
| Physical examination specific to the forearm | 62 | ||
| The interosseous membrane of the forearm (IOM) | 63 | ||
| Distal membranous portion | 63 | ||
| Middle ligamentous portion | 63 | ||
| Proximal membranous portion | 63 | ||
| Measurement of forearm rotation | 63 | ||
| Measurement of the muscle strength of the forearm | 63 | ||
| Supination | 63 | ||
| Pronation | 63 | ||
| Physical examinations specific to the elbow | 63 | ||
| Bony landmarks of the elbow | 63 | ||
| Ligaments of the elbow | 64 | ||
| Lateral ligament complex | 64 | ||
| Lateral ulnar collateral ligament | 65 | ||
| Radial collateral ligament | 65 | ||
| Annular ligament | 65 | ||
| Accessory collateral ligament | 65 | ||
| Medial collateral ligament complex | 65 | ||
| Instability of the elbow joint | 65 | ||
| Posterolateral rotatory instability | 65 | ||
| The pivot shift test | 65 | ||
| Measurement of malrotation of the distal humerus | 65 | ||
| Physical examination of thoracic outlet syndrome | 66 | ||
| Classification | 66 | ||
| Anatomy | 67 | ||
| Provocative maneuver | 67 | ||
| Adson test (Video 2.16 ) | 67 | ||
| The neck tilting | 67 | ||
| The costoclavicular compression test | 67 | ||
| Wright test | 67 | ||
| Roos extended arm stress test (Video 2.17 ) | 67 | ||
| Morley’s test | 67 | ||
| Physical examination of the upper extremity in children | 68 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 70 | ||
| References | 70.e1 | ||
| 3 Diagnostic imaging of the hand and wrist | 71 | ||
| Synopsis | 71 | ||
| Introduction | 71 | ||
| Historical perspective | 71.e1 | ||
| Radiography | 71 | ||
| Evaluation of the hand | 72 | ||
| Special views in the hand (Box 3.1) | 73 | ||
| Pediatric hand radiographs | 76 | ||
| Wrist evaluation | 76 | ||
| Wrist evaluation in distal radius fractures | 79 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 79 | ||
| Computed tomography | 83 | ||
| Fractures and dislocations | 84 | ||
| Other applications of CT | 86 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 86 | ||
| MRI basics | 86 | ||
| Clinical applications of MRI | 87 | ||
| MRI for soft-tissue masses | 87 | ||
| Ganglion cysts | 87 | ||
| Giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) | 88 | ||
| Lipomas | 88 | ||
| Hemangiomas | 88 | ||
| Enchondromas | 88 | ||
| MRI for wrist and hand trauma | 88 | ||
| Occult scaphoid and carpal fractures | 88 | ||
| Ligamentous injuries of the hand and wrist | 89 | ||
| Thumb ulnar collateral ligament injuries | 89 | ||
| Scapholunate interosseous ligament injury | 89 | ||
| MRI for evaluating ulnar-sided wrist pain | 89 | ||
| TFCC tears | 89 | ||
| Ulnocarpal abutment | 91 | ||
| DRUJ instability and tendinopathies | 91 | ||
| MRI for evaluation of fracture nonunion | 91 | ||
| MRI for avascular necrosis (AVN) in scaphoid fracture nonunion | 91 | ||
| Kienbock’s disease | 91 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 92 | ||
| Vascular imaging techniques for the upper extremity | 92 | ||
| Radionuclide imaging | 93 | ||
| Future directions – safety in fluoroscopy | 94 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 95 | ||
| References | 95.e1 | ||
| 4 Anesthesia for upper extremity surgery | 96 | ||
| Synopsis | 96 | ||
| Introduction | 96 | ||
| Anatomy | 96 | ||
| Perineurial environment | 96 | ||
| Microneuroanatomy | 98 | ||
| Sonoanatomy | 98 | ||
| Pharmacology of local anesthetics | 98 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 98 | ||
| Toxicity | 98 | ||
| Vasoconstrictors | 99 | ||
| LA selection | 99 | ||
| Regional anesthesia techniques | 101 | ||
| Digital block | 101 | ||
| Wrist block | 101 | ||
| Intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block) | 102 | ||
| Interscalene block | 102 | ||
| Supraclavicular block | 102 | ||
| Infraclavicular block | 102 | ||
| Axillary block | 104 | ||
| Complications | 106 | ||
| Neurologic complications | 106 | ||
| Peripheral nerve injury | 106 | ||
| Local anesthetic toxicity | 106 | ||
| Vascular injury | 106 | ||
| Infection | 107 | ||
| Outcomes | 107 | ||
| Clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction | 107 | ||
| Operating room cost and efficiency | 107 | ||
| Special considerations | 108 | ||
| Cardiac patients | 108 | ||
| Pediatric patients | 108 | ||
| Perioperative pain management | 108 | ||
| Peripheral catheters | 108 | ||
| Preemptive analgesia | 109 | ||
| Inflammatory neuropathies | 109 | ||
| Chronic postoperative pain | 109 | ||
| Future directions | 110 | ||
| Wide awake upper extremity surgery | 110 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 110 | ||
| References | 110.e1 | ||
| 5 Principles of internal fixation as applied to the hand and wrist | 111 | ||
| Synopsis | 111 | ||
| Introduction | 111 | ||
| Patient selection | 111 | ||
| Fracture assessment | 111 | ||
| Patient-specific considerations | 111 | ||
| Preoperative imaging | 111 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 112 | ||
| Preoperative planning | 112 | ||
| Fracture reduction | 112 | ||
| Intraoperative imaging | 112 | ||
| Fixation principles | 113 | ||
| Absolute stability and interfragmentary compression | 113 | ||
| Relative stability | 113 | ||
| Methods of fixation | 113 | ||
| Kirschner wires | 113 | ||
| Tension band constructs | 113 | ||
| External fixation | 115 | ||
| Interfragmentary lag screws | 115 | ||
| Compression plating | 117 | ||
| Bridge plating | 118 | ||
| Locked plating | 120 | ||
| Postoperative care | 120 | ||
| Summary | 120 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 121 | ||
| References | 121.e1 | ||
| II Acquired Traumatic Disorders | 122 | ||
| 6 The fingertip, nail plate and nail bed | 122 | ||
| Synopsis | 122 | ||
| Introduction | 122 | ||
| Anatomy | 122 | ||
| Surface anatomy | 122 | ||
| Vascularity | 123 | ||
| Nerve supply | 123 | ||
| Physiology | 124 | ||
| Function | 124 | ||
| Acute injury | 124 | ||
| Epidemiology | 124 | ||
| Subungual hematoma | 124 | ||
| Treatment | 124 | ||
| Lacerations | 125 | ||
| Treatment | 125 | ||
| Postoperative care | 127 | ||
| Distal phalanx fractures | 127 | ||
| Initial evaluation | 127 | ||
| III Acquired Non-traumatic Disorders | 334 | ||
| 15 Benign and malignant tumors of the hand | 334 | ||
| Synopsis | 334 | ||
| Introduction | 334 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 334 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 335 | ||
| Patient history | 335 | ||
| Physical examination | 335 | ||
| Laboratory studies | 335 | ||
| Imaging | 335 | ||
| Patient selection | 337 | ||
| Treatment/surgical treatment by tissue of origin | 337 | ||
| Skin tumors | 337 | ||
| Cutaneous horn | 337 | ||
| Epidermal inclusion cyst | 337 | ||
| Sebaceous cyst | 338 | ||
| Verruca vulgaris | 338 | ||
| Nevi | 338 | ||
| Keratoacanthoma | 338 | ||
| Dermatofibroma | 339 | ||
| Seborrheic keratosis | 340 | ||
| Actinic keratosis | 340 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma | 340 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 340 | ||
| Melanoma | 341 | ||
| Synovial lesions | 342 | ||
| Ganglion cysts | 342 | ||
| Giant cell tumor (pigmented villonodular synovitis) | 342 | ||
| Nerve tumors | 343 | ||
| Schwannoma/neurilemoma | 343 | ||
| Neurofibroma | 343 | ||
| Lipofibromatous hamartoma | 344 | ||
| Fat tumor: lipoma | 344 | ||
| Fibrous tissue lesions | 344 | ||
| Benign lesions | 344 | ||
| Sarcomas | 344 | ||
| Vascular lesions | 345 | ||
| Hemangioma | 345 | ||
| Vascular malformations | 347 | ||
| Glomus tumor | 347 | ||
| Pyogenic granuloma | 348 | ||
| Muscle lesions | 348 | ||
| Myositis ossificans | 348 | ||
| Leiomyoma | 348 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 348 | ||
| Cartilage and bone tumors | 348 | ||
| Enchondroma | 348 | ||
| Osteoid osteoma | 348 | ||
| Osteochondroma | 349 | ||
| Solitary unicameral bone cyst | 349 | ||
| Aneurysmal bone cyst | 349 | ||
| Giant cell tumor of bone | 350 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 352 | ||
| Chondrosarcoma | 352 | ||
| Staging and treatment of musculoskeletal sarcomas | 352 | ||
| Metastases | 352 | ||
| Postoperative care | 353 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 353 | ||
| Future directions | 353 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 353 | ||
| References | 354.e1 | ||
| 16 Infections of the hand | 355 | ||
| Synopsis | 355 | ||
| Introduction | 355 | ||
| Historical perspective | 355.e1 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 355 | ||
| Causative organisms | 356 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 356 | ||
| Fingertip | 357 | ||
| Paronychia | 357 | ||
| Felon | 359 | ||
| Finger | 359 | ||
| Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis | 359 | ||
| Hand | 362 | ||
| Deep space infections | 362 | ||
| Wrist/forearm | 364 | ||
| Necrotizing fasciitis | 364 | ||
| Joints | 366 | ||
| Septic arthritis | 366 | ||
| Bone | 367 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 367 | ||
| Mimics of infection | 369 | ||
| Gout | 369 | ||
| Pseudogout | 369 | ||
| Pyogenic granuloma | 369 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum | 369 | ||
| Patient selection | 369 | ||
| Postoperative care | 369 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 370 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 370 | ||
| Future directions | 371 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 371 | ||
| References | 371.e1 | ||
| 17 Management of Dupuytren’s disease | 372 | ||
| Synopsis | 372 | ||
| Introduction | 372 | ||
| Epidemiology | 372 | ||
| Palmar and digital fascia | 372 | ||
| Palmar fascia | 372 | ||
| Digital fascia | 373 | ||
| First webspace | 373 | ||
| Historical perspective | 373.e1 | ||
| Basic science and disease process | 374 | ||
| Basic science | 374 | ||
| Disease process | 375 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 377 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 377 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 379 | ||
| Patient selection | 379 | ||
| Treatment | 379 | ||
| Modality therapy | 379 | ||
| Injection treatment | 379 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 380 | ||
| Percutaneous fasciotomy (needle aponeurotomy) | 380 | ||
| Open fasciotomy | 381 | ||
| Local fasciectomy | 382 | ||
| Regional (partial) fasciectomy | 382 | ||
| Radical fasciectomy | 384 | ||
| Dermatofasciectomy | 384 | ||
| Postoperative care | 385 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 385 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 386 | ||
| Skeletal traction | 387 | ||
| Wedge osteotomy | 387 | ||
| Total volar tenoarthrolysis | 387 | ||
| PIP arthrodesis | 387 | ||
| Amputation | 387 | ||
| Future direction | 387 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 387 | ||
| References | 388.e1 | ||
| 18 Occupational hand disorders | 389 | ||
| Synopsis | 389 | ||
| Introduction | 389 | ||
| Causation | 389 | ||
| Patient history | 389 | ||
| Initial events | 389 | ||
| The course of illness | 390 | ||
| Physical examination | 390 | ||
| Knowledge of the disease process and its causation | 390 | ||
| The role of force and repetition | 390 | ||
| Clinical care in illness related to the workplace | 391 | ||
| Tendinopathy | 392 | ||
| Medial and lateral epicondylitis | 392 | ||
| Lateral epicondylitis | 392 | ||
| Tendinopathy at the wrist and hand | 392 | ||
| De Quervain’s tenosynovitis | 392 | ||
| Trigger finger | 393 | ||
| Nerve compression | 394 | ||
| Vascular disorders | 394 | ||
| Hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) | 394 | ||
| Patient management | 395 | ||
| Return to work | 395 | ||
| Measuring impairment | 396 | ||
| Summary | 396 | ||
| Future directions | 396 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 396 | ||
| References | 397.e1 | ||
| 19 Rheumatologic conditions of the hand and wrist | 398 | ||
| Synopsis | 398 | ||
| Introduction | 398 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 398 | ||
| Etiology | 398 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 399 | ||
| Medical management | 399 | ||
| Diagnosis/presentation | 400 | ||
| Wrist involvement | 401 | ||
| Finger and thumb involvement | 403 | ||
| Patient selection | 407 | ||
| Perioperative considerations | 407 | ||
| Goals of surgery | 407 | ||
| Sequence of surgery | 408 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 408 | ||
| Operations at the wrist | 408 | ||
| Wrist synovectomy/dorsal tenosynovectomy | 408 | ||
| Postoperative care | 409 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 409 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 409 | ||
| Distal ulna resection (Darrach procedure) | 409 | ||
| Postoperative care | 411 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 411 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 411 | ||
| Partial wrist arthrodesis (radioscapholunate arthrodesis) | 412 | ||
| Postoperative care | 413 | ||
| Complete wrist arthrodesis | 413 | ||
| Postoperative care | 414 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 414 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 414 | ||
| Total wrist arthroplasty | 416 | ||
| Postoperative care | 417 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 417 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 417 | ||
| Operations for the hand and fingers | 417 | ||
| MCP synovectomy and soft tissue reconstruction | 417 | ||
| Postoperative care | 418 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 418 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 419 | ||
| MCP arthroplasty (silicone) | 419 | ||
| IV Congenital Disorders | 549 | ||
| 25 Congenital hand I | 549 | ||
| Synopsis | 549 | ||
| Introduction | 549 | ||
| Limb development | 549 | ||
| Classification | 549 | ||
| Assessment and principles of treatment | 550 | ||
| Limb development (embryology) | 550 | ||
| Overview of upper limb morphogenesis | 550 | ||
| The molecular control of limb outgrowth and patterning | 550 | ||
| The development/differentiation of specific tissues | 553 | ||
| Limb vasculature | 553 | ||
| Skeletogenesis | 555 | ||
| Myogenesis | 555 | ||
| Innervation | 557 | ||
| Anomalies of limb development and their classification | 558 | ||
| Background | 558 | ||
| Problems of the Swanson classification | 558 | ||
| The OMT classification | 560 | ||
| Assessment of the child and family | 566 | ||
| The clinic | 566 | ||
| History | 566 | ||
| Examination | 566 | ||
| Investigations | 568 | ||
| Diagnosis | 569 | ||
| Principles of surgical management | 569 | ||
| Indications | 569 | ||
| Function | 569 | ||
| Appearance | 570 | ||
| Timing | 570 | ||
| Congenital trigger thumb | 571 | ||
| Etiology | 571 | ||
| Management | 572 | ||
| Surgical procedure (Video 25.1 ) | 573 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 573 | ||
| References | 573.e1 | ||
| 26 Congenital hand II | 574 | ||
| Synopsis | 574 | ||
| Introduction | 574 | ||
| Radial longitudinal deficiency | 574 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 574 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 575 | ||
| Patient selection | 576 | ||
| Surgical treatment and postoperative care | 577 | ||
| Surgical treatment options for the thumb | 579 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 580 | ||
| Ulnar longitudinal deficiency | 580 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 580 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 580 | ||
| Patient selection | 581 | ||
| Surgical treatment and postoperative care | 583 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 586 | ||
| Central deficiency | 586 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 586 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 586 | ||
| Patient selection | 586 | ||
| Surgical treatment and postoperative care | 586 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 587 | ||
| Transverse deficiencies | 587 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 587 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 588 | ||
| Patient selection | 588 | ||
| Surgical treatment and postoperative care | 590 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 592 | ||
| Future directions | 592 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 592 | ||
| References | 592.e1 | ||
| 27 Congenital hand III | 593 | ||
| Synopsis | 593 | ||
| Historical perspective | 593.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 593 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 593 | ||
| Incidence | 593 | ||
| Etiology | 594 | ||
| Associated conditions | 594 | ||
| VACTERL | 594 | ||
| Fanconi anemia and other hematologic abnormalities | 594 | ||
| Holt–Oram syndrome | 595 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome (TAR) | 595 | ||
| Diagnosis and patient presentation | 595 | ||
| Classification | 595 | ||
| Clinical presentation (types of hypoplasia) | 595 | ||
| Type I: mild hypoplasia | 596 | ||
| Type II: moderate hypoplasia | 597 | ||
| Type III: severe hypoplasia | 598 | ||
| Type IV: floating thumb | 598 | ||
| Type V: aplasia | 600 | ||
| Type VI: central deficiencies – cleft hand and symbrachydactyly thumb | 600 | ||
| Cleft hand (typical) | 600 | ||
| Symbrachydactyly thumb | 602 | ||
| Type VII: constriction ring syndrome | 602 | ||
| Type VIII: five-fingered hand | 603 | ||
| Type IX: radial polydactyly | 604 | ||
| Type X: syndromic short skeletal thumb ray | 604 | ||
| Patient selection | 604 | ||
| General considerations | 604 | ||
| Timing | 604 | ||
| Treatment | 605 | ||
| Treatment considerations for thumb hypoplasia (types I–V) | 605 | ||
| Type I: mild hypoplasia | 605 | ||
| Type II: moderate hypoplasia | 605 | ||
| Type IIIA: severe hypoplasia | 607 | ||
| Type IIIB, type IIIC: severe hypoplasia | 607 | ||
| Type IV: floating thumb | 607 | ||
| Type V: aplasia | 607 | ||
| Clinical conditions and surgical treatment (types I–V) | 607 | ||
| Deficient first webspace | 607 | ||
| Technique of first web release with four-flap Z-plasty | 608 | ||
| Metacarpophalangeal joint instability | 608 | ||
| Technique of tendon graft stabilization | 608 | ||
| Poor/absent palmar abduction (opposition) | 609 | ||
| Technique of ADQM transfer | 610 | ||
| Technique of FDS transfer | 612 | ||
| Lack of IP joint motion | 612 | ||
| Pollex abductus | 612 | ||
| Technique of pollicization | 612 | ||
| Principles | 612 | ||
| Incisions and plan | 612 | ||
| Dissection and exposure | 612 | ||
| Skeletal shortening | 613 | ||
| Tendon and intrinsic muscle rebalancing | 616 | ||
| Skin closure and web construction | 616 | ||
| Treatment of other types of thumb hypoplasia (types VI–X) | 616 | ||
| Type VI: central deficiencies – cleft hand and symbrachydactyly thumb | 616 | ||
| Cleft hand | 616 | ||
| Symbrachydactyly thumb | 617 | ||
| Type VII: constriction ring syndrome | 617 | ||
| Type VIII: five-fingered hand | 618 | ||
| Type IX: radial polydactyly | 618 | ||
| Type X: syndromic short skeletal thumb ray | 618 | ||
| Postoperative care | 619 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 619 | ||
| Type I | 619 | ||
| Type II | 619 | ||
| Type IIIA | 619 | ||
| Types IIIB, IIIC, and IV | 619 | ||
| Types IIIB, IIIC, IV, and V: pollicization | 620 | ||
| Other types of thumb hypoplasia (types VI–X) | 620 | ||
| Type VI: central deficiencies – cleft hand and symbrachydactyly thumb | 620 | ||
| Cleft hand | 620 | ||
| Symbrachydactyly thumb | 620 | ||
| Type VII: constriction ring syndrome | 621 | ||
| Type VIII: five-fingered hand | 621 | ||
| Type IX: radial polydactyly | 621 | ||
| Type X: syndromic short skeletal ray thumb | 621 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 621 | ||
| The inadequate index finger | 621 | ||
| Future directions | 622 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 622 | ||
| References | 623.e1 | ||
| 28 Congenital hand IV | 624 | ||
| Synopsis | 624 | ||
| Historical perspective | 625.e1 | ||
| Syndactyly | 625 | ||
| Introduction | 625 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 625 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 625 | ||
| Patient selection | 625 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 625 | ||
| Creation of a web | 626 | ||
| Treating the lateral soft-tissue defects | 627 | ||
| Separation of the fingertips | 628 | ||
| Postoperative care | 629 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 629 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 630 | ||
| Poland syndrome | 630 | ||
| Introduction | 630 | ||
| History | 630 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 630 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 630 | ||
| Patient selection | 630 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 630 | ||
| Postoperative care | 631 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 631 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 631 | ||
| Apert syndrome | 631 | ||
| Introduction | 631 | ||
| History | 631 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 631 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 631 | ||
| Patient selection | 632 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 632 | ||
| Separation of fingers | 632 | ||
| Thumb and first web | 635 | ||
| Additional procedures | 635 | ||
| Postoperative care | 635 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 635 | ||
| Complications | 635 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 635 | ||
| Synostosis | 635 | ||
| Introduction | 635 | ||
| History | 636 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 636 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 636 | ||
| Patient selection/treatment/surgical technique | 637 | ||
| Postoperative care | 637 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 637 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 637 | ||
| Polydactyly | 637 | ||
| Introduction | 637 | ||
| History | 638 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 638 | ||
| Genetic aspects | 638 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 638 | ||
| Radial polydactyly | 638 | ||
| Ulnar polydactyly | 639 | ||
| Central polydactyly | 639 | ||
| Patient selection | 640 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 640 | ||
| Radial polydactyly at the IPJ (Wassel type II) | 640 | ||
| Radial polydactyly at the MCPJ (Wassel type IV) | 640 | ||
| Ulnar polydactyly | 643 | ||
| Central polydactyly | 643 | ||
| Mirror hand | 643 | ||
| Postoperative care | 643 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 643 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 645 | ||
| Triphalangeal thumb | 645 | ||
| Introduction | 645 | ||
| History | 645 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 645 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 645 | ||
| Patient selection | 646 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 647 | ||
| Authors’ preferred method of treatment | 647 | ||
| Delta middle phalanx | 647 | ||
| Rectangular middle phalanx and five-fingered hand | 647 | ||
| First web deficiency | 647 | ||
| Postoperative care | 647 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 647 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 648 | ||
| Camptodactyly | 650 | ||
| Introduction | 650 | ||
| History | 650 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 650 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 650 | ||
| Patient selection | 650 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 650 | ||
| Postoperative care | 651 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 651 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 651 | ||
| Clinodactyly | 651 | ||
| Introduction | 651 | ||
| History | 652 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 652 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 652 | ||
| Patient selection | 652 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 652 | ||
| Postoperative care | 653 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 653 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 653 | ||
| Future directions | 653 | ||
| The OMT classification | 653 | ||
| Postoperative regime | 655 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 655 | ||
| References | 655.e1 | ||
| 29 Congenital hand V | 656 | ||
| Synopsis | 656 | ||
| Classification | 656 | ||
| Overgrowth | 656 | ||
| Introduction | 656 | ||
| Macrodactyly | 657 | ||
| Treatment | 658 | ||
| Outcomes | 659 | ||
| Overview | 661 | ||
| Undergrowth | 662 | ||
| Introduction | 662 | ||
| Brachydactyly | 662 | ||
| Treatment | 662 | ||
| Symbrachydactyly | 663 | ||
| Treatment | 663 | ||
| Skeletal abnormalities | 666 | ||
| Introduction | 666 | ||
| Multiple hereditary osteochondromatosis | 666 | ||
| Treatment | 668 | ||
| Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome | 668 | ||
| Future directions | 669 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 669 | ||
| References | 669.e1 | ||
| 30 Growth considerations in pediatric upper extremity trauma and reconstruction | 670 | ||
| Synopsis | 670 | ||
| Introduction | 670 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 670 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology of the epiphyseal growth plate | 670 | ||
| Vascular anatomy of the growth plate | 671 | ||
| Growth plate closure and skeletal age assessment during puberty | 671 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 673 | ||
| Conditions affecting the growth plate | 673 | ||
| Trauma | 673 | ||
| Incidence and distribution in the upper extremity | 673 | ||
| Classification of physeal fractures | 673 | ||
| Treatment of physeal fractures | 673 | ||
| Tumor | 674 | ||
| Bone sarcoma involving the epiphysis | 674 | ||
| Congenital chondrodysplasia | 675 | ||
| Patient selection | 675 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 675 | ||
| Treatment of physeal arrest | 675 | ||
| Observation | 675 | ||
| Completion of a partial physeal arrest and epiphysiodesis | 675 | ||
| Physeal distraction | 676 | ||
| Bar resection | 676 | ||
| Corrective osteotomies, lengthening or shortening | 677 | ||
| Epiphyseal transfer of the proximal fibular epiphysis | 677 | ||
| Historical perspective | 677.e1 | ||
| Indications | 677 | ||
| Vascular supply of the proximal fibular epiphysis | 679 | ||
| Harvest technique of the proximal fibula based on the tibialis anterior artery (Video 30.1 ) | 680 | ||
| Skin incision | 681 | ||
| Exposure of the anterior tibial pedicle | 681 | ||
| Dissection of the peroneal nerve at the fibular neck | 681 | ||
| Section of the interosseous membrane and distal osteotomy | 681 | ||
| Harvest of the biceps femoris tendon and capsulotomy of the proximal tibiofibular joint | 682 | ||
| Final dissection of the proximal portion of the vascular pedicle | 683 | ||
| Postoperative care | 683 | ||
| Donor site | 683 | ||
| Recipient site | 683 | ||
| Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 686 | ||
| Secondary procedures | 686 | ||
| Donor site | 686 | ||
| Recipient site | 686 | ||
| Future directions | 687 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 687 | ||
| References | 687.e1 | ||
| 31 Vascular anomalies of the upper extremity | 688 | ||
| Synopsis | 688 | ||
| Introduction | 688 | ||
| Classification and Overview | 688 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 690 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 691 | ||
| Vascular tumors | 693 | ||
| Infantile hemangioma (IH) | 693 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 693 | ||
| Diagnosis/patient presentation | 693 | ||
| Treatment/surgical technique | 693 | ||
| Congenital hemangioma | 695 | ||
| Basic science/disease process | 695 | ||
| V Paralytic Disorders | 714 | ||
| 32 Peripheral nerve injuries of the upper extremity | 714 | ||
| Synopsis | 714 | ||
| Introduction | 714 | ||
| Basic science and natural history | 715 | ||
| Anatomy | 715 | ||
| Gross anatomy: the upper extremity | 715 | ||
| The neuron and supporting cells | 715 | ||
| The nerve trunk | 715 | ||
| Blood supply | 716 | ||
| Physiology | 716 | ||
| Degeneration and regeneration | 717 | ||
| The distal nerve segment | 717 | ||
| Diagnosis and presentation | 718 | ||
| Formal classification of injury | 718 | ||
| Neuropraxia | 718 | ||
| First-degree injury | 718 | ||
| Axonotmesis | 718 | ||
| Second-degree injury | 718 | ||
| Third-degree injury | 719 | ||
| Neurotmesis | 720 | ||
| Fourth-degree injury | 720 | ||
| Fifth-degree injury | 720 | ||
| Sixth-degree injury | 720 | ||
| Clinical examination | 720 | ||
| Functional evaluation | 720 | ||
| Electromyography/neurography | 720 | ||
| Wound inspection | 720 | ||
| Patient selection | 722 | ||
| Type of nerve injury | 722 | ||
| Condition of the wound | 722 | ||
| Treatment and surgical techniques | 723 | ||
| Immediate compared with delayed nerve repair | 723 | ||
| VI Rehabilitation | 865 | ||
| 38 Upper extremity vascularized composite allotransplantation | 865 | ||
| Synopsis | 865 | ||
| Historical development and milestones | 865.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 865 | ||
| Evolution of upper extremity vascularized composite allotransplantation | 866 | ||
| Immunology of vascularized composite allotransplantation | 866 | ||
| Experimental background and scientific basis for upper extremity transplantation | 866 | ||
| Chronology of clinical upper extremity allotransplantation | 867 | ||
| Clinical experience with upper extremity allotransplantation | 867 | ||
| Program, patient, procedural and protocol-related considerations | 867 | ||
| Program establishment and implementation | 867 | ||
| Donor and recipient selection | 867 | ||
| Procedural aspects | 868 | ||
| Donor limb procurement | 868 | ||
| Recipient surgery | 868 | ||
| Protocol-related considerations | 871 | ||
| Maintenance immunosuppression | 871 | ||
| Rehabilitation and functional assessment after upper extremity allotransplantation | 872 | ||
| Assessment for rejection (host-versus-graft reaction) | 872 | ||
| Immunomonitoring | 873 | ||
| World experience and surgical outcomes | 873 | ||
| Unique aspects of vascularized composite allotransplantation | 875 | ||
| Emerging insights in vascularized composite allotransplantation | 875 | ||
| Cortical plasticity and neuro-integration | 875 | ||
| Chronic rejection | 875 | ||
| Tolerance approaches and immunomodulatory strategies | 876 | ||
| Future directions of upper extremity reconstructive transplantation | 877 | ||
| Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 877 | ||
| References | 877.e1 | ||
| 39 Hand therapy | 878 | ||
| Synopsis | 878 | ||
| Introduction | 878 | ||
| Tenets of hand therapy | 878 | ||
| Evaluative guidelines | 878 | ||
| Rehabilitation following nerve injury/surgery | 879 | ||
| Compression neuropathies | 879 | ||
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | 880 | ||
| Index | 905 | ||
| A | 905 | ||
| B | 906 | ||
| C | 907 | ||
| D | 909 | ||
| E | 910 | ||
| F | 911 | ||
| G | 913 | ||
| H | 913 | ||
| I | 919 | ||
| J | 919 | ||
| K | 919 | ||
| L | 919 | ||
| M | 920 | ||
| N | 921 | ||
| O | 922 | ||
| P | 923 | ||
| R | 926 | ||
| S | 927 | ||
| T | 928 | ||
| U | 932 | ||
| V | 935 | ||
| W | 936 | ||
| X | 937 | ||
| Z | 937 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |