Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Completely revised to meet the demands of today’s trainee and practicing plastic surgeon, Craniofacial, Head and Neck Surgery Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Volume 3 of Plastic Surgery, 4th Edition, features new full-color clinical photos, dynamic videos, and authoritative coverage of hot topics in the field. Editor-narrated PowerPoint presentations offer a step-by-step audio-visual walkthrough of techniques and procedures in plastic surgery.
- Offers evidence-based advice from a diverse collection of experts to help you apply the very latest advances in craniofacial, head and neck, and pediatric plastic surgery and ensure optimal outcomes.
- Provides updated coverage of: Aesthetic reconstruction of the nose; Orbito-maxillary reconstruction; Cheek and lip reconstruction; Facial paralysis; Facial transplant; and Surgical management of migraine headaches.
- Highlights the latest information on Computerised surgical planning in orthognathic surgery; Computerised surgical planning in craniofacial, head and neck surgery; and Rotation advancement.
- Includes brand-new color clinical photos, videos, and lectures.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | cover | ||
Plastic Surgery | i | ||
Copyright Page | iv | ||
Table Of Contents | v | ||
Video Contents | xii | ||
Lecture Video Contents | xvii | ||
Preface to the Fourth Edition | xxi | ||
List of Editors | xxii | ||
List of Contributors | xxiii | ||
Acknowledgments | xl | ||
Dedication | xli | ||
1 Head, neck, and craniofacial surgery | 1 | ||
1 Anatomy of the head and neck | 2 | ||
Synopsis | 2 | ||
The fascial planes of the head and neck and the facial nerve | 2 | ||
The fascia in the face | 4 | ||
The fascia in the temporal region | 5 | ||
The fascia in the neck | 6 | ||
Retaining ligaments and adhesions of the face | 7 | ||
The prezygomatic space | 9 | ||
The malar fat pad and the subcutaneous fat compartments of the face | 9 | ||
The buccal fat pad | 9 | ||
The facial nerve | 10 | ||
Frontal (temporal) branch | 11 | ||
Zygomatic and buccal branches | 12 | ||
Marginal mandibular | 12 | ||
Cervical branch | 13 | ||
Connection with sensory nerves | 13 | ||
The scalp | 13 | ||
The musculature | 13 | ||
Frontalis, galeal fat pad, and the glide plane | 13 | ||
Corrugators | 14 | ||
Procerus | 15 | ||
Depressor supercilii | 15 | ||
Midfacial muscles | 15 | ||
Muscles of mastication | 15 | ||
The temporalis muscle | 15 | ||
The masseter muscle | 15 | ||
The medial pterygoid muscle | 15 | ||
The lateral pterygoid muscle | 15 | ||
Actions of muscle of mastication | 15 | ||
The pterygomasseteric sling | 16 | ||
The aesthetic importance of the masseter and the temporalis muscle | 16 | ||
The sensory innervation | 16 | ||
Anatomy of the ear | 18 | ||
Anatomy of the eyelids | 18 | ||
Anatomy of the nose | 20 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 20 | ||
References | 21.e1 | ||
I Craniofacial Trauma | 22 | ||
2 Facial trauma | 22 | ||
Synopsis | 22 | ||
Introduction | 22 | ||
Historical perspective | 22.e1 | ||
Basic science | 22 | ||
Global considerations | 22 | ||
Diagnosis and patient presentation | 23 | ||
Evaluation for immediate life-threatening injuries | 23 | ||
Systematic evaluation of the head and neck | 23 | ||
Eye examination | 23 | ||
Ear examination | 24 | ||
Nose examination | 24 | ||
Cheek examination | 24 | ||
Oral cavity and mouth | 24 | ||
Neck examination | 24 | ||
Diagnostic studies | 24 | ||
Plain films | 24 | ||
CT | 25 | ||
Consultation with other providers | 25 | ||
Ophthalmology | 25 | ||
Dental/OMFS | 25 | ||
Treatment and surgical techniques | 25 | ||
Anesthesia for treatment | 25 | ||
Topical | 25 | ||
Local infiltration | 25 | ||
Facial field block | 25 | ||
Forehead, anterior scalp to vertex, upper eyelids, glabella (supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear nerves) | 25 | ||
Lateral nose, upper lip, upper teeth, lower eyelid, most of medial cheek (infraorbital nerve) | 25 | ||
Lower lip and chin (mental nerve) | 25 | ||
Posterior auricle, angle of the jaw, anterior neck (cervical plexus: great auricular, transverse cervical) | 26 | ||
Ear (auriculotemporal nerve, great auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve, and auditory branch of the vagus (Arnold’s) nerve) | 27 | ||
General treatment considerations | 27 | ||
Irrigation and debridement | 27 | ||
Abrasions | 28 | ||
Traumatic tattoo | 28 | ||
Simple lacerations | 29 | ||
Complex lacerations | 29 | ||
Avulsions | 29 | ||
Secondary intention healing | 31 | ||
Treatment of specific areas | 31 | ||
Scalp | 31 | ||
Eyebrows | 33 | ||
Local flap | 33 | ||
Local graft | 36 | ||
Eyelids | 36 | ||
Ears | 37 | ||
Anatomy | 37 | ||
Hematoma | 38 | ||
Lacerations | 39 | ||
Auditory canal stenosis | 40 | ||
Partial amputation with a wide pedicle | 40 | ||
Complete amputation of all or part of the ear with the amputated part available | 40 | ||
Nose | 41 | ||
Abrasions | 41 | ||
Lacerations | 41 | ||
Lining | 41 | ||
Framework | 41 | ||
Skin covering | 42 | ||
Avulsions | 42 | ||
Amputation | 42 | ||
Cheek | 43 | ||
Repair of parotid duct | 43 | ||
Facial nerve injury | 43 | ||
Mouth and oral cavity | 43 | ||
The oral cavity | 44 | ||
Oral mucosa repair | 44 | ||
The lips | 44 | ||
Neck | 44 | ||
Conclusion | 46 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 46 | ||
References | 46.e1 | ||
3 Facial injuries | 47 | ||
Synopsis | 47 | ||
Introduction | 47 | ||
Historical perspective | 47.e1 | ||
Initial assessment | 47 | ||
Clinical examination of the face | 47 | ||
Computerized tomographic scans | 49 | ||
Timing of treatment | 49 | ||
Upper facial fractures | 49 | ||
Frontal bone and sinus injury patterns | 49 | ||
Clinical examination | 49 | ||
Nasofrontal outflow tract | 49 | ||
Radiography | 50 | ||
Surgical treatment | 50 | ||
Complications | 50 | ||
Orbital fractures | 50 | ||
Surgical anatomy of the orbit | 50 | ||
Orbital physical examination | 51 | ||
Radiographic evidence of fracture | 51 | ||
Indications for surgical treatment | 51 | ||
Blow-out fractures of the floor of the orbit | 52 | ||
Medial orbital wall fractures | 52 | ||
Blow-out fractures in younger individuals | 52 | ||
Surgical treatment | 53 | ||
The timing of surgical intervention | 53 | ||
Operative technique for orbital fractures | 53 | ||
Endoscopic approaches for orbital floor fractures | 53 | ||
Cutaneous exposures | 53 | ||
Surgical technique | 53 | ||
The forced duction test | 53 | ||
Restoration of continuity of the orbital floor | 54 | ||
Bone grafts for orbital floor reconstruction | 54 | ||
Inorganic implants | 54 | ||
Postoperative care | 54 | ||
Complications of orbital fractures | 54 | ||
Diplopia | 54 | ||
Enophthalmos | 55 | ||
Retrobulbar hematoma | 55 | ||
Ocular (globe) injuries and blindness | 55 | ||
Implant migration, late hemorrhage around implants, and implant fixation | 55 | ||
Ptosis of the upper lid | 55 | ||
Scleral show, ectropion, and entropion – vertical shortening of the lower eyelid | 55 | ||
Infraorbital nerve anesthesia | 55 | ||
The “superior orbital fissure” syndrome and the “orbital apex” syndrome | 55 | ||
Midfacial fractures | 56 | ||
Nasal fractures | 56 | ||
Types and locations of nasal fractures | 56 | ||
Fractures and dislocations of the nasal septum | 56 | ||
The treatment of nasal fractures | 57 | ||
Open reduction and the use of supporting k wires | 57 | ||
Treatment of fractures and dislocations of the septum | 57 | ||
Complications of nasal fractures | 58 | ||
Nasoethmoidal orbital fractures | 59 | ||
Surgical pathology | 59 | ||
Interorbital space | 59 | ||
Traumatic telecanthus and hypertelorism | 59 | ||
Clinical examination | 59 | ||
Radiographs | 60 | ||
Classification of nasoethmoidal orbital fractures | 60 | ||
Treatment of nasoethmoidal orbital fractures | 60 | ||
The importance of the “central fragment” in nasoethmoidal orbital fractures | 61 | ||
Canthal reattachment | 62 | ||
Lacrimal system injury | 62 | ||
Complications of nasoethmoidal orbital fractures | 62 | ||
Fractures of the zygoma | 62 | ||
Physical diagnosis and surgical pathology of zygoma fractures | 62 | ||
Anterior approaches | 63 | ||
“Minimalist” approaches for fractures without zygomaticofrontal suture diastasis | 63 | ||
Fractures with zygomaticofrontal (Z-F) suture diastasis | 63 | ||
Coronal incisions (posterior approach) | 64 | ||
Treatment of fractures of the zygoma | 64 | ||
Closed reduction | 64 | ||
Buttress articulations and alignment for complete open reduction | 64 | ||
Methods of reduction | 64 | ||
Reduction through the maxillary sinus | 64 | ||
Temporal approach | 64 | ||
Fixation required to achieve stability | 65 | ||
Surgical techniques for fixation following reduction | 65 | ||
Delayed treatment of fractures of the zygoma | 65 | ||
Complications of zygomatic fractures | 65 | ||
Bleeding and maxillary sinusitis | 65 | ||
Late complications | 65 | ||
Orbital complications | 65 | ||
Numbness | 65 | ||
Oral–antral fistula | 66 | ||
Plate complications | 66 | ||
Midface buttresses | 66 | ||
Clinical examination | 66 | ||
Inspection | 66 | ||
Palpation | 66 | ||
Digital manipulation | 67 | ||
Malocclusion of the teeth | 67 | ||
Cerebral spinal rhinorrhea or otorrhea | 67 | ||
Radiological examination | 67 | ||
Treatment of maxillary fractures | 67 | ||
Alveolar fractures | 67 | ||
Le Fort classification of facial fractures | 67 | ||
Goals of Le Fort fracture treatment | 67 | ||
Transverse (Guerin) fractures or Le Fort I level fractures | 67 | ||
Pyramidal fractures or Le Fort II level fractures | 67 | ||
Craniofacial dysjunction or Le Fort III fractures | 68 | ||
Surgical technique | 68 | ||
Le Fort I level fractures | 68 | ||
Le Fort II level fractures | 69 | ||
Le Fort III fractures | 69 | ||
Postoperative care of maxillary fractures | 69 | ||
Complications of maxillary fractures | 69 | ||
Airway | 69 | ||
Bleeding | 69 | ||
Infection | 70 | ||
Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea | 70 | ||
Blindness | 70 | ||
Late complications | 70 | ||
Nonunion and bone grafting | 70 | ||
Malunion | 70 | ||
Malocclusion | 70 | ||
Nasolacrimal duct injury | 70 | ||
Lower facial fractures | 70 | ||
Mandible fractures | 70 | ||
Dental wiring and fixation techniques | 71 | ||
Arch bars | 71 | ||
IMF screws | 71 | ||
Classification | 71 | ||
Clinical examination and diagnosis | 71 | ||
Direction and angulation of the fracture line | 71 | ||
Indications for ORIF of mandibular fractures | 72 | ||
Treatment of class I fractures | 72 | ||
General principles of reduction and fixation | 72 | ||
Treatment of class II fractures | 72 | ||
Comminuted fractures | 73 | ||
Class III fractures | 73 | ||
Extraoral approach to open reduction | 73 | ||
Intraoral approach to open reduction | 74 | ||
Selection of internal fixation devices for mandibular fractures: how much fixation is enough | 74 | ||
Champy or miniplate system | 74 | ||
Lag screw technique | 75 | ||
Third molars in mandibular angle fractures | 75 | ||
Antibiotic use | 75 | ||
Treatment principles of mandibular fractures | 75 | ||
Complications after fracture treatment | 76 | ||
Malocclusion | 76 | ||
Hardware infection and screw migration | 76 | ||
Increased facial width and rotation of the mandible | 76 | ||
Non-union | 76 | ||
Osteomyelitis | 76 | ||
Condylar and subcondylar fractures | 76 | ||
Edentulous mandible fractures | 76 | ||
Panfacial injuries | 77 | ||
Treatment of panfacial fractures | 77 | ||
Order of the procedure | 78 | ||
Complications of panfacial fractures | 78 | ||
Postoperative care | 79 | ||
Gunshot wounds of the face | 79 | ||
Low velocity gunshot wounds | 79 | ||
Intermediate and high velocity ballistic injuries to the face | 79 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 80 | ||
References | 81.e1 | ||
II Head and Neck Reconstruction | 82 | ||
4 Surgical treatment of migraine headaches | 82 | ||
Synopsis | 82 | ||
Introduction | 82 | ||
Basic science/disease process | 82 | ||
Historical perspective | 84.e1 | ||
Diagnosis and patient presentation | 84 | ||
Preoperative history and examination | 84 | ||
Patient selection | 84 | ||
Trigger sites | 84 | ||
The role of botulinum toxin injection | 84 | ||
Surgical technique | 86 | ||
Deactivation of frontal trigger site | 86 | ||
Transpalpebral approach | 86 | ||
Complications | 86 | ||
Endoscopic approach | 86 | ||
Complications | 87 | ||
Deactivation of temporal triggers | 87 | ||
2 Pediatrics | 485 | ||
I Clefts | 486 | ||
20 Embryology of the craniofacial complex | 486 | ||
Synopsis | 486 | ||
Introduction | 486 | ||
The craniofacial complex | 486 | ||
Distinguishing head from tail | 487 | ||
Patterning the craniofacial complex | 487 | ||
Genesis of the cranial neural crest | 487 | ||
Exodus of the neural crest | 488 | ||
Differentiation of the cranial neural crest | 489 | ||
Organization of the pharyngeal arches | 490 | ||
Disorders of arch development | 491 | ||
Building the face | 492 | ||
Facial fusions and clefting defects | 493 | ||
Palatogenesis | 493 | ||
The neurocranial base | 494 | ||
Cranial vault and sutures | 494 | ||
Conclusions | 495 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 496 | ||
References | 496.e1 | ||
21.1 Overview of the unilateral cleft lip and nose deformity | 497 | ||
Synopsis | 497 | ||
Introduction | 497 | ||
Historical perspective | 497.e1 | ||
Embryology | 497 | ||
Epidemiology | 498 | ||
Anatomy | 499 | ||
Presurgical infant orthopedics | 499 | ||
Taping | 499 | ||
Lip–nose adhesion | 499 | ||
Latham device | 499 | ||
Naso-alveolar molding | 500 | ||
Surgical techniques | 500 | ||
The Randall–Tennison repair | 500 | ||
The rotation-advancement repair | 500 | ||
Extended Mohler repair | 500 | ||
Fisher anatomic subunit repair | 500 | ||
Postoperative considerations | 500 | ||
Complications | 501 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 501 | ||
References | 501.e1 | ||
21.2 Rotation advancement cheiloplasty | 502 | ||
Synopsis | 502 | ||
Introduction | 502 | ||
Preoperative plan | 502 | ||
Multidisciplinary care | 502 | ||
First visit | 502 | ||
Nasoalveolar molding/nasal molding | 502 | ||
Modified Grayson’s technique | 503 | ||
Liou’s technique (Modified Figueroa technique) | 503 | ||
Nasoalveolar molding with a spring device | 503 | ||
Nasal molding with silicone nasal conformer | 503 | ||
Operative techniques | 503 | ||
Treatment plan for lip repair in Chang Gung Craniofacial Center | 503 | ||
Rotation advancement cheiloplasty for complete clefts (Videos 21.2.1 and 21.2.2 ) | 503 | ||
Markings | 503 | ||
Cupid’s bow, vermilion, commissure, columellar base, and alar base | 503 | ||
Base of philtral column on the cleft side | 503 | ||
Proposed point of medial nasal sill | 504 | ||
Measurements | 504 | ||
Peaking of Cupid’s bow | 505 | ||
Lateral lip height and length | 505 | ||
White skin roll | 506 | ||
Vermilion width | 506 | ||
Incision lines | 507 | ||
Incisions on the non-cleft side | 507 | ||
Mohler incision | 507 | ||
Simple rotation incision | 507 | ||
Adequate rotation | 508 | ||
Muscle dissection on the rotation flap | 509 | ||
C-flap and footplate of medial crura | 509 | ||
Septal dissection | 509 | ||
Incisions on the cleft side lateral lip element | 509 | ||
White skin roll flap and L-flap | 509 | ||
Inferior turbinate (T) flap | 509 | ||
Incision and dissection | 509 | ||
Removal of fat pad under the vestibulum | 510 | ||
Creation of the orbicularis marginalis flap | 510 | ||
Nasal floor reconstruction and alar base repositioning | 510 | ||
Muscle reconstruction | 513 | ||
Philtral column reconstruction | 514 | ||
Insertion of the WSR flap | 514 | ||
Incisions for the triangular vermilion flap | 514 | ||
Closure of the free border of the lip | 514 | ||
Incisions on nasal floor | 514 | ||
Final skin closure on lip | 515 | ||
Adjustments during the final stage | 515 | ||
Long vertical length of cleft side lip | 515 | ||
Short vertical length of cleft side lip | 515 | ||
Long horizontal length of cleft side lip | 516 | ||
Short horizontal length of cleft side lip | 516 | ||
Long vertical height of non-cleft side lip | 516 | ||
Free border of the lateral lip | 517 | ||
Semi-open rhinoplasty | 518 | ||
Incision | 518 | ||
Release of fibrofatty tissue from LLCs | 518 | ||
Repositioning of LLCs | 518 | ||
Trimming the excessive skin | 518 | ||
Alar base position | 518 | ||
Creation of the alar–facial groove | 518 | ||
Rotation advancement cheiloplasty for incomplete clefts | 518 | ||
Markings and incisions | 519 | ||
Nasal floor incision | 519 | ||
Dissection of muscle and elevation of OM flap | 520 | ||
Nasal floor reconstruction | 520 | ||
Muscle reconstruction | 520 | ||
Nasal correction | 520 | ||
Excessive free border | 520 | ||
Complete cleft of primary palate | 521 | ||
Microform cleft lip | 523 | ||
Postoperative care | 524 | ||
Postoperative maintenance of nasal shape | 526 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 526 | ||
Long-term results of lip morphology | 526 | ||
Long-term result of nasal morphology | 526 | ||
Satisfaction of patients | 526 | ||
Complications | 527 | ||
Summary | 527 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 527 | ||
References | 527.e1 | ||
21.3 Extended Mohler repair | 528 | ||
Synopsis | 528 | ||
Introduction | 528 | ||
Treatment philosophy | 529 | ||
Nasoalveolar molding | 529 | ||
Gingivoperiosteoplasty | 529 | ||
Tension-free reconstruction | 529 | ||
No lip adhesion | 529 | ||
Primary nasal repair | 530 | ||
Nasal floor closure | 530 | ||
Evolution of technique | 530 | ||
Markings | 531 | ||
Technical aspects of surgery | 533 | ||
Downward rotation of Cupid’s bow | 533 | ||
Preparation of the medial lip element | 533 | ||
L-flap dissection | 534 | ||
Lateral lip element dissection | 534 | ||
Intranasal mucosa reconstruction | 534 | ||
Oral mucosa reconstruction | 535 | ||
Primary rhinoplasty Part I | 535 | ||
Alar base repositioning | 536 | ||
Orbicularis oris repair | 536 | ||
Upper lip skin and vermillion repair | 536 | ||
Primary rhinoplasty Part II | 537 | ||
Postoperative care | 537 | ||
Results | 538 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 539 | ||
References | 539.e1 | ||
21.4 Unilateral cleft lip repair, anatomic subunit approximation technique | 540 | ||
Synopsis | 540 | ||
Preoperative assessment | 540 | ||
Pre-surgical orthopedics | 540 | ||
Surgical plan: anatomical subunit approximation technique | 540 | ||
Primary nasal correction | 544 | ||
Operative technique | 544 | ||
Postoperative care | 545 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 545 | ||
References | 545.e1 | ||
22 Repair of bilateral cleft lip | 546 | ||
Synopsis | 546 | ||
Introduction | 546 | ||
Principles | 546 | ||
Third and fourth dimensions | 547 | ||
Historical perspective | 547.e1 | ||
The premaxilla | 547.e1 | ||
Labial closure | 547.e1 | ||
Muscular closure | 547.e1 | ||
Nasal inattention | 547.e1 | ||
Secondary nasal correction | 547.e1 | ||
Primary repair of the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity | 547.e2 | ||
Presentation | 547 | ||
Preoperative dentofacial orthopedics | 548 | ||
Operative techniques | 549 | ||
Bilateral cleft, complete cleft lip, and palate | 549 | ||
Markings | 549 | ||
Labial dissection | 550 | ||
Alveolar closure | 550 | ||
Labial closure | 551 | ||
Nasal dissection and positioning the lower lateral cartilages | 551 | ||
Final touches | 552 | ||
Postoperative care | 553 | ||
Technical modifications for bilateral variations | 554 | ||
Late presentation of bilateral complete cleft lip/palate | 554 | ||
Binderoid bilateral complete cleft lip/palate | 554 | ||
Bilateral complete cleft lip and intact secondary palate | 554 | ||
Bilateral incomplete cleft lip | 555 | ||
Asymmetrical bilateral (complete/incomplete) cleft lip | 555 | ||
Outcomes | 558 | ||
Photography | 559 | ||
Revision rate | 559 | ||
Direct anthropometry | 561 | ||
Indirect anthropometry | 561 | ||
Photogrammetry | 561 | ||
Stereophotogrammetry | 563 | ||
Conclusion | 564 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 564 | ||
References | 564.e1 | ||
23 Cleft palate | 565 | ||
Synopsis | 565 | ||
Historical perspective | 565.e1 | ||
Basic science | 565 | ||
Embryology | 565 | ||
Anatomy of the velar muscles | 565 | ||
Ear pathology | 565 | ||
Patient presentation | 566 | ||
Cleft palate with cleft lip and alveolus | 566 | ||
Clefts of the secondary palate | 567 | ||
Submucous cleft palate | 567 | ||
Pierre Robin sequence | 567 | ||
Syndromes | 570 | ||
22q chromosomal deletion | 570 | ||
Growth | 570 | ||
Feeding and swallowing | 570 | ||
Speech | 571 | ||
Timing of palate repair | 572 | ||
Speech | 572 | ||
Maxillary growth | 573 | ||
Treatment/surgical technique | 573 | ||
Technical considerations | 573 | ||
Hard versus soft palate closure | 573 | ||
von Langenbeck | 573 | ||
V-Y pushback (Veau–Wardill–Kilner) | 573 | ||
Two-flap palatoplasty | 575 | ||
Vomer flaps | 575 | ||
Intravelar veloplasty | 575 | ||
Double opposing Z-plasty (Furlow) | 577 | ||
Two-stage palate repair | 578 | ||
Postoperative care | 579 | ||
Outcomes of cleft palate repair | 579 | ||
Fistula | 579 | ||
Speech outcomes/velopharyngeal insufficiency | 579 | ||
Maxillary growth | 579 | ||
Conclusion | 580 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 580 | ||
References | 580.e1 | ||
24 Alveolar clefts | 581 | ||
Synopsis | 581 | ||
Introduction | 581 | ||
Historical perspective | 581.e1 | ||
Basic science/disease process | 581 | ||
Anatomy of the alveolar cleft | 581 | ||
Dental development | 581 | ||
Diagnosis/patient presentation | 582 | ||
Gingivoperiosteoplasty | 582 | ||
Primary bone grafting | 582 | ||
Secondary bone grafting | 582 | ||
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 | 584 | ||
Late bone grafting | 584 | ||
Alveolar distraction | 584 | ||
Treatment/surgical technique | 585 | ||
Gingivoperiosteoplasty | 585 | ||
Primary bone grafting | 586 | ||
Secondary bone grafting | 586 | ||
Horizontal TDO of a tooth-bearing alveolar segment | 588 | ||
Vertical alveolar TDO | 588 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 588 | ||
Gingivoperiosteoplasty | 588 | ||
Primary bone grafting | 590 | ||
Secondary bone grafting | 590 | ||
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 | 591 | ||
Late bone grafting | 591 | ||
Graft site augmentation | 591 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 591 | ||
References | 592.e1 | ||
25 Orthodontics in cleft lip and palate management | 593 | ||
Synopsis | 593 | ||
Introduction | 593 | ||
Infancy | 594 | ||
Unilateral cleft lip | 594 | ||
Bilateral cleft lip | 594 | ||
Primary dentition | 595 | ||
Posterior crossbite | 595 | ||
Anterior crossbite | 595 | ||
Transitional dentition | 595 | ||
Orthodontic tooth movement to regenerate a homologous lyophilized bone graft combined with platelet rich plasma to reconstruct the alveolar cleft: “Chinchilla–Asensio Approach” | 597 | ||
Orthodontic protocol – pre-graft | 598 | ||
Pre-graft orthopedics and orthodontics | 598 | ||
Surgical protocol | 598 | ||
Orthodontic protocol – post-graft | 599 | ||
Outcomes and benefits | 599 | ||
Other considerations | 600 | ||
Permanent dentition | 602 | ||
Orthognathic surgery and distraction procedures for the cleft patient | 606 | ||
Growth and orthodontic treatment | 614 | ||
Conclusion | 615 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 618 | ||
References | 618.e1 | ||
26 Velopharyngeal dysfunction | 619 | ||
Synopsis | 619 | ||
Introduction | 619 | ||
Anatomy and physiology of the velopharynx | 619 | ||
Anatomy | 619 | ||
Physiology | 621 | ||
Basic science/disease process of velopharyngeal dysfunction | 621 | ||
Velopharyngeal insufficiency | 621 | ||
Velopharyngeal incompetence | 623 | ||
Velopharyngeal mislearning | 624 | ||
Combined types | 624 | ||
Diagnosis/patient presentation | 624 | ||
Patient history and physical exam | 624 | ||
Perceptual speech evaluation | 624 | ||
Indirect measures of velopharyngeal closure for speech | 626 | ||
Imaging | 627 | ||
Static radiographs | 627 | ||
Multiview videofluoroscopy (Videos 26.1 and 26.2 ) | 627 | ||
Nasopharyngoscopy | 627 | ||
Treatment/surgical techniques | 628 | ||
Preoperative evaluation | 628 | ||
Furlow double-opposing Z-palatoplasty (Fig. 26.10) | 629 | ||
Posterior pharyngeal flap (Fig. 26.11) | 630 | ||
Sphincter pharyngoplasty (Fig. 26.12) | 632 | ||
Posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation | 633 | ||
Surgical management in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome | 634 | ||
Non-surgical treatment options | 634 | ||
Prosthetic treatment | 634 | ||
Behavioral speech therapy approaches | 635 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 635 | ||
References | 636.e1 | ||
27 Secondary deformities of the cleft lip, palate, and nose | 637 | ||
Synopsis | 637 | ||
Introduction | 637 | ||
Examination and evaluation | 637 | ||
Unilateral cleft lip | 637 | ||
Vermilion/Mucosa | 638 | ||
Vermilion notching | 638 | ||
Mucosal excess | 638 | ||
Skin | 639 | ||
Short lip | 639 | ||
Long lip | 639 | ||
White roll discontinuity | 640 | ||
Poor scarring | 640 | ||
Muscle | 642 | ||
Dehiscence | 642 | ||
Bilateral cleft lip | 642 | ||
Vermilion/Mucosa | 642 | ||
Vermilion deficiency – whistle deformity | 642 | ||
Vermilion excess | 642 | ||
Mucosal excess | 643 | ||
Skin | 644 | ||
Poor scarring | 644 | ||
Skin deficiency | 645 | ||
Skin excess | 645 | ||
Muscle | 645 | ||
Dehiscence | 645 | ||
Cleft palate | 645 | ||
Velopharyngeal insufficiency | 645 | ||
Workup and algorithm | 646 | ||
Fistula closure | 646 | ||
Furlow palatoplasty | 648 | ||
Posterior pharyngeal flap | 650 | ||
Sphincter pharyngoplasty | 651 | ||
Posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation | 651 | ||
Cleft nasal deformity | 652 | ||
Intermediate rhinoplasty | 653 | ||
Secondary cleft rhinoplasty – unilateral | 653 | ||
Incision | 654 | ||
The septum | 654 | ||
The nasal tip | 654 | ||
Nasal vestibule | 654 | ||
Nasal dorsum | 654 | ||
Nasal alae | 655 | ||
Bilateral cleft nasal deformity | 655 | ||
Conclusion | 657 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 658 | ||
References | 659.e1 | ||
28 Cleft and craniofacial orthognathic surgery | 660 | ||
Synopsis | 660 | ||
Introduction | 660 | ||
Historical perspective | 660.e1 | ||
Basic science | 660 | ||
Growth and development | 660 | ||
Diagnosis/patient preparation | 661 | ||
Preoperative evaluation | 661 | ||
The cleft and craniofacial team | 661 | ||
The history and physical examination | 661 | ||
Patient selection | 662 | ||
Cephalometric and dental evaluation | 662 | ||
Model surgery | 663 | ||
Isolated mandibular surgery | 663 | ||
Isolated maxillary and two-jaw surgery | 663 | ||
3D CT modeling | 663 | ||
Developing a treatment plan | 663 | ||
Treatment/surgical technique | 664 | ||
General principles and pertinent anatomy | 664 | ||
Le Fort I osteotomy | 665 | ||
Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion | 666 | ||
Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) | 666 | ||
Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy | 667 | ||
Two-jaw surgery | 667 | ||
Genioplasty | 667 | ||
Cleft surgery | 667 | ||
Distraction osteogenesis | 670 | ||
Basic approaches to commonly encountered problems | 670 | ||
Skeletal class II malocclusion | 670 | ||
Skeletal class III malocclusion | 671 | ||
Maxillary constriction | 671 | ||
Apertognathia | 671 | ||
Vertical maxillary excess | 671 | ||
Short lower face | 671 | ||
Postoperative care | 671 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 671 | ||
Secondary procedures | 677 | ||
References | 677 | ||
II Craniofacial | 678 | ||
29 Pediatric facial fractures | 678 | ||
Synopsis | 678 | ||
Introduction | 678 | ||
Historical perspective | 678.e1 | ||
General principles | 678 | ||
Epidemiology | 678 | ||
Associated injuries | 679 | ||
Growth, development, and fracture patterns | 679 | ||
Diagnosis and presentation | 681 | ||
Treatment | 682 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 682 | ||
Growth outcomes | 683 | ||
Secondary procedures | 684 | ||
Cranial base and skull fractures | 685 | ||
Diagnosis and presentation | 685 | ||
Treatment | 686 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 688 | ||
Orbital fractures | 688 | ||
Diagnosis and presentation | 688 | ||
Treatment | 689 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 690 | ||
Nasal and naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures | 690 | ||
Diagnosis and presentation | 690 | ||
Treatment | 691 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 691 | ||
Maxillary, zygomaticomaxillary complex and midface fractures | 692 | ||
Diagnosis and presentation | 692 | ||
Treatment | 692 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 693 | ||
Mandible fractures | 693 | ||
Diagnosis and presentation | 693 | ||
Treatment | 693 | ||
Nondisplaced fractures | 693 | ||
Condylar fractures | 693 | ||
Displaced fractures | 694 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 695 | ||
Conclusions | 695 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 695 | ||
References | 695.e1 | ||
30 Orbital hypertelorism | 696 | ||
Synopsis | 696 | ||
Introduction | 696 | ||
Historical perspective | 696.e1 | ||
Basic science and disease process | 696 | ||
Diagnosis of hypertelorism and patient presentation in facial clefts | 697 | ||
Median facial clefts | 697 | ||
Tessier classification of facial clefts | 697 | ||
Diagnosis of hypertelorism and patient presentation in faciocraniosynostosis | 698 | ||
Crouzon’s syndrome | 698 | ||
Pfeiffer’s syndrome | 698 | ||
Apert’s syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly) | 699 | ||
Craniofrontonasal dysplasia | 699 | ||
Patient selection | 699 | ||
Orbital shift or bipartition? | 699 | ||
Treatment/surgical technique | 699 | ||
Surgical principles in facial clefts | 699 | ||
Surgical techniques in facial clefts | 700 | ||
Principles | 700 | ||
Infrafrontal correction of hypertelorism | 700 | ||
Box-shift osteotomies (symmetrical orbital hypertelorism) | 702 | ||
Frontal craniectomy | 702 | ||
Osteotomies of the orbit | 703 | ||
Bipartition with intracranial approach (large symmetrical hypertelorism with arched palate) | 703 | ||
Asymmetrical cases | 703 | ||
Timing and indications for surgery in faciocraniosynostosis | 704 | ||
Orbits | 704 | ||
Face | 704 | ||
Surgical technique of hypertelorism correction in faciocraniosynostosis | 705 | ||
Hypertelorism correction by bipartition in combination with Le Fort III osteotomy (Figs. 30.9 and 30.10) | 705 | ||
Coronal approach | 705 | ||
Subcranial osteotomies | 705 | ||
Osteosynthesis and grafts | 705 | ||
Postoperative care | 705 | ||
Outcomes, prognosis, and complications | 706 | ||
Secondary procedures | 708 | ||
Refinements in hypertelorism correction (in clefts or craniosynostotic patients) | 709 | ||
Canthus correction | 709 | ||
Scalp and eyebrows | 709 | ||
Nose | 709 | ||
Eyelids and orbits | 709 | ||
Oculomotor disorders | 709 | ||
Recurrences of hypertelorism | 709 | ||
Craniofacial surgery is teamwork | 710 | ||
Access the complete reference list online at http://www.expertconsult.com | 710 | ||
References | 710.e1 | ||
31 Craniofacial clefts | 711 | ||
Synopsis | 711 | ||
Introduction | 711 | ||
Classifications of craniofacial clefts | 711 | ||
I: Median craniofacial hypoplasia (tissue deficiency and/or agenesis) | 712 | ||
A. Holoprosencephalic spectrum (alobar brain) | 712 | ||
B. Median cerebrofacial hypoplasia (lobar brain) | 712 | ||
C. Median facial hypoplasia | 712 | ||
D. Microforms of median facial hypoplasia | 712 | ||
II: Median craniofacial dysraphia | 713 | ||
A. True median cleft | 713 | ||
B. Anterior encephaloceles | 713 | ||
III: Median craniofacial hyperplasia (tissue excess or duplication) | 713 | ||
Epidemiology and etiologic factors | 714 | ||
Embryologic craniofacial development | 714 | ||
Failure of fusion | 715 | ||
Neuromeric theory | 716 | ||
Patient selection | 716 | ||
Distinctive features of Tessier craniofacial clefts | 716 | ||
Number 0 cleft | 716 | ||
Median craniofacial hypoplasia (deficiency of midline structures) | 717 | ||
Soft-tissue deficiencies | 718 | ||
Skeletal deficiencies | 718 | ||
Median craniofacial dysraphia (normal tissue volume but clefted) | 718 | ||
Index | 961 | ||
A | 961 | ||
B | 963 | ||
C | 964 | ||
D | 970 | ||
E | 971 | ||
F | 972 | ||
G | 976 | ||
H | 976 | ||
I | 978 | ||
J | 978 | ||
K | 978 | ||
L | 978 | ||
M | 979 | ||
N | 981 | ||
O | 983 | ||
P | 984 | ||
R | 987 | ||
S | 988 | ||
T | 990 | ||
U | 992 | ||
V | 993 | ||
W | 994 | ||
Z | 994 | ||
Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |