BOOK
Obstetric Imaging: Fetal Diagnosis and Care E-Book
Joshua Copel | Mary E. D'Alton | Helen Feltovich | Eduard Gratacos | Anthony O. Odibo | Lawrence Platt | Boris Tutschek
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Richly illustrated and comprehensive in scope, Obstetric Imaging, 2nd Edition, provides up-to-date, authoritative guidelines for more than 200 obstetric conditions and procedures, keeping you at the forefront of this fast-changing field. This highly regarded reference covers the extensive and ongoing advances in maternal and fetal imaging in a concise, newly streamlined format for quicker access to common and uncommon findings. Detailed, expert guidance, accompanied by superb, high-quality images, helps you make the most of new technologies and advances in obstetric imaging.
- Features more than 1,350 high-quality images, including 400 in color.
- Helps you select the best imaging approaches and effectively interpret your findings with a highly templated, bulleted, at-a-glance organization.
- Reflects all the latest developments in the field, including genetics, open fetal surgery, fetal echocardiography, Zika virus, and 3D imaging, so you can provide the safest and most responsive care to both mother and fetus.
- Includes new chapters on Limbs and Bones Overview; Open Fetal Surgery; Biophysical Profile; Ultrasound Physics; Elastography; Doppler; MRI; Echogenic Bowel; Pregnancy of Unknown Location (PUL), Failed Pregnancy and Ectopic Pregnancy, Cesarean Scar Pregnancy; Cytomegalovirus (CMG), Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, Herpes, Varicella; and Congenital Syphilis; plus a new chapter on Zika Virus written by imaging experts from the "hot zone."
- Keeps you up to date with the latest developments in multimodality imaging and optimizing diagnostic accuracy from ultrasound, 3D ultrasound, Doppler, MRI, elastography, image-guided interventions, and much more.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Expert Consult page | ifc1 | ||
| Obstetric Imaging: Fetal Diagnosis and Care | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | xvii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xviii | ||
| Video Contents | xxiv | ||
| 2 Thorax | 13 | ||
| 2 Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of the Lung | 13 | ||
| Introduction | 13 | ||
| Disorder | 13 | ||
| Definition | 13 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 13 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 13 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 14 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 14 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 14 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 14 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 15 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 15 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 16 | ||
| Prenatal | 16 | ||
| Invasive Fetal Therapy | 16 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 16 | ||
| Postnatal | 16 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 16 | ||
| References | 16.e1 | ||
| 3 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration | 16 | ||
| Introduction | 16 | ||
| Disorder | 17 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 17 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 17 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 17 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 17 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 17 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 17 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). | 17 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 18 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 18 | ||
| Prenatal | 18 | ||
| Postnatal | 19 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 19 | ||
| References | 19.e1 | ||
| 4 Hydrothorax | 20 | ||
| Introduction | 20 | ||
| Disease | 20 | ||
| Definition | 20 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 20 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 20 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 20 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 20 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 20 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 20 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 21 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 21 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 21 | ||
| Prenatal | 21 | ||
| Postnatal | 22 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 22 | ||
| References | 22.e1 | ||
| 5 Scimitar Syndrome | 22 | ||
| Introduction | 22 | ||
| Disorder | 22 | ||
| Definition | 22 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 23 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 23 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 23 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 23 | ||
| Diagnosis | 23 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 23 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 23 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 24 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 24 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 24 | ||
| Prenatal | 24 | ||
| Postnatal | 24 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 25 | ||
| References | 25.e1 | ||
| 6 Thymus | 25 | ||
| Introduction | 25 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 25 | ||
| General Anatomic Descriptions | 25 | ||
| Ultrasound | 25 | ||
| Detailed Description of Specific Areas | 27 | ||
| Normal Variants | 27 | ||
| Differential Considerations | 27 | ||
| Pertinent Imaging Considerations | 28 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 28 | ||
| References | 28.e1 | ||
| 7 Other Thoracic Tumors and Masses | 29 | ||
| Introduction | 29 | ||
| Bronchogenic Cyst | 29 | ||
| Definition | 29 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 29 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 29 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 29 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 29 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 29 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 29 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 29 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 30 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 30 | ||
| Prenatal | 30 | ||
| Postnatal | 30 | ||
| Lymphangioma | 30 | ||
| Definition | 30 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 30 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 30 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 30 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 30 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 30 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 31 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 31 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 31 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 31 | ||
| Prenatal | 31 | ||
| Postnatal | 31 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 32 | ||
| References | 32.e1 | ||
| 3 Retroperitoneum | 33 | ||
| One Kidney | 33 | ||
| 8 Abnormal Kidney Location | 33 | ||
| Introduction | 33 | ||
| Disorder | 33 | ||
| Definition | 33 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 33 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 33 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 34 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 34 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 34 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 34 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 36 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 36 | ||
| Postnatal | 36 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 36 | ||
| References | 36.e1 | ||
| 9 Abnormal Kidney Size | 37 | ||
| Introduction | 37 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 37 | ||
| General Anatomic Descriptions | 37 | ||
| Detailed Description of Specific Areas | 38 | ||
| Normal Variants | 38 | ||
| Pertinent Imaging Considerations | 39 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 40 | ||
| References | 40.e1 | ||
| 10 Bilateral Renal Agenesis | 40 | ||
| Introduction | 40 | ||
| Disorder | 40 | ||
| Definition | 40 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 40 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 41 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 41 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 41 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 41 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 41 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 41 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 42 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 43 | ||
| Prenatal | 43 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 43 | ||
| References | 43.e1 | ||
| 11 Unilateral Renal Agenesis | 43 | ||
| Introduction | 43 | ||
| Disorder | 43 | ||
| Definition | 43 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 43 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 44 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 44 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 44 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 44 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 44 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 45 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 45 | ||
| Postnatal | 45 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 45 | ||
| References | 45.e1 | ||
| 12 Renal Pelvis Dilatation | 46 | ||
| Introduction | 46 | ||
| Disorder | 46 | ||
| Definition | 46 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 46 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 46 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 47 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 47 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 47 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 48 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 48 | ||
| Postnatal | 48 | ||
| What the Referring Physician Needs to Know | 49 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 49 | ||
| References | 49.e1 | ||
| 13 Duplicated Collecting System | 50 | ||
| Introduction | 50 | ||
| Disorder | 50 | ||
| Definition | 50 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 50 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 50 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 50 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 50 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 50 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 50 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 51 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 52 | ||
| Postnatal | 52 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 53 | ||
| References | 53.e1 | ||
| 14 Posterior Urethral Valves | 53 | ||
| Introduction | 53 | ||
| Disorder | 53 | ||
| Definition | 53 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 54 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 54 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 54 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 54 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 54 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 54 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 55 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 55 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 55 | ||
| Prenatal | 55 | ||
| Vesicoamniotic Shunt Placement | 57 | ||
| Fetal Cystoscopy | 57 | ||
| Postnatal | 57 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 58 | ||
| References | 58.e1 | ||
| 15 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney | 58 | ||
| Introduction | 58 | ||
| Disorder | 59 | ||
| Definition | 59 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 59 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 59 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 59 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 59 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 59 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 59 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 59 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 60 | ||
| Postnatal | 60 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 62 | ||
| References | 62.e1 | ||
| 16 Autosomal Recessive (Infantile) Polycystic Kidney Disease | 62 | ||
| Introduction | 62 | ||
| Disorder | 63 | ||
| Definition | 63 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 63 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 63 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 63 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 63 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 63 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 63 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 64 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 66 | ||
| Postnatal | 66 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 66 | ||
| References | 66.e1 | ||
| Two Other | 66 | ||
| 17 Fetal Adrenal Abnormalities | 66 | ||
| Introduction | 66 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 66 | ||
| Definition | 66 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 67 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 67 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 67 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 67 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 67 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 67 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 67 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 68 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 68 | ||
| Prenatal | 68 | ||
| Postnatal | 68 | ||
| Adrenal Hemorrhage | 68 | ||
| Definition | 68 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 68 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 68 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 68 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 68 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 68 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 68 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 69 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 69 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 69 | ||
| Prenatal | 69 | ||
| Postnatal | 70 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 70 | ||
| Definition | 70 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 70 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 70 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 70 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 70 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 70 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 70 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 71 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 71 | ||
| Prenatal | 71 | ||
| Postnatal | 71 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 71 | ||
| References | 71.e1 | ||
| 4 Abdomen | 72 | ||
| 18 Ambiguous Genitalia | 72 | ||
| Introduction | 72 | ||
| Disease | 72 | ||
| Definition | 72 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 72 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 72 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 72 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 72 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 73 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 73 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 73 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 74 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 74 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 74 | ||
| Prenatal | 74 | ||
| Postnatal | 74 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 74 | ||
| References | 74.e1 | ||
| 19 Cloacal Abnormalities | 75 | ||
| Introduction | 75 | ||
| Disease | 75 | ||
| Definition | 75 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 75 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 75 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 75 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 75 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 76 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 76 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 76 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 77 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 77 | ||
| Prenatal | 77 | ||
| Postnatal | 77 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 78 | ||
| References | 78.e1 | ||
| 20 Gastroschisis | 78 | ||
| Introduction | 78 | ||
| Disease | 78 | ||
| Definition | 78 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 78 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 80 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 80 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 80 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 80 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 80 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 82 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 82 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 83 | ||
| Prenatal | 83 | ||
| Postnatal | 83 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 84 | ||
| References | 84.e1 | ||
| 21 Omphalocele | 84 | ||
| Introduction | 84 | ||
| Disease | 85 | ||
| Definition | 85 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 85 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 86 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 87 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 87 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 88 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 88 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 89 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 89 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 90 | ||
| Prenatal | 90 | ||
| Postnatal | 90 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 91 | ||
| References | 91.e1 | ||
| 22 Echogenic Bowel | 91 | ||
| Introduction | 91 | ||
| Disorder | 91 | ||
| Definition | 91 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 91 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 91 | ||
| Bleeding | 92 | ||
| Aneuploidy | 92 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 92 | ||
| Growth Restriction | 92 | ||
| Digestive Tract Malformations | 92 | ||
| Infection | 92 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 92 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 92 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 92 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 92 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 93 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 93 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 93 | ||
| Prenatal | 93 | ||
| Postnatal | 93 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 93 | ||
| References | 93.e1 | ||
| 23 Fetal Hepatic Calcification | 94 | ||
| Introduction | 94 | ||
| Disorder | 94 | ||
| Definition | 94 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 94 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 94 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 95 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 95 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 95 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 95 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 95 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 96 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 97 | ||
| Prenatal | 97 | ||
| Postnatal | 97 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 97 | ||
| References | 97.e1 | ||
| 24 Abdominal Cysts | 97 | ||
| Introduction | 97 | ||
| First Trimester | 98 | ||
| Ovarian Cysts | 98 | ||
| Definition | 98 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 98 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 98 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 98 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 98 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 98 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 98 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 98 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 99 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 99 | ||
| Prenatal | 99 | ||
| Postnatal | 99 | ||
| Enteric Duplication Cysts | 99 | ||
| Definition | 99 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 100 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 100 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 100 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 100 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 100 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 100 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 100 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 100 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 100 | ||
| Prenatal | 100 | ||
| Postnatal | 101 | ||
| Mesenteric Cysts and Cystic Lymphangioma | 101 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 101 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 101 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 101 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 101 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 101 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 101 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 101 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 101 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 101 | ||
| Prenatal | 101 | ||
| Postnatal | 102 | ||
| Urachal Cysts | 102 | ||
| Definition | 102 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 102 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 102 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 102 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 102 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 102 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 102 | ||
| 5 Central Nervous System | 157 | ||
| 33 Choroid Plexus Anomalies | 157 | ||
| Introduction | 157 | ||
| Disease | 157 | ||
| Definition | 157 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 157 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 157 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 158 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 158 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 158 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 158 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 159 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 160 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 161 | ||
| Prenatal | 161 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Cysts | 161 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Papilloma | 161 | ||
| Postnatal | 161 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 162 | ||
| References | 162.e1 | ||
| 34 Corpus Callosum and Septum Pellucidum Anomalies | 162 | ||
| Introduction | 162 | ||
| Corpus Callosum Anomalies | 162 | ||
| Definition | 162 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 162 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 162 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 163 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 163 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 163 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 163 | ||
| Complete Corpus Callosum Agenesis. | 163 | ||
| Partial Corpus Callosum Agenesis. | 164 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 165 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 166 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 166 | ||
| Prenatal | 166 | ||
| Postnatal | 166 | ||
| Absent Septum Pellucidum and Septooptic Dysplasia | 167 | ||
| Definition | 167 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 168 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 168 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 168 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 168 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 170 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 170 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 170 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 170 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 171 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 171 | ||
| Prenatal | 171 | ||
| Postnatal | 171 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 172 | ||
| References | 172.e1 | ||
| 35 Septooptic Dysplasia | 172 | ||
| Introduction | 172 | ||
| Disease | 172 | ||
| Definition | 172 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 172 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 173 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 173 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 173 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 173 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 173 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 173 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 173 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 173 | ||
| Prenatal | 173 | ||
| Postnatal | 173 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 174 | ||
| References | 174.e1 | ||
| 36 Cortical Development and Disorders | 174 | ||
| Introduction | 174 | ||
| Disease | 174 | ||
| Definition | 174 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 174 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 174 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 175 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 175 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 175 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 175 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 175 | ||
| Specific Malformations of Cortical Development | 176 | ||
| Microcephaly | 176 | ||
| Definition | 176 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 176 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 176 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 176 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 176 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 177 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 177 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 178 | ||
| Macrocephaly and Hemimegalencephaly | 178 | ||
| Definition | 178 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 178 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 179 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 179 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 179 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 179 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 179 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 180 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 180 | ||
| Migration Abnormalities (Lissencephaly, Agyria, Heterotopia, and Pachygyria) | 180 | ||
| Definition | 180 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 180 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 180 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 180 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 180 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 181 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 181 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 181 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 181 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 181 | ||
| Disorders of Cortical Organization: Polymicrogyria and Schizencephaly | 181 | ||
| Definition | 181 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 182 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 182 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 182 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 182 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 183 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 183 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 183 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 184 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options for Abnormalities of Cortical Development | 184 | ||
| Prenatal | 184 | ||
| Postnatal | 184 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 184 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 184 | ||
| References | 184.e1 | ||
| 37 Cerebellar Anomalies | 184 | ||
| Introduction | 184 | ||
| Disease | 185 | ||
| Definition | 185 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 187 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 187 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 187 | ||
| Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 187 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 188 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 188 | ||
| Prenatal | 188 | ||
| Postnatal | 188 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 188 | ||
| References | 188.e1 | ||
| 38 Walker-Warburg Syndrome | 189 | ||
| Introduction | 189 | ||
| Disease | 189 | ||
| Definition | 189 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 189 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 189 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 189 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 189 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 189 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 189 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 190 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 190 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 190 | ||
| Prenatal | 190 | ||
| Postnatal | 190 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 190 | ||
| References | 190.e1 | ||
| 39 Holoprosencephaly | 190 | ||
| Introduction | 190 | ||
| Disease | 191 | ||
| Definition | 191 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 191 | ||
| Embryo | 191 | ||
| Fetus | 191 | ||
| International Studies | 191 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 191 | ||
| Embryology | 192 | ||
| Environmental Influences | 192 | ||
| Abnormal Karyotype | 192 | ||
| Syndromes and Associations | 192 | ||
| Associated Anomalies | 192 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 192 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 192 | ||
| Brain. | 192 | ||
| Face. | 192 | ||
| Other Possible Associated Cerebral and Facial Anomalies. | 195 | ||
| Agnathia. | 195 | ||
| Detection and Outcome. | 196 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 196 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 196 | ||
| First-Trimester | 196 | ||
| Approach. | 196 | ||
| Findings. | 196 | ||
| Second and Third Trimesters | 198 | ||
| Approach. | 198 | ||
| Findings. | 198 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 198 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 201 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 201 | ||
| Prenatal | 201 | ||
| Postnatal | 201 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 204 | ||
| References | 204.e1 | ||
| 40 Intracranial Hemorrhage, Cysts, Tumors, and Destructive Lesions | 204 | ||
| Introduction | 204 | ||
| Intracranial Hemorrhage | 204 | ||
| Definition | 204 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 205 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 205 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 205 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 205 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 205 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 205 | ||
| 6 First-Trimester Complications | 236 | ||
| 44 Pregnancy of Unknown Location, Early Pregnancy Loss, Ectopic Pregnancy, and Cesarean Scar Pregnancy | 236 | ||
| Introduction | 236 | ||
| Pregnancy of Unknown Location | 236 | ||
| Definition | 236 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 236 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 236 | ||
| Manifesations of Disease | 238 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 238 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 238 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 238 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 239 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 239 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 239 | ||
| Prenatal | 239 | ||
| Failed Pregnancy—Early Pregnancy Loss or Failure (EPF) | 239 | ||
| Definition | 239 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 239 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 239 | ||
| Manifesations of Disease | 239 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 239 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 239 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 239 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 241 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 241 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 241 | ||
| Prenatal | 241 | ||
| Ectopic Pregnancy | 241 | ||
| Definition | 241 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 242 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 242 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 242 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 242 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 242 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 242 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 243 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 243 | ||
| Prenatal | 243 | ||
| Cesarean Scar Pregnancy | 243 | ||
| Definition | 243 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 243 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 243 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 244 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 244 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 244 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 244 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 244 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 244 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 245 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 246 | ||
| References | 246.e1 | ||
| 45 Nuchal Translucency | 246 | ||
| Introduction | 246 | ||
| Disease | 247 | ||
| Definition | 247 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 247 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 247 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 247 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 247 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 247 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 248 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 249 | ||
| Prenatal | 249 | ||
| Postnatal | 250 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 251 | ||
| References | 251.e1 | ||
| 7 Skeletal Dysplasias: An Overview | 252 | ||
| An Overview | 252 | ||
| Embryology | 252 | ||
| Genetics | 252 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis of Osteochondrodysplasias | 252 | ||
| Long-Term Follow-Up | 253 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 253 | ||
| References | 253.e1 | ||
| One Osteochondrodysplasias—Lethal | 254 | ||
| 46 Atelosteogenesis Disorders | 254 | ||
| Introduction | 254 | ||
| Disease | 254 | ||
| Definition | 254 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 254 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 254 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 254 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 254 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 254 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 254 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 256 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 256 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 256 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 256 | ||
| Prenatal | 256 | ||
| Postnatal | 256 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 256 | ||
| References | 256.e1 | ||
| 47 Campomelic Dysplasia | 257 | ||
| Introduction | 257 | ||
| Disorder | 257 | ||
| Definition | 257 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 257 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 257 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 257 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 257 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 257 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 258 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 258 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 258 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 258 | ||
| Prenatal | 258 | ||
| Postnatal | 259 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 259 | ||
| References | 259.e1 | ||
| 48 Chondrodysplasia Punctata | 259 | ||
| Introduction | 259 | ||
| Disorder | 259 | ||
| Definition | 259 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 259 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 259 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 260 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 260 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 260 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 260 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 260 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 261 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 261 | ||
| Prenatal | 261 | ||
| Postnatal | 261 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 261 | ||
| References | 261.e1 | ||
| 49 DTDST Dysplasia (Including AOII and Achondrogenesis IB) | 261 | ||
| Introduction | 261 | ||
| Disorder | 262 | ||
| Definition | 262 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 262 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 262 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 262 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 262 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Finding | 262 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 262 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 263 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 263 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 263 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 263 | ||
| Prenatal | 263 | ||
| Postnatal | 264 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 264 | ||
| References | 264.e1 | ||
| 50 FGFR3 Disorders | 264 | ||
| Introduction | 264 | ||
| Disorder | 264 | ||
| Definition | 264 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 265 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 265 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 265 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 265 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 265 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 265 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). | 266 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 266 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 267 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 267 | ||
| Prenatal | 267 | ||
| Postnatal | 267 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 267 | ||
| References | 267.e1 | ||
| 51 Hypophosphatasia | 268 | ||
| Introduction | 268 | ||
| Disorder | 268 | ||
| Definition | 268 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 268 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 268 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 268 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 268 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 268 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 268 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 268 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 269 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 269 | ||
| Prenatal | 269 | ||
| Postnatal | 270 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 270 | ||
| References | 270.e1 | ||
| 52 Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 270 | ||
| Introduction | 270 | ||
| Disorder | 270 | ||
| Definition | 270 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 271 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 271 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 271 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 271 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 271 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 271 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). | 272 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 272 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 272 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 272 | ||
| Prenatal | 272 | ||
| Postnatal | 273 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 273 | ||
| References | 273.e1 | ||
| 53 Radial Ray Deficiency | 273 | ||
| Introduction | 273 | ||
| Disorder | 273 | ||
| Definition | 273 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 274 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 274 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 274 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 274 | ||
| Technique and Findings | 274 | ||
| Ultrasound | 274 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 274 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 275 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 275 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 276 | ||
| Prenatal | 276 | ||
| Postnatal | 276 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 277 | ||
| References | 277.e1 | ||
| 54 Russell-Silver Syndrome | 277 | ||
| Introduction | 277 | ||
| Disorder | 277 | ||
| Definition | 277 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 277 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 277 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 277 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 277 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 278 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 278 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 278 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 278 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 279 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 279 | ||
| Prenatal | 279 | ||
| Postnatal | 279 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 279 | ||
| References | 279.e1 | ||
| 55 Short Rib Thoracic Dysplasia With or Without Polydactyly | 280 | ||
| Introduction | 280 | ||
| Disorder | 280 | ||
| Definition | 280 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 280 | ||
| Etiology | 280 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 280 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 280 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 281 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 281 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 281 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 281 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 282 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 282 | ||
| Prenatal | 282 | ||
| Postnatal | 282 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 283 | ||
| References | 283.e1 | ||
| Two Osteochondrodysplasias—Nonlethal | 283 | ||
| 56 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita | 283 | ||
| Introduction | 283 | ||
| Disorder | 283 | ||
| Definition | 283 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 283 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 283 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 283 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 283 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 284 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 284 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 284 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 284 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 285 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 285 | ||
| Prenatal | 285 | ||
| Postnatal | 285 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 285 | ||
| References | 285.e1 | ||
| 57 Other Type II Collagen Disorders | 285 | ||
| Introduction | 285 | ||
| Disorder | 285 | ||
| Definition | 285 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 285 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 285 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 286 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 286 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 286 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 286 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 287 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 287 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 288 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 288 | ||
| Prenatal | 288 | ||
| Postnatal | 288 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 288 | ||
| References | 288.e1 | ||
| 58 Acrofacial Dysostosis | 288 | ||
| Introduction | 288 | ||
| Disorder | 288 | ||
| Definition | 288 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 289 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 289 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 289 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 289 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 289 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 289 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 290 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 290 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 291 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 291 | ||
| Prenatal | 291 | ||
| Postnatal | 291 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 291 | ||
| References | 291.e1 | ||
| Three Findings—Spinal Defects | 291 | ||
| 59 Caudal Regression Syndrome | 291 | ||
| Introduction | 291 | ||
| Disease | 291 | ||
| Definition | 291 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 292 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 292 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 292 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 292 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 292 | ||
| Ultrasound | 292 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 294 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 294 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 294 | ||
| Prenatal | 294 | ||
| Postnatal | 294 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 294 | ||
| References | 294.e1 | ||
| 60 Spinal Abnormalities and Klippel-Feil Syndrome | 295 | ||
| Introduction | 295 | ||
| Disorder | 295 | ||
| Definition | 295 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 295 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 295 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 296 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 296 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 296 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 296 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 296 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 297 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 297 | ||
| Prenatal | 297 | ||
| Postnatal | 297 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 297 | ||
| References | 297.e1 | ||
| Four Findings—Anomalous Digits | 298 | ||
| 61 Abnormal Hands | 298 | ||
| Introduction | 298 | ||
| Disorder | 298 | ||
| Definition | 298 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 298 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 298 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 299 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 299 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 299 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 299 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 300 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 300 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 300 | ||
| Prenatal | 300 | ||
| Postnatal | 300 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 300 | ||
| References | 300.e1 | ||
| Five Findings—Other | 301 | ||
| 62 Craniosynostosis | 301 | ||
| Introduction | 301 | ||
| Disorder | 301 | ||
| Definition | 301 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 301 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 302 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 302 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 302 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 303 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 303 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 303 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 303 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 304 | ||
| Prenatal | 304 | ||
| Postnatal | 304 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 304 | ||
| References | 304.e1 | ||
| 63 Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) and Clenched Hands | 305 | ||
| Introduction | 305 | ||
| Disorder | 305 | ||
| Definition | 305 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 305 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 305 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 305 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 305 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 306 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 306 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 306 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 306 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 307 | ||
| Prenatal | 307 | ||
| Postnatal | 307 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 308 | ||
| References | 308.e1 | ||
| 64 Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) | 308 | ||
| Introduction | 308 | ||
| Disease | 308 | ||
| Definition | 308 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 308 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 308 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 308 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 308 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 309 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 309 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 309 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 309 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 309 | ||
| Prenatal | 309 | ||
| Postnatal | 310 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 310 | ||
| References | 310.e1 | ||
| 8 Head and Neck | 311 | ||
| One Facial Anomalies | 311 | ||
| 65 Cleft Lip and Palate | 311 | ||
| Introduction | 311 | ||
| Disorder | 311 | ||
| Definition | 311 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 311 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 311 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 312 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 312 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 312 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 312 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 315 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 315 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 315 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 315 | ||
| Prenatal | 315 | ||
| Postnatal | 316 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 316 | ||
| References | 316.e1 | ||
| 66 Orbital Defects | 317 | ||
| Introduction | 317 | ||
| Hypertelorism | 317 | ||
| Definition | 317 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 317 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 317 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 317 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 317 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 317 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 317 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 318 | ||
| Hypotelorism | 318 | ||
| Definition | 318 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 318 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 318 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 318 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 318 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 319 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 319 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 319 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 319 | ||
| Postnatal | 319 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 319 | ||
| References | 319.e1 | ||
| 67 Choanal Atresia | 319 | ||
| Introduction | 319 | ||
| Disease | 319 | ||
| Definition | 319 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 319 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 319 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 320 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 320 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 320 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 320 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 320 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 320 | ||
| Prenatal | 320 | ||
| Postnatal | 320 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 320 | ||
| References | 320.e1 | ||
| 68 Micrognathia and Retrognathia | 321 | ||
| Introduction | 321 | ||
| Disease | 321 | ||
| Definition | 321 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 321 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 321 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 323 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 323 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 323 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 323 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 325 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 325 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Ultrasound. | 325 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 325 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 325 | ||
| Prenatal | 325 | ||
| Postnatal | 325 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 327 | ||
| References | 327.e1 | ||
| 69 Facial Dysmorphism | 327 | ||
| Introduction | 327 | ||
| Disease | 327 | ||
| Definition | 327 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 327 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 328 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 328 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 328 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 329 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 329 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 330 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 330 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 330 | ||
| Postnatal | 330 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 331 | ||
| References | 331.e1 | ||
| Two Neck Anomalies | 331 | ||
| 70 Cystic Hygroma | 331 | ||
| Introduction | 331 | ||
| Disease | 331 | ||
| Definition | 331 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 331 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 331 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 332 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 332 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 332 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 332 | ||
| Cystic Hygroma Versus Nuchal Translucency. | 332 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 332 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 332 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 332 | ||
| Prenatal | 332 | ||
| Postnatal | 333 | ||
| Surgical | 333 | ||
| Nonsurgical | 333 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 333 | ||
| References | 333.e1 | ||
| 71 Neck Teratoma | 334 | ||
| Introduction | 334 | ||
| Disease | 334 | ||
| Definition | 334 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 334 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 334 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 334 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 334 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 334 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 334 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 334 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 335 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 337 | ||
| Prenatal | 337 | ||
| Postnatal | 338 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 338 | ||
| References | 338.e1 | ||
| 72 Fetal Thyroid Masses and Fetal Goiter | 338 | ||
| Introduction | 338 | ||
| Disease | 338 | ||
| Definition | 338 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 339 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 339 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 339 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 339 | ||
| Attributable to Compression Caused by the Mass | 339 | ||
| Related to Thyroid Dysfunction | 339 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 340 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 340 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 341 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 341 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 341 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 342 | ||
| Prenatal | 342 | ||
| Postnatal | 343 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 345 | ||
| References | 345.e1 | ||
| Three Other | 346 | ||
| 73 Congenital High Airways Obstruction Syndrome (CHAOS) and Bronchial Atresia | 346 | ||
| Introduction | 346 | ||
| Disorder | 346 | ||
| Definition | 346 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 346 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 346 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 346 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 346 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 347 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 347 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 347 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 347 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 348 | ||
| Prenatal | 348 | ||
| Postnatal | 348 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 348 | ||
| References | 348.e1 | ||
| 9 Heart and Great Vessels | 349 | ||
| One Normal Heart | 349 | ||
| 74 Ultrasound of Normal Fetal Heart | 349 | ||
| Introduction | 349 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 349 | ||
| General Anatomic Descriptions | 349 | ||
| Detailed Description of Specific Areas | 350 | ||
| Normal Variants | 350 | ||
| Upper Abdomen View. | 350 | ||
| Four-Chamber View. | 350 | ||
| Five-Chamber or Left Ventricular Outflow Tract View. | 352 | ||
| Short-Axis or Right Ventricular Outflow Tract View. | 352 | ||
| Three-Vessel and Trachea View. | 353 | ||
| Longitudinal Views of the Fetal Heart. | 354 | ||
| Early Fetal Echocardiography. | 355 | ||
| Differential Considerations | 355 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect. | 355 | ||
| Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. | 355 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot and Transposition of Great Arteries. | 355 | ||
| Atrioventricular Septal Defect. | 355 | ||
| Coarctation of Aorta. | 355 | ||
| Other Types of Congenital Heart Disease. | 355 | ||
| Pertinent Imaging Considerations | 355 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 356 | ||
| References | 356.e1 | ||
| Two Septal Defects | 356 | ||
| 75 Ventricular Septal Defect | 356 | ||
| Introduction | 356 | ||
| Disease | 356 | ||
| Definition | 356 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 356 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 356 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 357 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 357 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 357 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 357 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 359 | ||
| Four-Dimensional Echocardiography. | 359 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 359 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 359 | ||
| Prenatal | 359 | ||
| Postnatal | 359 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 360 | ||
| References | 360.e1 | ||
| 76 Atrioventricular Septal Defect | 360 | ||
| Introduction | 360 | ||
| Disease | 360 | ||
| Definition | 360 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 360 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 360 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 360 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 360 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 361 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 361 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 362 | ||
| Four-Dimensional Echocardiography. | 362 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 362 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 362 | ||
| Prenatal | 362 | ||
| Postnatal | 363 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 364 | ||
| References | 364.e1 | ||
| Three Right Heart Defects | 365 | ||
| 77 Tricuspid Atresia | 365 | ||
| Introduction | 365 | ||
| Disease | 365 | ||
| Definition | 365 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 365 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 365 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 365 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 365 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 366 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 366 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 366 | ||
| Four-Dimensional Echocardiography. | 366 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 368 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 368 | ||
| Prenatal | 368 | ||
| Postnatal | 368 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 368 | ||
| References | 368.e1 | ||
| 78 Ebstein Anomaly and Tricuspid Dysplasia | 369 | ||
| Introduction | 369 | ||
| Disease | 369 | ||
| Definition | 369 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 369 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 369 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 369 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 369 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 369 | ||
| Ultrasound | 369 | ||
| Ebstein Anomaly. | 369 | ||
| Tricuspid Dysplasia. | 371 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 371 | ||
| Four-Dimensional Echocardiography. | 371 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 371 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 372 | ||
| Prenatal | 372 | ||
| Postnatal | 372 | ||
| Ebstein Anomaly | 372 | ||
| Tricuspid Dysplasia. | 372 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 373 | ||
| References | 373.e1 | ||
| 79 Pulmonary Stenosis and Atresia | 373 | ||
| Introduction | 373 | ||
| Disease | 373 | ||
| Definition | 373 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 373 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 373 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 374 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 374 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 374 | ||
| Ultrasound | 374 | ||
| Pulmonary Stenosis. | 374 | ||
| Pulmonary Atresia. | 374 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 376 | ||
| Four-Dimensional Echocardiography. | 376 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 376 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 376 | ||
| Prenatal | 376 | ||
| Postnatal | 376 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 377 | ||
| References | 377.e1 | ||
| Four Left Heart Defects | 377 | ||
| 80 Aortic Stenosis and Aortic Atresia | 377 | ||
| Introduction | 377 | ||
| Disease | 377 | ||
| Definition | 377 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 378 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 378 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 378 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 378 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 379 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 379 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 380 | ||
| Prenatal | 380 | ||
| Postnatal | 380 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 380 | ||
| References | 380.e1 | ||
| 81 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Mitral Atresia | 380 | ||
| Introduction | 380 | ||
| Disease | 380 | ||
| Definition | 380 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 381 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 381 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 381 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 381 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 381 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 381 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 382 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 383 | ||
| Prenatal | 383 | ||
| Postnatal | 383 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 383 | ||
| References | 383.e1 | ||
| 82 Aortic Coarctation | 384 | ||
| Introduction | 384 | ||
| Disease | 384 | ||
| Definition | 384 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 384 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 384 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 384 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 384 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 384 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 384 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 386 | ||
| Prenatal | 386 | ||
| Postnatal | 386 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 386 | ||
| References | 386.e1 | ||
| 83 Interruption of the Aortic Arch | 387 | ||
| Introduction | 387 | ||
| Disease | 387 | ||
| Definition | 387 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 387 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 387 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 387 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 387 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 387 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 388 | ||
| Four-Dimensional Echocardiography. | 388 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 388 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 388 | ||
| Postnatal | 388 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 389 | ||
| References | 389.e1 | ||
| 84 Aortic Arch Anomalies | 389 | ||
| Introduction | 389 | ||
| Disease | 389 | ||
| Definition | 389 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 389 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 389 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 390 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 390 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 390 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 390 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 391 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 391 | ||
| Four-Dimensional Echocardiography. | 391 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 391 | ||
| Prenatal | 391 | ||
| Postnatal | 391 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 391 | ||
| References | 391.e1 | ||
| Five Conotruncal Anomalies | 392 | ||
| 85 Tetralogy of Fallot | 392 | ||
| Introduction | 392 | ||
| Disease | 392 | ||
| Definition | 392 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 392 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 392 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 392 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 392 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 392 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 392 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 394 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 394 | ||
| Prenatal | 394 | ||
| Postnatal | 394 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 396 | ||
| References | 396.e1 | ||
| 86 Transposition of Great Arteries | 396 | ||
| Introduction | 396 | ||
| Complete Transposition of Great Arteries | 396 | ||
| Definition | 396 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 396 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 396 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 396 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 396 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 396 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 396 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 397 | ||
| Four-Dimensional Echocardiography. | 397 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 398 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 398 | ||
| Prenatal | 398 | ||
| Postnatal | 398 | ||
| Corrected Transposition of Great Arteries | 398 | ||
| Definition | 398 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 399 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 399 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 399 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 399 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 399 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 399 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 399 | ||
| Four-Dimensional Echocardiography. | 399 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 400 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 400 | ||
| Prenatal | 400 | ||
| Postnatal | 400 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 400 | ||
| References | 400.e1 | ||
| 87 Double-Outlet Right Ventricle | 400 | ||
| Introduction | 400 | ||
| Disease | 400 | ||
| Definition | 400 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 401 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 401 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 401 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 401 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 401 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 401 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 401 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 401 | ||
| Prenatal | 401 | ||
| Postnatal | 401 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 402 | ||
| References | 402.e1 | ||
| 88 Common Arterial Trunk | 402 | ||
| Introduction | 402 | ||
| Disease | 402 | ||
| Definition | 402 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 402 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 402 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 403 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 403 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 403 | ||
| Ultrasound | 403 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality | 404 | ||
| Four-Dimensional (4D) Echocardiography. | 404 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 404 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 404 | ||
| Prenatal | 404 | ||
| Postnatal | 404 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 405 | ||
| References | 405.e1 | ||
| Six Other Anomalies | 405 | ||
| 89 Double-Inlet Single Ventricle | 405 | ||
| Introduction | 405 | ||
| Disease | 405 | ||
| Definition | 405 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 405 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 405 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 406 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 406 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 406 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 406 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 406 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 406 | ||
| Postnatal | 406 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 406 | ||
| References | 406.e1 | ||
| 90 Atrial Isomerism | 407 | ||
| Introduction | 407 | ||
| Disease | 407 | ||
| Definition | 407 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 407 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 407 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 408 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 408 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 408 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 408 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 408 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 408 | ||
| Postnatal | 408 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 408 | ||
| References | 408.e1 | ||
| 91 Anomalies of Pulmonary Venous Return | 409 | ||
| Introduction | 409 | ||
| Disease | 409 | ||
| Definition | 409 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 409 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 409 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 409 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 409 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 409 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 409 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 410 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 411 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 411 | ||
| Prenatal | 411 | ||
| Postnatal | 411 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 411 | ||
| References | 411.e1 | ||
| 92 Anomalies of Systemic Venous Return | 411 | ||
| Introduction | 411 | ||
| Disease | 412 | ||
| Definition | 412 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 412 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 412 | ||
| Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava | 412 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava Interruption | 412 | ||
| Agenesis of the Ductus Venosus | 413 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 413 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 413 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 413 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 413 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 413 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 413 | ||
| Postnatal | 413 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 414 | ||
| References | 414.e1 | ||
| 93 Cardiomyopathy | 414 | ||
| Introduction | 414 | ||
| Disease | 414 | ||
| Definition | 414 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 414 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 414 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 415 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 415 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 415 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 415 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 415 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 416 | ||
| Prenatal | 416 | ||
| Postnatal | 416 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 416 | ||
| References | 416.e1 | ||
| 94 Cardiac Tumors | 416 | ||
| Introduction | 416 | ||
| Disease | 416 | ||
| Definition | 416 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 416 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 416 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 417 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 417 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 417 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 417 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 417 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 417 | ||
| Prenatal | 417 | ||
| Postnatal | 418 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 418 | ||
| References | 418.e1 | ||
| Seven Arrhythmias | 418 | ||
| 95 Arrhythmias | 418 | ||
| Introduction | 418 | ||
| Atrial Ectopic Beats | 418 | ||
| Definition | 418 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 418 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 418 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 419 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 419 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 419 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 419 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 419 | ||
| Prenatal | 419 | ||
| Postnatal | 419 | ||
| Supraventricular Tachycardia | 419 | ||
| Definition | 419 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 419 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 419 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 420 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 420 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 420 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 420 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 421 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 421 | ||
| Prenatal | 421 | ||
| Supraventricular Tachycardia Without Hydrops | 421 | ||
| Supraventricular Tachycardia and Hydrops | 421 | ||
| Postnatal | 421 | ||
| Complete Atrioventricular Block | 422 | ||
| Definition | 422 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 422 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 422 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 422 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 422 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 422 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 422 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 422 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 424 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 424 | ||
| Prenatal | 424 | ||
| Postnatal | 425 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 425 | ||
| References | 425.e1 | ||
| 10 Placenta and Cord | 426 | ||
| 96 Placental Abruption | 426 | ||
| Introduction | 426 | ||
| Disease | 426 | ||
| Definition | 426 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 426 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 426 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 426 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 426 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 427 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 427 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 428 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 428 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 428 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 428 | ||
| Prenatal | 428 | ||
| Postnatal | 429 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 429 | ||
| References | 429.e1 | ||
| 97 Placenta Accreta | 429 | ||
| Introduction | 429 | ||
| Disease | 430 | ||
| Definition | 430 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 430 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 430 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 430 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 430 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 430 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 430 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 432 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 432 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 432 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 432 | ||
| Prenatal | 432 | ||
| Postnatal | 433 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 433 | ||
| References | 433.e1 | ||
| 98 Amniotic Band Sequence | 434 | ||
| Introduction | 434 | ||
| Disorder | 434 | ||
| Definition | 434 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 434 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 434 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 434 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 434 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 435 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 435 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 435 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings. | 435 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 436 | ||
| Prenatal | 436 | ||
| Postnatal | 436 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 436 | ||
| References | 436.e1 | ||
| 99 Chorioangioma | 437 | ||
| Introduction | 437 | ||
| Disease | 437 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 437 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 437 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 437 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 437 | ||
| Imaging Techniques and Findings | 437 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 437 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 438 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 438 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 438 | ||
| Prenatal | 438 | ||
| Postnatal | 438 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 438 | ||
| References | 438.e1 | ||
| 100 Choriocarcinoma | 439 | ||
| Introduction | 439 | ||
| Disease | 439 | ||
| Definition | 439 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 439 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 439 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 439 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 439 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 439 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 439 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 439 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 439 | ||
| Prenatal | 439 | ||
| Postnatal | 440 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 440 | ||
| References | 440.e1 | ||
| 101 Placenta Circumvallata | 441 | ||
| Introduction | 441 | ||
| Disorder | 441 | ||
| Definition | 441 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 441 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 441 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 441 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 441 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 442 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 442 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 442 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 442 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 443 | ||
| Prenatal | 443 | ||
| Postnatal | 443 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 443 | ||
| References | 443.e1 | ||
| 102 Cord Cyst | 444 | ||
| Introduction | 444 | ||
| Disorder | 444 | ||
| Definition | 444 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 444 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 444 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 444 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 444 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 444 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 444 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings. | 444 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 444 | ||
| Prenatal | 444 | ||
| Postnatal | 444 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 445 | ||
| References | 445.e1 | ||
| 103 Cord Varix | 445 | ||
| Introduction | 445 | ||
| Disorder | 445 | ||
| Definition | 445 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 446 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 446 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 446 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 446 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 446 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 446 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings. | 446 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 446 | ||
| Prenatal | 446 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 448 | ||
| References | 448.e1 | ||
| 104 Gestational Trophoblastic Disease | 449 | ||
| Introduction | 449 | ||
| Disease | 449 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 449 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 449 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 449 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 449 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 450 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 450 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 451 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings. | 451 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 451 | ||
| Prenatal | 451 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 451 | ||
| References | 452.e1 | ||
| 105 Limb–Body Wall Complex | 452 | ||
| Introduction | 452 | ||
| Disorder | 452 | ||
| Definition | 452 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 452 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 452 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 453 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 453 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 453 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 453 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 454 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings. | 454 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 454 | ||
| Prenatal | 454 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 454 | ||
| References | 454.e1 | ||
| 106 Placenta Previa | 455 | ||
| Introduction | 455 | ||
| Disease | 455 | ||
| Definition | 455 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 455 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 455 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 455 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 455 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 455 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 455 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 456 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings. | 457 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 457 | ||
| Prenatal | 457 | ||
| Postnatal | 457 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 458 | ||
| References | 458.e1 | ||
| 107 Vasa Previa | 458 | ||
| Introduction | 458 | ||
| Disease | 458 | ||
| Definition | 458 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 458 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 458 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 458 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 458 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 458 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 458 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 459 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings. | 459 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 459 | ||
| Prenatal | 459 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 459 | ||
| References | 459.e1 | ||
| 11 Fetal Growth | 460 | ||
| 108 Fetal Macrosomia | 460 | ||
| Introduction | 460 | ||
| Disorder | 460 | ||
| Definition | 460 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 460 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 460 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 460 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 460 | ||
| Fetus and Neonate. | 461 | ||
| Mother. | 461 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 461 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 461 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 461 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 461 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 461 | ||
| Prenatal | 461 | ||
| Postnatal | 462 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 462 | ||
| References | 462.e1 | ||
| 109 Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome | 462 | ||
| Introduction | 462 | ||
| Disorder | 463 | ||
| Definition | 463 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 463 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 463 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 463 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 463 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 464 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 464 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 465 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 465 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 465 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 465 | ||
| Prenatal | 465 | ||
| Postnatal | 466 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 466 | ||
| References | 466.e1 | ||
| 110 Intrauterine Growth Restriction | 466 | ||
| Introduction | 466 | ||
| Disease | 466 | ||
| Definition | 466 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 467 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 467 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 468 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 468 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 468 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 468 | ||
| Doppler. | 469 | ||
| Umbilical Artery. | 469 | ||
| Middle Cerebral Artery. | 469 | ||
| Venous Doppler. | 470 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Studies | 471 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment | 471 | ||
| Prenatal | 471 | ||
| Postnatal | 471 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 472 | ||
| References | 472.e1 | ||
| 12 Procedures | 473 | ||
| 111 Amniocentesis | 473 | ||
| Introduction | 473 | ||
| Procedure | 473 | ||
| Description, Technique, and Equipment | 473 | ||
| Indications | 474 | ||
| Contraindications | 474 | ||
| Outcomes and Complications | 475 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 475 | ||
| References | 475.e1 | ||
| 112 Cordocentesis and Fetal Transfusion | 475 | ||
| Introduction | 475 | ||
| Procedure | 475 | ||
| Setting | 475 | ||
| Counseling | 475 | ||
| Indications | 476 | ||
| Fetal Anemia | 476 | ||
| Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia | 476 | ||
| Contraindications | 476 | ||
| Risks | 477 | ||
| Technique | 477 | ||
| Outcomes | 478 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 478 | ||
| References | 478.e1 | ||
| 113 Chorionic Villus Sampling | 479 | ||
| Introduction | 479 | ||
| Procedure | 479 | ||
| Description, Technique, and Equipment | 479 | ||
| Transcervical Chorionic Villus Sampling | 479 | ||
| Transabdominal Chorionic Villus Sampling | 480 | ||
| Indications | 481 | ||
| Contraindications | 481 | ||
| Outcomes and Complications | 481 | ||
| Fetal Loss | 481 | ||
| Limb-Reduction Defects and Oromandibular Hypogenesis | 481 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 481 | ||
| References | 481.e1 | ||
| 114 Radiofrequency Ablation | 482 | ||
| Introduction | 482 | ||
| Procedure | 482 | ||
| Description, Technique, and Equipment | 482 | ||
| Indications | 484 | ||
| Contraindications | 484 | ||
| Outcomes and Complications | 484 | ||
| Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence | 484 | ||
| Other Complicated Monochorionic or Diamniotic Pregnancies | 485 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 485 | ||
| References | 485.e1 | ||
| 115 Selective Laser Photocoagulation | 486 | ||
| Introduction | 486 | ||
| Procedure | 486 | ||
| Description, Technique, and Equipment | 486 | ||
| Indications | 488 | ||
| Contraindications | 488 | ||
| Outcomes and Complications | 488 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 489 | ||
| References | 489.e1 | ||
| 116 Fetal Shunts | 490 | ||
| Introduction | 490 | ||
| Vesicoamniotic Shunt | 490 | ||
| Description, Technique, and Equipment | 490 | ||
| Indications | 492 | ||
| Contraindications | 492 | ||
| Outcomes and Complications | 492 | ||
| Thoracoamniotic Shunts | 493 | ||
| Description, Technique, and Equipment | 493 | ||
| Indications | 494 | ||
| Contraindications | 494 | ||
| Outcomes and Complications | 494 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 494 | ||
| References | 494.e1 | ||
| 117 Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction | 495 | ||
| Introduction | 495 | ||
| Procedure | 495 | ||
| Setting | 495 | ||
| Counseling | 495 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 495 | ||
| Technique | 496 | ||
| Outcomes | 497 | ||
| Fetal/Neonatal | 497 | ||
| Triplet to Twin Pregnancy | 497 | ||
| Triplet to Singleton | 498 | ||
| Twin to Singleton | 498 | ||
| Maternal | 498 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 498 | ||
| References | 498.e1 | ||
| 118 Open Fetal Surgery | 499 | ||
| Introduction | 499 | ||
| Current Indications for Open Fetal Surgery | 499 | ||
| Myelomeningocele | 499 | ||
| Fetal Resection for Large Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation Lesions | 500 | ||
| Fetal Debulking for Large Sacrococcygeal Teratomas | 501 | ||
| Fetal Vesicostomy for Bladder Outlet Obstruction | 502 | ||
| Procedure | 503 | ||
| Exposure | 503 | ||
| Hemostatic Hysterotomy | 503 | ||
| Echocardiographic Monitoring | 504 | ||
| Anesthetic Technique and Tocolysis | 504 | ||
| Hysterotomy Closure | 504 | ||
| Postoperative Management | 504 | ||
| Complications | 505 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 505 | ||
| References | 505.e1 | ||
| 13 Miscellany | 506 | ||
| One Amniotic Fluid Abnormalities | 506 | ||
| 119 Polyhydramnios | 506 | ||
| Introduction | 506 | ||
| Disease | 506 | ||
| Definition | 506 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 506 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 506 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 506 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 506 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 507 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 507 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 508 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 509 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 509 | ||
| Prenatal | 509 | ||
| Postnatal | 510 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 510 | ||
| References | 510.e1 | ||
| 120 Oligohydramnios | 511 | ||
| Introduction | 511 | ||
| Disease | 511 | ||
| Definition | 511 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 511 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 512 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 513 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 513 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 513 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 513 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 514 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 514 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 514 | ||
| Prenatal | 514 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 515 | ||
| References | 515.e1 | ||
| Two Fetal Fluid Abnormalities | 515 | ||
| 121 Lymphedema and Lymphatic Malformations | 515 | ||
| Background | 515 | ||
| Definition and Associated Conditions | 515 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 516 | ||
| Diagnosis | 516 | ||
| Prevalence | 516 | ||
| Etiology | 516 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 517 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 517 | ||
| Imaging | 518 | ||
| Ultrasound Findings | 518 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 518 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 518 | ||
| Prenatal | 518 | ||
| Definitive Treatment | 518 | ||
| Surgical | 518 | ||
| Nonsurgical | 519 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 519 | ||
| References | 519.e1 | ||
| 122 Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis | 519 | ||
| Introduction | 519 | ||
| Definition | 520 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 520 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 520 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 522 | ||
| Imaging Techniques and Findings | 522 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 522 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 524 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 524 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 525 | ||
| Prenatal | 525 | ||
| Postnatal | 525 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 526 | ||
| References | 526.e1 | ||
| 123 Immune Hydrops Fetalis | 526 | ||
| Introduction | 526 | ||
| Disease | 526 | ||
| Definition | 526 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 526 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 526 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 527 | ||
| Imaging Techniques and Findings | 527 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 527 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 529 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 529 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 529 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 529 | ||
| Prenatal | 529 | ||
| Postnatal | 532 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 532 | ||
| References | 532.e1 | ||
| Three Preterm Labor | 532 | ||
| 124 Cervical Length and Spontaneous Preterm Birth | 532 | ||
| Introduction | 532 | ||
| Disease | 533 | ||
| Definition | 533 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 533 | ||
| Length of Cervix | 533 | ||
| Gestational Age at Testing | 533 | ||
| Risk Factors for Preterm Birth | 533 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 533 | ||
| Infection/Inflammation | 533 | ||
| Uterine Contractility | 534 | ||
| Uterine Overdistention | 534 | ||
| Cervical “Insufficiency” or “Incompetence” | 534 | ||
| Summary | 534 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 534 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Screening | 534 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 534 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 534 | ||
| Transvaginal Technique. | 534 | ||
| Transabdominal Technique. | 535 | ||
| TYVU Progression, Funneling, and Dynamic Cervix. | 535 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid Debris or Sludge. | 535 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 535 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 535 | ||
| Prenatal | 535 | ||
| Vaginal Progesterone | 535 | ||
| Cerclage | 536 | ||
| Pessary | 536 | ||
| Twins | 536 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 537 | ||
| References | 537.e1 | ||
| Four Other | 537 | ||
| 125 Fetal Biophysical Profile | 537 | ||
| Introduction | 537 | ||
| Disorder | 538 | ||
| Definition | 538 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 538 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 538 | ||
| 14 Syndromes | 541 | ||
| 126 CHARGE Syndrome | 541 | ||
| Introduction | 541 | ||
| Disease | 541 | ||
| Definition | 541 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 541 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 541 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 541 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 541 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 542 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 542 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 542 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 543 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 543 | ||
| Prenatal | 543 | ||
| Postnatal | 543 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 543 | ||
| References | 543.e1 | ||
| 127 Cornelia de Lange Syndrome | 543 | ||
| Introduction | 543 | ||
| Disease | 543 | ||
| Definition | 543 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 544 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 544 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 544 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 544 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 544 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 544 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 546 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 546 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 546 | ||
| Prenatal | 546 | ||
| Postnatal | 546 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 546 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 547 | ||
| References | 547.e1 | ||
| 128 Fraser Syndrome | 547 | ||
| Introduction | 547 | ||
| Disease | 547 | ||
| Definition | 547 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 547 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 547 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 547 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 547 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 547 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 547 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 547 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 548 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 548 | ||
| Prenatal | 548 | ||
| Postnatal | 548 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 549 | ||
| References | 549.e1 | ||
| 129 Fryns Syndrome | 549 | ||
| Introduction | 549 | ||
| Disorder | 549 | ||
| Definition | 549 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 549 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 549 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 550 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 550 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 550 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 550 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 550 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 550 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 550 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 551 | ||
| Prenatal | 551 | ||
| Postnatal | 551 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 551 | ||
| References | 551.e1 | ||
| 130 Goldenhar Syndrome | 552 | ||
| Introduction | 552 | ||
| Disorder | 552 | ||
| Definition | 552 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 552 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 552 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 552 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 552 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 553 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 553 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 553 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 554 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 554 | ||
| Prenatal | 554 | ||
| Postnatal | 554 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 554 | ||
| References | 554.e1 | ||
| 131 Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome | 554 | ||
| Introduction | 554 | ||
| Disease | 554 | ||
| Definition | 554 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 555 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 555 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 555 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 555 | ||
| Cutaneous Hemangioma. | 555 | ||
| Vascular Abnormalities. | 555 | ||
| Hemihypertrophy. | 555 | ||
| Occasional Findings. | 555 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 555 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 555 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 556 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 556 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 556 | ||
| Prenatal | 556 | ||
| Postnatal | 556 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 556 | ||
| References | 556.e1 | ||
| 132 Holt-Oram Syndrome | 557 | ||
| Introduction | 557 | ||
| Disorder | 557 | ||
| Definition | 557 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 557 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 557 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 557 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 557 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 557 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 557 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 558 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 558 | ||
| Prenatal | 558 | ||
| Postnatal | 558 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 559 | ||
| References | 559.e1 | ||
| 133 Meckel-Gruber Syndrome | 559 | ||
| Introduction | 559 | ||
| Disorder | 560 | ||
| Definition | 560 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 560 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 560 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 560 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 560 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 561 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 561 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 561 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 561 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 561 | ||
| Prenatal | 561 | ||
| Postnatal | 561 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 561 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 562 | ||
| References | 562.e1 | ||
| 134 Neu-Laxova Syndrome | 562 | ||
| Introduction | 562 | ||
| Disease | 562 | ||
| Definition | 562 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 562 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 562 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 562 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 562 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 562 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 562 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 563 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 563 | ||
| Prenatal | 563 | ||
| Postnatal | 564 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 564 | ||
| References | 564.e1 | ||
| 135 Noonan Syndrome | 564 | ||
| Introduction | 564 | ||
| Disease | 565 | ||
| Definition | 565 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 565 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 565 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 565 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 565 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 566 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 566 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 566 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 566 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 566 | ||
| Prenatal | 566 | ||
| Postnatal | 566 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 566 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 567 | ||
| References | 567.e1 | ||
| 136 Pentalogy of Cantrell | 567 | ||
| Introduction | 567 | ||
| Disorder | 567 | ||
| Definition | 567 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 567 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 567 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 567 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 567 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 568 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 568 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 568 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 568 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 569 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 569 | ||
| Prenatal | 569 | ||
| Postnatal | 569 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 569 | ||
| References | 569.e1 | ||
| 137 Pierre Robin Sequence | 570 | ||
| Introduction | 570 | ||
| Disorder | 570 | ||
| Definition | 570 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 570 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 570 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 570 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 570 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 570 | ||
| Ultrasound | 570 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 571 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 571 | ||
| Prenatal | 571 | ||
| Postnatal | 571 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 572 | ||
| References | 572.e1 | ||
| 138 Poland Sequence | 572 | ||
| Introduction | 572 | ||
| Disease | 572 | ||
| Definition | 572 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 572 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 572 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 572 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 572 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 572 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 572 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 573 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 573 | ||
| Prenatal | 573 | ||
| Postnatal | 574 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 574 | ||
| References | 574.e1 | ||
| 139 Prune-Belly Syndrome | 574 | ||
| Introduction | 574 | ||
| Disorder | 574 | ||
| Definition | 574 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 574 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 574 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 575 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 575 | ||
| Abdominal Wall. | 575 | ||
| Urogenital System. | 575 | ||
| Pulmonary System. | 575 | ||
| Cardiovascular System. | 575 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System. | 575 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System. | 575 | ||
| Prognosis. | 575 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 575 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 575 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 576 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 576 | ||
| Prenatal | 576 | ||
| Postnatal | 576 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 576 | ||
| References | 576.e1 | ||
| 140 Roberts Syndrome | 577 | ||
| Introduction | 577 | ||
| Definition | 577 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 577 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 577 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 577 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 577 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 577 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 577 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 577 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 578 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 578 | ||
| Prenatal | 578 | ||
| Postnatal | 578 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 578 | ||
| References | 578.e1 | ||
| 141 Cystic Fibrosis | 579 | ||
| Introduction | 579 | ||
| Disorder | 579 | ||
| Definition | 579 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 579 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 579 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 579 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 579 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 580 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 580 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 580 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 580 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 580 | ||
| Prenatal | 580 | ||
| Postnatal | 580 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 581 | ||
| References | 581.e1 | ||
| 142 Pontocerebellar Disorders | 581 | ||
| Introduction | 581 | ||
| Disorder | 581 | ||
| Definition | 581 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 581 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 581 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 581 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 581 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 582 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 582 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 582 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 582 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 582 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 582 | ||
| Prenatal | 582 | ||
| Postnatal | 582 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 584 | ||
| References | 584.e1 | ||
| 143 Tuberous Sclerosis | 584 | ||
| Introduction | 584 | ||
| Disorder | 584 | ||
| Definition | 584 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 585 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 585 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 585 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 585 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 585 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 585 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 586 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 586 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 586 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 586 | ||
| Prenatal | 586 | ||
| Postnatal | 586 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 587 | ||
| References | 587.e1 | ||
| 144 Sirenomelia | 587 | ||
| Introduction | 587 | ||
| Disorder | 587 | ||
| Definition | 587 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 588 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Embryology | 588 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 588 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 588 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 589 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 589 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 589 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 589 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 589 | ||
| Prenatal | 589 | ||
| Postnatal | 589 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 590 | ||
| References | 590.e1 | ||
| 145 Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome | 590 | ||
| Introduction | 590 | ||
| Disorder | 590 | ||
| Definition | 590 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 590 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 590 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 591 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 591 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 591 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 591 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 592 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 592 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 592 | ||
| Prenatal | 592 | ||
| Postnatal | 592 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 593 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 593 | ||
| References | 593.e1 | ||
| 146 VATER Association | 593 | ||
| Introduction | 593 | ||
| Disorder | 593 | ||
| Definition | 593 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 593 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 593 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 594 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 594 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 594 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 594 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 595 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 595 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 595 | ||
| Prenatal | 595 | ||
| Postnatal | 595 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 595 | ||
| References | 595.e1 | ||
| 15 Chromosomes | 596 | ||
| One Aneuploidies | 596 | ||
| 147 Introduction to Aneuploidy | 596 | ||
| Introduction | 596 | ||
| Disorder | 596 | ||
| Definition | 596 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 596 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 596 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 597 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 597 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 597 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 597 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 598 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 598 | ||
| References | 598.e1 | ||
| 148 Triploidy | 598 | ||
| Introduction | 598 | ||
| Disease | 598 | ||
| Definition | 598 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 598 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 599 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 599 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 599 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 600 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 600 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 600 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 600 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 601 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 601 | ||
| Prenatal | 601 | ||
| Postnatal | 601 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 602 | ||
| References | 602.e1 | ||
| 149 Trisomy 13 | 602 | ||
| Introduction | 602 | ||
| Disorder | 602 | ||
| Definition | 602 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 602 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 602 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 602 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 602 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 603 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 603 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 603 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 604 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 604 | ||
| Prenatal | 604 | ||
| Postnatal | 604 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 604 | ||
| References | 604.e1 | ||
| 150 Trisomy 18 | 605 | ||
| Introduction | 605 | ||
| Disorder | 605 | ||
| Definition | 605 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 605 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 605 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 605 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 605 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 605 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 605 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 607 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 607 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 607 | ||
| Prenatal | 607 | ||
| Postnatal | 607 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 608 | ||
| References | 608.e1 | ||
| 151 Trisomy 21 | 608 | ||
| Introduction | 608 | ||
| Disorder | 608 | ||
| Definition | 608 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 608 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 608 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 608 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 608 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 608 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 608 | ||
| Nuchal Translucency and Cystic Hygroma. | 610 | ||
| Nuchal Fold. | 610 | ||
| Absent or Hypoplastic Nasal Bone. | 610 | ||
| Ventriculomegaly. | 611 | ||
| Echogenic Intracardiac Focus. | 611 | ||
| Echogenic Bowel. | 611 | ||
| Pyelectasis. | 612 | ||
| Short Long Bones. | 612 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 612 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 612 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 612 | ||
| Prenatal | 612 | ||
| Postnatal | 612 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 613 | ||
| References | 613.e1 | ||
| 152 Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X) | 613 | ||
| Introduction | 613 | ||
| Disorder | 613 | ||
| Definition | 613 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 613 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 613 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 614 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 614 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 614 | ||
| Serum Analytes. | 614 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 614 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 616 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 616 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 616 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 616 | ||
| Prenatal | 616 | ||
| Postnatal | 616 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 617 | ||
| References | 617.e1 | ||
| 153 Mosaic Trisomies 8, 9, and 16 | 617 | ||
| Introduction | 617 | ||
| Disorder | 617 | ||
| Definition | 617 | ||
| 16 Multiple Gestation | 639 | ||
| 158 Chorionicity of Multiple Gestations | 639 | ||
| Introduction | 639 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 639 | ||
| General Anatomic Descriptions | 639 | ||
| Detailed Description of Specific Areas | 639 | ||
| Normal Variants | 639 | ||
| Differential Considerations | 639 | ||
| Pertinent Imaging Considerations | 640 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 641 | ||
| References | 641.e1 | ||
| 159 Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twin Gestations | 642 | ||
| Introduction | 642 | ||
| Disease | 642 | ||
| Definition | 642 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 642 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 642 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 642 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 642 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 642 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 642 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 643 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 643 | ||
| Prenatal | 643 | ||
| Postnatal | 644 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 645 | ||
| References | 645.e1 | ||
| 160 Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Gestations | 645 | ||
| Introduction | 645 | ||
| Disease | 645 | ||
| Definition | 645 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 645 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 645 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 645 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 645 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 646 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 646 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 646 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 646 | ||
| Prenatal | 646 | ||
| Postnatal | 647 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 647 | ||
| References | 648.e1 | ||
| 161 Dichorionic Diamniotic Twin Gestations | 648 | ||
| Introduction | 648 | ||
| Disease | 648 | ||
| Definition | 648 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 648 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 648 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 648 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 648 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 648 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 648 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 649 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 650 | ||
| Prenatal | 650 | ||
| Postnatal | 650 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 650 | ||
| References | 650.e1 | ||
| 162 Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome | 651 | ||
| Introduction | 651 | ||
| Disease | 651 | ||
| Definition | 651 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 651 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 651 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 652 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 652 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 653 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 653 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 654 | ||
| Other Applicable Modality. | 654 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 655 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 655 | ||
| Prenatal | 655 | ||
| Postnatal | 657 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 659 | ||
| References | 659.e1 | ||
| 163 Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence | 659 | ||
| Introduction | 659 | ||
| Disease | 659 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 659 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 659 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 660 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 660 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 660 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 660 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 661 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 662 | ||
| Prenatal | 662 | ||
| Indication for Treatment | 662 | ||
| Therapy Options. | 662 | ||
| Outcomes in the Literature | 662 | ||
| Postnatal | 662 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 663 | ||
| References | 663.e1 | ||
| 164 Diagnostic Procedures in Multiples | 663 | ||
| Introduction | 663 | ||
| Procedure | 663 | ||
| Description, Technique, and Equipment | 663 | ||
| Chorionic Villus Sampling in Multiple Gestations | 663 | ||
| Amniocentesis in Multiple Gestations | 664 | ||
| Multiple-Needle Technique | 664 | ||
| Single-Needle Insertion Technique | 664 | ||
| Indications | 664 | ||
| Contraindications | 664 | ||
| Outcomes and Complications | 664 | ||
| Chorionic Villus Sampling | 664 | ||
| Amniocentesis | 664 | ||
| Monochorionic Twins | 664 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 665 | ||
| References | 665.e1 | ||
| 17 Multiple Gestation | 666 | ||
| 165 Cytomegalovirus, Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, Herpes Simplex Virus, and Varicella | 666 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 666 | ||
| Introduction | 666 | ||
| Disease | 666 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 666 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 667 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 667 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 667 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 668 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 669 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 669 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 671 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 672 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 672 | ||
| Prenatal | 672 | ||
| Postnatal | 672 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 672 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 672 | ||
| Rubella | 672 | ||
| Introduction | 672 | ||
| Disorder | 672 | ||
| Definition | 672 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 672 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 673 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 673 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 673 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 673 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 673 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 673 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 673 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 673 | ||
| Prenatal | 673 | ||
| Postnatal | 674 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 674 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 674 | ||
| Introduction | 674 | ||
| Disorder | 674 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 674 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 674 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 674 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 674 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 674 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 674 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 675 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 675 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 675 | ||
| Prenatal | 675 | ||
| Postnatal | 675 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 675 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 676 | ||
| Introduction | 676 | ||
| Disease | 676 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 676 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 676 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 676 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 676 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 676 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 676 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 676 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 677 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 678 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 678 | ||
| Prenatal | 678 | ||
| Postnatal | 678 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 678 | ||
| Varicella | 678 | ||
| Introduction | 678 | ||
| Disease | 678 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 678 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 678 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 679 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 679 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 679 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 679 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 679 | ||
| Invasive Testing. | 680 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 680 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 680 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 680 | ||
| Prenatal | 680 | ||
| Postnatal | 680 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 681 | ||
| References | 681.e1 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 681.e1 | ||
| Rubella | 681.e1 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 681.e2 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 681.e2 | ||
| Varicella | 681.e2 | ||
| 166 Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome | 681 | ||
| Introduction | 681 | ||
| Disorder | 681 | ||
| Definition | 681 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 681 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 682 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 682 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 682 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 682 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 682 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 683 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 684 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 684 | ||
| Prenatal | 684 | ||
| Postnatal | 684 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 684 | ||
| References | 684.e1 | ||
| 167 Parvovirus B19 Infection During Pregnancy | 685 | ||
| Introduction | 685 | ||
| Disorder | 685 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 685 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 685 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 685 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 685 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 686 | ||
| Ultrasound | 686 | ||
| Grayscale Ultrasound. | 686 | ||
| Middle Cerebral Artery Doppler Ultrasound. | 686 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 687 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 687 | ||
| Prenatal | 687 | ||
| Postnatal | 687 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 688 | ||
| References | 688.e1 | ||
| 168 Congenital Syphilis | 688 | ||
| Introduction | 688 | ||
| Disease | 688 | ||
| Definition | 688 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 688 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 688 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 688 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 688 | ||
| Prenatal. | 688 | ||
| Neonatal. | 689 | ||
| Imaging Technique and Findings | 689 | ||
| Ultrasound. | 689 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings | 691 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 691 | ||
| Prenatal | 691 | ||
| Postnatal | 691 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 692 | ||
| References | 692.e1 | ||
| 18 Multiple Gestation | 693 | ||
| 169 Ultrasound Physics for the Clinician | 693 | ||
| Introduction | 693 | ||
| Components of an Imaging System | 693 | ||
| The Stimulus | 693 | ||
| The Object | 693 | ||
| The Response | 693 | ||
| Image Formation | 694 | ||
| Ultrasound Transducer | 694 | ||
| Image Optimization | 695 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 695 | ||
| References | 695.e1 | ||
| 170 Elasticity Imaging in Obstetrics | 696 | ||
| Introduction | 696 | ||
| Elasticity Imaging | 696 | ||
| Strain Elastography | 696 | ||
| Strain Elastography in the Cervix | 697 | ||
| Strain Elastography in the Placenta | 697 | ||
| Dynamic Elastography | 697 | ||
| Acoustic Radiation Force Imaging | 697 | ||
| Shear-Wave Elasticity Imaging | 697 | ||
| Shear-Wave Elasticity Imaging in the Cervix. | 698 | ||
| Shear-Wave Elasticity Imaging in Other Pregnancy Tissues. | 698 | ||
| Transient Elastography | 699 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 699 | ||
| References | 700.e1 | ||
| 171 Doppler Ultrasound Evaluation of the Fetus and Placenta | 700 | ||
| Introduction | 700 | ||
| Fundamentals of Doppler Imaging | 700 | ||
| Arterial Doppler | 700 | ||
| Venous Doppler | 701 | ||
| Technique | 702 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Doppler Ultrasound | 704 | ||
| References | 704.e1 | ||
| 172 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Obstetrics | 705 | ||
| Introduction | 705 | ||
| Technique | 705 | ||
| Timing of Examination | 705 | ||
| Fetal Anatomic Evaluation | 705 | ||
| Brain | 705 | ||
| Cortex | 706 | ||
| Ventricles | 706 | ||
| Midline Structures | 706 | ||
| Posterior Fossa | 707 | ||
| Acquired Brain Lesions | 707 | ||
| Thorax and Lungs | 708 | ||
| Neck and Face | 709 | ||
| Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Tracts | 709 | ||
| Heart | 710 | ||
| Skeleton | 711 | ||
| Other Applications | 711 | ||
| Placenta | 711 | ||
| Virtopsy | 712 | ||
| Labor and Delivery | 712 | ||
| Safety Issues | 712 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 712 | ||
| References | 712.e1 | ||
| 173 Three-Dimensional Ultrasound | 713 | ||
| Introduction | 713 | ||
| Volume Displays | 713 | ||
| Technique | 713 | ||
| Acquiring and Aligning a Volume | 716 | ||
| Volume Contrast Enhancement | 716 | ||
| Surface Rendering | 716 | ||
| Fetal Anatomic Evaluation | 717 | ||
| Brain | 717 | ||
| Heart | 720 | ||
| References | 721.e1 | ||
| Index | 722 | ||
| A | 722 | ||
| B | 724 | ||
| C | 724 | ||
| D | 727 | ||
| E | 728 | ||
| F | 729 | ||
| G | 730 | ||
| H | 731 | ||
| I | 732 | ||
| J | 733 | ||
| K | 733 | ||
| L | 733 | ||
| M | 734 | ||
| N | 736 | ||
| O | 736 | ||
| P | 737 | ||
| Q | 738 | ||
| R | 738 | ||
| S | 739 | ||
| T | 741 | ||
| U | 743 | ||
| V | 744 | ||
| W | 745 | ||
| X | 745 | ||
| Y | 745 | ||
| Z | 745 | ||
| Clinical Key page | ibc1 |