BOOK
Dynamical Astrochemistry
David A Williams | Thomas W Hartquist | Jonathan M C Rawlings | Cesare Cecchi-Pestellini | Serena Viti
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Astrochemistry is a well-established interdisciplinary subject and the methods for describing time-dependent chemistry in static or slowly-changing regions of interstellar space have been well-developed over many years. Existing astrochemical books normally describe the subject in terms of chemistry in static or slowly-varying astronomical situations but the most significant astronomical regions are those in which the physical conditions change on timescales that are comparable to or shorter than chemical timescales.
Written by leading experts in this area, this is the first book specifically devoted to the astrochemistry of dynamically evolving astronomical regions. It provides a comprehensive description of this important area of science, stressing in particular the methods that have been developed for specific purposes. It will be of interest to researchers in astrochemistry, including both chemists and physicists and could form the basis of a postgraduate course for research students in chemistry and physics.
This book will no doubt stand as the definitive work in this field for some time to come. If you have even a passing interest in the interstellar medium, either in the Milky Way or in other galaxies, you should read it. Furthermore, you will be able to give it to every future PhD student on their first day and say ‘start here’.
Derek Ward-Thompson, University of Central Lancashire
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Chapter 1 Chemistry and Dynamics in the Interstellar Medium | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Interstellar and Circumstellar Chemistry—A Brief Summary | 4 | ||
| 1.2.1 Gas-phase Chemistries | 5 | ||
| 1.2.2 Surface Processes on Bare Interstellar Grains | 9 | ||
| 1.2.3 Chemistry in Interstellar Ices | 11 | ||
| 1.3 Interstellar and Circumstellar Dynamics | 13 | ||
| 1.4 Structure of This Book | 16 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| Chapter 2 Shocks and Turbulence and Their Effects on Chemistry | 21 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 21 | ||
| 2.2 Basics of Single-fluid Hydrodynamics | 24 | ||
| 2.2.1 The Single-fluid Hydrodynamic Equations | 24 | ||
| 2.2.2 Single-fluid Hydrodynamic Sound Waves | 27 | ||
| 2.2.3 Jump Conditions for Plane-parallel Hydrodynamic Shocks | 28 | ||
| 2.3 Postshock Molecular Processes | 29 | ||
| 2.3.1 H2 Level Populations | 30 | ||
| 2.3.2 Chemistry in Shocked Material | 31 | ||
| 2.3.3 Molecular Line Radiative Losses | 33 | ||
| 2.3.4 Dissociative Shocks | 33 | ||
| 2.4 Basics of Single-fluid Ideal MHD | 34 | ||
| 2.4.1 The Single-fluid Ideal MHD Equations | 34 | ||
| 2.4.2 MHD Waves | 36 | ||
| 2.4.3 Single-fluid MHD Shocks | 37 | ||
| 2.5 Basics of Multi-fluid Models of MHD Shocks | 40 | ||
| 2.5.1 J-type and C-type Shocks | 40 | ||
| 2.5.2 The Equations Governing Time-dependent Plane-parallel Multi-fluid Flow | 43 | ||
| 2.5.3 Some Applications of Perpendicular Shock Models and an Instability | 44 | ||
| 2.6 Detailed Treatments of Grains in Multi-fluid Shock Models | 47 | ||
| 2.6.1 A Runaway Effect in a Perpendicular Shock Model | 48 | ||
| 2.6.2 A Particle Trajectory Approach to Grain Dynamics in Perpendicular Shocks | 49 | ||
| 2.6.3 Grains in Oblique Shocks | 49 | ||
| 2.7 Basics of Hydrodynamic Turbulence and of MHD Turbulence | 50 | ||
| 2.7.1 The Reynolds Number and the Kolmogorov Spectrum | 51 | ||
| 2.7.2 Intermittency | 52 | ||
| 2.7.3 Turbulent Viscosity, Boundary Layers and Diffusion | 53 | ||
| 2.7.4 MHD Turbulence | 54 | ||
| 2.7.5 The Effects of Turbulence on Structure | 56 | ||
| References | 59 | ||
| Chapter 3 Non-thermal Chemistry in the Interstellar Medium | 63 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 63 | ||
| 3.2 Molecular Gas | 67 | ||
| 3.2.1 Molecular Clouds | 67 | ||
| 3.2.2 The Origin of Turbulence in Molecular Clouds | 72 | ||
| 3.2.3 Chemical Transitions in the Diffuse Molecular Gas | 73 | ||
| 3.3 Observational Evidence of Turbulent Motions | 76 | ||
| 3.4 Chemistry in Turbulent Regions | 82 | ||
| 3.4.1 Chemistry in a Magnetized Burgers Vortex | 83 | ||
| 3.4.2 Non-equilibrium Chemistry in Magnetized Shocks | 90 | ||
| 3.4.3 Non-equilibrium Chemistry in Ideal MHD Simulations: the Sulfur Problem | 96 | ||
| 3.4.4 Formation and Excitation of Molecular Hydrogen in Turbulent Dissipation Regions | 103 | ||
| 3.5 Dust in Magnetized Turbulence | 109 | ||
| 3.5.1 Dust Motions in Magnetized Turbulence | 110 | ||
| 3.5.2 Formation of PAHs by Turbulence-induced Shattering Events | 113 | ||
| 3.5.3 Dust Accretion in Turbulent Flows: Effects on Chemistry | 121 | ||
| 3.6 Chemistry in Transient Small Scale Regions | 125 | ||
| References | 129 | ||
| Chapter 4 Gas Dynamics under Gravity: Star Formation | 133 | ||
| 4.1 Formation of Low Mass Stars | 135 | ||
| 4.1.1 Introduction | 135 | ||
| 4.1.2 The Evolution and Classification of Low Mass Protostars and Prestellar Cores | 135 | ||
| 4.1.3 The Paradigm of Spherically Symmetric Isothermal Collapse | 138 | ||
| 4.1.4 Hydrostatic Equilibrium of a Single, Isolated, Spherical Cloud | 139 | ||
| 4.2 The Hydrodynamics of Gravitational Collapse | 141 | ||
| 4.2.1 Magnetically Controlled Collapse and Ambipolar Diffusion | 142 | ||
| 4.3 The Chemical Perspective | 143 | ||
| 4.3.1 Timescales and the Importance of Chemistry | 143 | ||
| 4.3.2 The Nature of Chemical Processes | 145 | ||
| 4.4 Chemistry Controlling Collapse | 147 | ||
| 4.4.1 MHD Wave Damping | 147 | ||
| 4.4.2 Ambipolar Diffusion | 148 | ||
| 4.5 Chemistry Diagnosing Physics | 148 | ||
| 4.5.1 The Quasi-Statically Contracting Starless Core: L1544 | 150 | ||
| 4.5.2 Detection and Characterizing Infall Associated with Star Formation | 154 | ||
| 4.5.3 The Class 0 Source B335 | 158 | ||
| 4.6 Later Stages-‘Hot Corinos' | 162 | ||
| 4.6.1 The Case of IRAS 16293-2422 | 162 | ||
| 4.7 Other Collapse/Evolution Scenarios and Protoplanetary Disks | 163 | ||
| 4.7.1 Episodic Accretion | 163 | ||
| 4.7.2 Filamentary Collapse | 163 | ||
| 4.7.3 Protoplanetary Discs | 164 | ||
| 4.8 Formation of High Mass Stars | 167 | ||
| 4.9 Theories of Massive Star Formation | 167 | ||
| 4.10 Characterization of the Early Stages of High Mass Star Formation | 170 | ||
| 4.11 Chemistry of the Early Stages of Star Formation | 171 | ||
| 4.12 Observational Tracers of the Massive-Star-Formation Process | 173 | ||
| 4.13 Conclusions | 180 | ||
| References | 180 | ||
| Chapter 5 Stellar Jets and Outflows | 184 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 184 | ||
| 5.2 Observations of Jets and Outflows | 185 | ||
| 5.2.1 Observations of Jets | 185 | ||
| 5.2.2 Observations of Molecular Outflows from Low Mass Protostars | 188 | ||
| 5.2.3 Observations of Outflows from High Mass Stars | 192 | ||
| 5.3 Chemistry in Jets | 194 | ||
| 5.3.1 Jet Launch Processes | 196 | ||
| 5.3.2 A Coupled Chemical-dynamical Model for Protostellar Disc Winds | 197 | ||
| 5.3.3 Chemical Results from a Protostellar Disc Wind Model | 199 | ||
| 5.3.4 Implications for Jet Chemistry | 201 | ||
| 5.3.5 Downstream Jet Chemistry and Structure | 203 | ||
| 5.3.6 The Terminal Working Surface and Its Chemistry | 209 | ||
| 5.4 Outflows | 214 | ||
| 5.4.1 The Outflow/Core Interface | 214 | ||
| 5.4.2 Chemistry in the Mixing Zone | 215 | ||
| 5.4.3 Outflow Morphologies and Chemistry | 218 | ||
| 5.5 Conclusions | 218 | ||
| References | 219 | ||
| Chapter 6 Outflows and Explosions of Evolved Stars | 224 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 224 | ||
| 6.2 Stellar Evolution | 224 | ||
| 6.2.1 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | 225 | ||
| 6.2.2 Evolutionary Tracks of Solar-mass and Intermediate-mass Stars | 226 | ||
| 6.2.3 The Evolution of High-mass Stars | 230 | ||
| 6.3 Dynamics of Winds and Mass-loss | 230 | ||
| 6.3.1 Simple Steady Hydrodynamic Wind | 230 | ||
| 6.3.2 Driving AGB Winds with Stellar Pulsations and Radiation Pressure on Dust | 231 | ||
| 6.4 Dust Formation in AGB Outflows | 232 | ||
| 6.4.1 Dust in Carbon-rich Outflows | 232 | ||
| 6.4.2 Dust in Oxygen-rich Outflows | 233 | ||
| 6.4.3 The Influence of an Active Galactic Nucleus | 234 | ||
| 6.5 Masers and Measurements of the Magnetic Fields in AGB Outflows | 234 | ||
| 6.6 Novae | 235 | ||
| 6.6.1 Introduction | 235 | ||
| 6.6.2 A Physical Model of Novae | 236 | ||
| 6.6.3 The Molecule Formation Epochs | 237 | ||
| 6.6.4 Early Stage Chemistry | 238 | ||
| 6.6.5 Carbon Dust Formation | 243 | ||
| 6.6.6 Silicate Dust Formation | 246 | ||
| 6.6.7 Alternative Chemical Pathways to Carbon Dust Formation | 246 | ||
| 6.6.8 The Subsequent Evolution of the Dust | 247 | ||
| 6.7 Supernovae | 248 | ||
| 6.7.1 Supernova Types and Outflow Dynamics | 248 | ||
| 6.7.2 Molecule Formation | 249 | ||
| 6.7.3 Dust Formation | 252 | ||
| 6.7.4 Late Stage Molecules and Dust | 254 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| Chapter 7 Conclusions: Where Do We Go from Here? | 258 | ||
| 7.1 What We Know Now About Dynamical Astrochemistry in the Milky Way | 258 | ||
| 7.2 Some Outstanding Questions Remaining for Dynamical Astrochemistry in the Milky Way | 260 | ||
| 7.2.1 Shocks | 260 | ||
| 7.2.2 Turbulence and Small-scale Structure | 261 | ||
| 7.2.3 Star Formation | 261 | ||
| 7.2.4 Jets and Outflows | 262 | ||
| 7.2.5 Evolved Stars, Novae and Supernovae | 262 | ||
| 7.3 Applications of Dynamical Astrochemistry to Two Special Environments | 262 | ||
| 7.3.1 Astrochemistry in the Early Universe | 262 | ||
| 7.3.2 The Astrochemistry of External Galaxies | 266 | ||
| 7.4 Final Remarks | 269 | ||
| References | 270 | ||
| Subject Index | 271 |