BOOK
Greenhouse Gas Emission and Mitigation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
Xinmin Zhan | Zhenhu Hu | Guangxue Wu
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Advanced wastewater treatment processes and novel technologies are adopted to improve nutrient removal from wastewater so as to meet stringent discharge standards. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are one of the major contributors to the increase in the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and therefore it is necessary to carry out intensive studies on quantification, assessment and characterization of GHG emissions in wastewater treatment plants, on the life cycle assessment from GHG emission prospective, and on the GHG mitigation strategies.
Greenhouse Gas Emission and Mitigation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants summarises the recent development in studies of greenhouse gases’ (CH4 and N2O) generation and emission in municipal wastewater treatment plants. It introduces the concepts of direct emission and indirect emission, and the mechanisms of GHG generations in wastewater treatment plants’ processing units. The book explicitly describes the techniques used to quantify direct GHG emissions in wastewater treatment plants and the protocol used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to estimate GHG emission due to wastewater treatment in the national GHG inventory. Finally, the book explains the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology on GHG emissions in consideration of the energy and chemical usage in municipal wastewater treatment plants. In addition, the strategies to mitigate GHG emissions are discussed.
The book provides an overview for researchers, students, water professionals and policy makers on GHG emission and mitigation in municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial wastewater treatment processes. It is a valuable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the water, climate, and energy areas; for researchers in the relevant areas; and for professional reference by water professionals, government policy makers, and research institutes.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Chapter 1: Warming climate and greenhouse gases | 1 | ||
| 1.1 WARMING CLIMATE | 1 | ||
| 1.2 GREENHOUSE GASES AND GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL | 4 | ||
| 1.3 GENERATION OF CO2 IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS | 5 | ||
| 1.4 GENERATION OF CH4 IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS | 7 | ||
| 1.5 N2O GENERATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES | 9 | ||
| 1.5.1 N2O emission during nitrification | 11 | ||
| 1.5.2 N2O emission during denitrification | 12 | ||
| 1.6 SUMMARY | 13 | ||
| 1.7 REFERENCES | 13 | ||
| Chapter 2: Greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment facilities | 17 | ||
| 2.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT GHG EMISSIONS | 17 | ||
| 2.2 GHG EMISSION AND GENERATION | 19 | ||
| 2.3 EMISSION FACTORS OF GHG EMISSION | 20 | ||
| 2.4 EMISSIONS OF DISSOLVED GAS TO THE ATMOSPHERE | 21 | ||
| 2.5 GHG GENERATION AND EMISSION IN WWTPS | 24 | ||
| 2.6 SUMMARY | 26 | ||
| 2.7 REFERENCES | 28 | ||
| Chapter 3: IPCC framework for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment | 29 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 29 | ||
| 3.2 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISCHARGE | 30 | ||
| 3.3 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF NATIONAL GHG EMISSIONS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT | 31 | ||
| 3.3.1 CH4 emissions from domestic wastewater treatment | 33 | ||
| 3.3.2 CH4 emissions from industrial wastewater treatment | 36 | ||
| 3.3.3 N2O emissions | 37 | ||
| 3.4 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM BIOGAS UTILIZATION | 38 | ||
| 3.5 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM SLUDGE DISPOSAL | 40 | ||
| 3.5.1 Land application | 40 | ||
| 3.5.2 Incineration | 42 | ||
| 3.5.3 Landfill | 43 | ||
| 3.5.4 Composting | 45 | ||
| 3.6 UNCERTAINTY | 46 | ||
| 3.6.1 CH4 emissions from domestic wastewater | 47 | ||
| 3.6.2 CH4 emissions from industrial wastewater | 48 | ||
| 3.6.3 N2O emissions from wastewater treatment facilities | 48 | ||
| 3.6.4 Source of uncertainties | 49 | ||
| 3.7 SUMMARY | 50 | ||
| 3.8 REFERENCES | 51 | ||
| Chapter 4: Measurement of direct greenhouse gas emissions in WWTPs | 53 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 53 | ||
| 4.2 OFF-GAS MEASUREMENT | 53 | ||
| 4.2.1 Enclosed wastewater treatment facilities | 54 | ||
| 4.2.2 Off-gas measurement techniques for open aerated tanks | 56 | ||
| 4.2.3 Measurement of off-gas in non-aerated tanks | 60 | ||
| 4.2.3.1 Static chamber technique | 60 | ||
| 4.2.3.2 Surface emission isolation flux chamber (SEIFC) | 62 | ||
| 4.3 QUANTIFICATION OF N2O EMISSION THROUGH MEASURING DISSOLVED N2O CONCENTRATION IN THE LIQUID PHASE | 64 | ||
| 4.3.1 N2O emission and generation | 64 | ||
| 4.3.2 Dissolved N2O measurement with the air stripping technique | 66 | ||
| 4.3.3 Dissolved N2O measurement using N2O sensor | 67 | ||
| 4.3.4 Estimation of KLa combining dissolved N2O concentration measurement and off-gas measurement | 71 | ||
| 4.4 MEASUREMENT OF DISSOLVED METHANE CONCENTRATION | 72 | ||
| 4.4.1 Headspace method | 72 | ||
| 4.4.2 Salting-out method | 74 | ||
| 4.5 SUMMARY | 75 | ||
| 4.6 REFERENCES | 76 | ||
| Chapter 5: Methane emission and mitigation in municipal wastewater treatment plants | 79 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 79 | ||
| 5.2 METHANE EMISSION IN WWTPS | 79 | ||
| 5.2.1 Total methane emission from municipal wastewater treatment plants | 80 | ||
| 5.2.2 A/O process WWTPs | 80 | ||
| 5.2.3 Sequencing batch reactor process WWTPs | 82 | ||
| 5.2.4 A2O process-based WWTPs | 84 | ||
| 5.2.5 Oxidation ditch process-based WWTPs | 87 | ||
| 5.3 PARAMETERS AFFECTING METHANE EMISSIONS IN WWTPS | 90 | ||
| 5.3.1 Effect of temperature and seasonal change | 90 | ||
| 5.3.2 Dissolved oxygen concentration | 91 | ||
| 5.3.3 COD concentration and effect of C/N ratio | 92 | ||
| 5.4 METHANE OXIDATION | 93 | ||
| 5.4.1 Aerobic methane oxidation | 93 | ||
| 5.4.2 Anaerobic methane oxidation | 93 | ||
| 5.4.3 Chemical oxidation of CH4 | 94 | ||
| 5.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR METHANE EMISSION IN WWTPS | 95 | ||
| 5.5.1 Electricity generation from methane | 95 | ||
| 5.6 SUMMARY | 96 | ||
| 5.7 REFERENCES | 97 | ||
| Chapter 6: N2O emission during biological nitrogen removal | 101 | ||
| 6.1 OVERVIEW OF NITROGEN CYCLE | 101 | ||
| 6.2 IDENTIFICATION OF N2O EMISSION PATHWAYS IN BNR | 102 | ||
| 6.3 FACTORS AFFECTING N2O EMISSION DURING NITRIFICATION | 102 | ||
| 6.3.1 Dissolved oxygen | 103 | ||
| 6.3.2 NO2- | 104 | ||
| 6.3.3 pH | 105 | ||
| 6.4 OPERATING FACTORS AFFECTING N2O EMISSION DURING DENITRIFICATION | 106 | ||
| 6.4.1 Organic carbon (types and C/N ratios) | 106 | ||
| 6.4.2 NO2–-N | 108 | ||
| 6.4.3 DO | 109 | ||
| 6.4.4 pH | 109 | ||
| 6.4.5 Cu | 110 | ||
| 6.5 N2O EMISSION FROM DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES | 110 | ||
| 6.5.1 Conventional biological nitrogen removal processes | 110 | ||
| 6.5.2 Multiple A/O processes | 112 | ||
| 6.5.3 Denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating processes | 114 | ||
| 6.5.4 High ammonium wastewater treatment processes | 115 | ||
| 6.5.4.1 Partial nitrification | 116 | ||
| 6.5.4.2 Partial nitrification-Anammox process | 116 | ||
| 6.5.5 N2O emission in autotrophic denitrification process | 117 | ||
| 6.6 SUMMARY AND FUTURE TRENDS | 118 | ||
| 6.7 REFERENCES | 120 | ||
| Chapter 7: Life cycle assessment of a wastewater treatment plant | 127 | ||
| 7.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT GHG EMISSIONS | 127 | ||
| 7.2 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT | 128 | ||
| 7.3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT | 129 | ||
| 7.4 STAGES OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT | 129 | ||
| 7.4.1 Goal and scope definition | 129 | ||
| 7.4.2 Life cycle inventory analysis | 130 | ||
| 7.4.3 Life cycle impact assessment | 131 | ||
| 7.4.4 Interpretation | 133 | ||
| 7.5 LCA OF A WWTP | 133 | ||
| 7.6.1 Introduction | 136 | ||
| 7.6.2 Materials and methods | 137 | ||
| 7.6.2.1 Goal and scope definition | 137 | ||
| 7.6.2.2 Life cycle inventory analysis | 137 | ||
| 7.6.2.3 Impact assessment | 142 | ||
| 7.7 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 142 | ||
| 7.8 SUMMARY | 145 | ||
| 7.9 REFERENCES | 146 | ||
| Index | 149 |