Reactive Inkjet Printing

Patrick J Smith; Aoife Morrin

BOOK

Reactive Inkjet Printing

Patrick J Smith | Aoife Morrin

(2017)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-78801-051-1
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 270
Subjects: Organic chemistry
Biochemical engineering
Biotechnology
Materials science

Abstract

Reactive inkjet printing uses an inkjet printer to dispense one or more reactants onto a substrate to generate a physical or chemical reaction to form a product in situ. Thus, unlike traditional inkjet printing, the printed film chemistry differs to that of the initial ink droplets. The appeal of reactive inkjet printing as a chemical synthesis tool is linked to its ability to produce droplets whose size is both controllable and predictable, which means that the individual droplets can be thought of as building blocks where droplets can be added to the substrate in a high precision format to give good control and predictability over the chemical reaction.

The book starts by introducing the concept of using reactive inkjet printing as a building block for making materials. Aspects such as the behaviour of printed droplets on substrate and their mixing is discussed in the first chapters. The following chapters then discuss different applications of the technique in areas including additive manufacturing and silk production, production of materials used in solar cells, printed electronics, dentistry and tissue engineering.

Edited by two leading experts, Reactive Inkjet Printing: A Chemical Synthesis Tool provides a comprehensive overview of this technique and its use in fabricating functional materials for health and energy applications. The book will appeal to advanced level students in materials science.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Cover	Cover
Reactive Inkjet Printing: A Chemical Synthesis Tool	i
Preface	vii
Contents	ix
Chapter 1 - Reactive Inkjet Printing—An Introduction	1
1.1 Introduction	1
1.2 Reactive Inkjet Printing—The Concept	3
1.3 Types of Inkjet Printer	4
1.3.1 Continuous Inkjet Printing	5
1.3.2 Drop-on-demand Inkjet Printing	5
1.4 Droplet Formation	6
1.5 Printability and Z Number	9
References	10
Chapter 2 - From Inkjet Printed Droplets to Patterned Surfaces	12
2.1 Introduction	12
2.1.1 Dimensionless Numbers	13
2.1.2 The Lifetime of a Deposited Droplet	13
2.2 Droplet Spreading on a Surface	15
2.2.1 Impact-driven Spreading	15
2.2.1.1 Predicting Impact-driven Spreading	16
2.2.1.2 Impact-driven Spreading of Inkjet Droplets	17
2.2.2 Surface Energy-driven Spreading	19
2.3 Phase Change	23
2.3.1 Evaporation	23
2.3.1.1 Solute Segregation	24
2.4 Interaction of Multiple Droplets	27
2.4.1 Coalescence	27
2.4.2 Bead Formation	29
2.4.2.1 Stable Bead Formation	29
2.4.2.2 Unstable Bead Formation	31
2.4.2.3 Film Formation	32
2.5 Summary	33
References	34
Chapter 3 - Droplet Mixing	38
3.1 Introduction	38
3.1.1 Mechanisms of Mixing	39
3.2 Diffusion and Advection	39
3.2.1 Pure Diffusion in a Sessile Droplet	40
3.2.2 Advection and Diffusion in a Cavity Flow	42
3.2.3 Droplets as Micro-reactors	46
3.3 Mixing in Impacting and Coalescing Droplets	46
3.3.1 Impact and Coalescence	47
3.3.2 Coalescence of Two Sessile Droplets	52
3.4 Reactions Within Coalescing Droplets	53
3.5 Conclusions	55
Acknowledgements	56
References	56
Chapter 4 - Unwanted Reactions of Polymers During the Inkjet Printing Process	59
4.1 Introduction	59
4.2 Polymer Definitions	60
4.3 Polymer Molecular Weights	61
4.4 Polymer Solutions	63
4.5 Polymer Solutions in Flow Conditions	66
4.6 Inkjet Formulation Rules	70
4.7 The Maximum Concentration of Polymers Printable by Inkjet Methods	71
4.8 Degradation of Linear Polymers During DOD Printing	74
4.9 Degradation of Linear Polymers During CIJ Printing	76
4.10 The Effect of Polymer Branching on Polymer Degradation During Inkjet Printing	78
4.11 Mechanistic Insight of Polymer Degradation During Inkjet Printing	81
4.12 Degradation of Polymers with Tertiary Structure During Drop on Demand Printing	82
4.13 Conclusions	83
References	84
Chapter 5 - Reactive Inkjet Printing for Silicon Solar Cell Fabrication	88
5.1 Introduction	88
5.1.1 Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics	88
5.1.2 Challenge of Patterning Dielectrics	89
5.1.3 Inkjet Printing in Silicon Photovoltaics	91
5.2 Patterning Using Polymer Masks	92
5.2.1 Novolac Resin Patterning by Dissolution	93
5.2.2 Resin Plasticising for Repeated Patterning Steps	96
5.2.3 Inkjet Lithography	97
5.3 Direct Etching of Inorganic Dielectrics	102
5.4 Direct Metallisation	104
5.4.1 Metallisation through a SiNx Antireflection Coating	105
5.4.2 Direct Metallisation of Silicon Heterojunction Cells	108
5.5 Concluding Remarks	110
References	111
Chapter 6 - Reactive Inkjet Printing: From Oxidation of Conducting Polymers to Quantum Dots Synthesis	117
6.1 Introduction to Reactive Inkjet Printing	117
6.2 Grey Scale Sheet Resistivity via RIJ	118
6.3 Transitioning to Tool Friendly Oxidizing Agent	122
6.4 Reaction Mechanism and Characterization of Oxidation Process	125
6.4.1 Sodium Hypochlorite Case	125
6.4.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Case	128
6.5 RIJ Printing: From Surface Modification to Nanomaterials and Quantum Dots Assembly	129
6.6 Self-assembled Au NPs	130
6.7 Single Ink Approach to Au NPs Self-assembly	134
6.8 Increasing NPs Coverage and Reducing the	135
6.9 Au:Ag Nanoparticle Alloys via RIJ	135
6.10 RIJ Growth of ZnO Nanostructures	137
6.11 RIJ Printing of Quantum Dots	140
6.12 Conclusion	141
References	141
Chapter 7 - Reactive Inkjet Printing of Silk Barrier Membranes for Dental Applications	147
7.1 Introduction	147
7.1.1 Guided Bone Regeneration	147
7.1.2 Dental Barrier Membrane Materials	148
7.1.3 Silk	149
7.2 Materials and Methods	150
7.2.1 RSF Synthesis	150
7.2.2 nHA Synthesis	151
7.2.3 Film Production	152
7.2.4 Degradation	152
7.2.5 Infrared Spectroscopy	153
7.2.6 Cell Viability	153
7.2.7 Statistical Analysis	154
7.3 Removal of Sericin	154
7.4 Results and Discussion	155
7.4.1 Controlling β-sheet Formation	155
7.4.2 Degradation	158
7.4.3 Cell Viability	164
7.5 Conclusion	166
Acknowledgements	167
References	167
Chapter 8 - Reactive Inkjet Printing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin as a 3D Scaffold for Autonomous Swimming Devices (Micro-rockets)	169
8.1 Introduction	169
8.1.1 What Are Micromotors/Autonomous ‘Swimming’ Devices	170
8.1.1.1 Phoretic Mechanisms	172
8.1.1.2 Bubble-propelled Motion	172
8.1.1.2.1\rTube-like Micro-swimmers.Rolled-up nanotube swimmers based on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by platinum localised on th...	173
8.1.1.2.2\rSpherical Micro-motors.Spherical micro-motors can also produce propulsion based on bubble release. One such system is described ...	173
8.1.2 Current Issues Concerning the Uses of Micro-motors	175
8.1.3 Immobilization of Enzymes	176
8.1.4 Why Use Silk as a Bio-ink	177
8.1.5 Advanced Fabrication of Micro-motors	178
8.1.5.1 Reactive Inkjet Printing	180
8.2 Production of Silk-based Enzyme-powered Micro-rockets	181
8.2.1 Preparation of Silk Ink Solution	181
8.2.1.1 Silk Degumming	181
8.2.1.2 Dissolution of Silk Fibroin Fibre	182
8.2.1.3 Preparation of Ink Solution	182
8.2.2 Inkjet Printing Process of Silk Micro-rockets	182
8.2.3 Optimisation of Silk Micro-rockets and Printing Process	184
8.2.3.1 Influence of PEG400	184
8.2.4 The Silk Rocket Barrier Layer	186
8.3 Characterisation of Micro-motors	187
8.3.1 How Does Layer Thickness Affect Average Column Height	188
8.3.2 Final Structures	188
8.4 Analysing the Trajectory Behaviour of Symmetrical and Janus Silk Micro-rockets	192
8.4.1 Directionality Analysis – Alignment of Particle to its Direction of Motion	193
8.5 Biocompatibility of Enzyme-powered Micro-motors—Ability to Swim in Biological Solutions	195
8.6 Lifetime of Enzyme Incorporated in Silk Structure Versus Free Enzyme	196
8.7 Conclusions	197
References	198
Chapter 9 - Reactive Inkjet Printing for Additive Manufacturing	202
9.1 Introduction	202
9.1.1 Photo-polymerisation in AM	203
9.1.2 Photo-polymerisation	203
9.1.2.1 Free Radical Polymerisation	204
9.1.2.2 Cationic Polymerisation	205
9.1.2.3 Oxygen Inhibition	205
9.1.3 Ink	207
9.1.4 Applications	210
9.2 Heat-assisted Reactive Ink Jetting	211
9.2.1 Nylon 6 (Polyamide)	211
9.2.2 Polyimide	213
9.3 High Viscosity Ink Deposition	214
9.3.1 Introduction	214
9.3.2 Influence of Viscosity	215
9.3.3 High Viscosity Printing Methods	216
9.3.4 Droplet Mixing	217
9.4 Summary	218
References	218
Chapter 10 - Reactive Inkjet Printing of Metals	222
10.1 The Need for Printed Metals	222
10.1.1 Conventional Technologies	222
10.1.2 Non-contact Printing	223
10.1.3 Reactive Inkjet Printing	224
10.2 Printing Technologies for Reactive ijp	224
10.3 Reactive Inks	225
10.3.1 Jetting	225
10.3.2 Reaction Stoichiometry	225
10.3.3 Kinetics of Deposition and Reaction	226
10.4 Other Deposition Chemistries	227
10.5 Substrates	228
10.5.1 Porous Substrates	228
10.5.2 Porous Substrates for RIJP of Metals	229
10.5.3 Modeling of Inks on Substrates	230
10.5.4 Other Substrates	231
10.6 Properties of Printed Patterns	232
10.6.1 Electrical Properties	232
10.6.2 Mechanical Properties	232
10.7 Comparison Between Different Metals	233
10.8 Comparison with Nanoparticle Printed Metals	234
10.9 Future Prospects	235
10.9.1 Industrial Inkjet Processes	235
10.9.2 Other Chemistries and Processes	235
10.9.3 Outstanding Problems	236
References	236
Chapter 11 - The Use of Reactive Inkjet Printing in Tissue Engineering	240
11.1 Introduction	240
11.2 Tissue Engineering	240
11.3 Alginate-based Systems	242
11.4 Fibrin-based Systems	249
11.5 Gelatin-based Systems	250
11.6 Optimal Printing Conditions of Glutaraldehyde Printing	252
11.7 Inkjet Printing Glutaraldehyde to Cross-link Gelatin	253
11.8 Cell Seeding onto Inkjet-printed-glutaraldehyde-cross-linked-gelatin	253
11.9 Conclusions	260
References	261
Subject Index	263

Reactive Inkjet Printing

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