Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Urban Hydroinformatics: Data, Models and Decision Support for Integrated Urban Water Management is an introduction to hydroinformatics applied to urban water management. It shows how to make the best use of information and communication technologies for manipulating information to manage water in the urban environment. The book covers the acquisition and analysis of data from urban water systems to instantiate mathematical models or calculations, which describe identified physical processes. The models are operated within prescribed management procedures to inform decision makers, who are responsible to recognized stakeholders. The application is to the major components of the urban water environment, namely water supply, treatment and distribution, wastewater and storm water collection, treatment and impact on receiving waters and groundwater, and urban flooding.Â
Urban Hydroinformatics pays particular attention to modeling, decision support through procedures, economics and management, and implementation in developing countries. The book is written with Post-graduate students, researchers and practicing engineers in all aspects of urban water management in mind.Â
Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read an article by the authors: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/Urbanhydroinformatics
This title is now available in Hardback: please note change of ISBN from 9781843392743 to 9781780401362.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half title page | 2 | ||
| Title page | 4 | ||
| Copyright page | 5 | ||
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Acronyms | 18 | ||
| Preface | 22 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 24 | ||
| Foreword | 26 | ||
| Introduction | 30 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 32 | ||
| The Imperative for Urban Water Management | 32 | ||
| 1.1 GLOBAL URBAN WATER ISSUES | 32 | ||
| 1.2 WATER ISSUES IN SOME MAJOR CITIES | 34 | ||
| 1.2.1 Bangkok | 34 | ||
| 1.2.2 Jakarta | 34 | ||
| 1.2.3 Dhaka | 36 | ||
| 1.2.4 London | 36 | ||
| 1.2.5 Chicago | 37 | ||
| 1.2.6 Shanghai | 37 | ||
| 1.2.7 Belo Horizonte | 37 | ||
| 1.3 PROBLEMS FACED BY MEGA CITIES | 39 | ||
| 1.4 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS OF CITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | 40 | ||
| 1.5 URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | 41 | ||
| 1.6 URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE USA | 43 | ||
| 1.7 URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN EUROPE | 43 | ||
| 1.8 INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT | 43 | ||
| 1.9 THIS BOOK | 44 | ||
| 1.10 KEYWORDS | 44 | ||
| 1.11 QUESTIONS | 45 | ||
| 1.12 REFERENCES | 45 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 46 | ||
| Urban Water Systems | 46 | ||
| 2.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF URBAN WATER SYSTEMS | 46 | ||
| 2.2 WATER RESOURCES FOR SUPPLY | 49 | ||
| 2.3 POTABLE WATER TREATMENT | 51 | ||
| 2.4 POTABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION | 51 | ||
| 2.5 DRAINAGE OF WATER FROM URBAN AREAS | 53 | ||
| 2.6 WASTEWATER TREATMENT | 56 | ||
| 2.7 RECEIVING WATERS IMPACT | 57 | ||
| 2.8 URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT | 59 | ||
| 2.9 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS | 61 | ||
| 2.10 INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT | 63 | ||
| 2.10.1 Asset management | 64 | ||
| 2.10.2 Sewage and drinking water system renovation and rehabilitation | 65 | ||
| 2.10.3 Urban pollution management | 65 | ||
| 2.10.4 Emergency fl ood warning | 66 | ||
| 2.10.5 Real time control | 67 | ||
| 2.11 KEYWORDS | 67 | ||
| 2.12 QUESTIONS | 67 | ||
| 2.13 REFERENCES | 68 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 70 | ||
| Hydroinformatics | 70 | ||
| 3.1 ON ORIGINS | 70 | ||
| 3.2 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULIC MODELLING | 72 | ||
| 3.2.1 First generation of computational hydraulic modelling | 72 | ||
| 3.2.2 Second generation of computational hydraulic modelling | 73 | ||
| 3.2.3 Third generation of computational hydraulic modelling | 73 | ||
| 3.2.4 Fourth generation of computational hydraulic modelling | 74 | ||
| 3.2.5 Fifth generation of computational hydraulic modelling | 75 | ||
| 3.2.6 The role of Hydroinformatics in urban water management | 76 | ||
| 3.2.7 Artifi cial intelligence and Hydroinformatics | 78 | ||
| 3.2.8 Data management and decision support | 80 | ||
| 3.2.9 The nature of knowledge | 81 | ||
| 3.2.10 Knowledge management | 82 | ||
| 3.2.11 Sharing knowledge | 82 | ||
| 3.3 HYDROINFORMATICS AND THE FLOW OF INFORMATION | 84 | ||
| 3.3.1 The physical and societal domains | 85 | ||
| 3.3.2 The virtual world and the scientifi c interface with the physical world | 85 | ||
| 3.3.3 The organizational world and the procedural interface with the virtual world | 88 | ||
| 3.3.4 The social world and the institutional interface with the organizational world | 89 | ||
| 3.3.5 The physical world and the intervention interface with the social world | 90 | ||
| 3.3.6 Hydroinformatics summarised | 90 | ||
| 3.4 KEYWORDS | 91 | ||
| 3.5 QUESTIONS | 91 | ||
| 3.6 REFERENCES | 91 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 94 | ||
| Data Management | 94 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 94 | ||
| 4.2 DEFINING OBJECTIVES OF DATA COLLECTION | 95 | ||
| 4.3 PREPARING FOR A DATA COLLECTION CAMPAIGN | 95 | ||
| 4.4 SPATIAL DATA COLLECTION | 96 | ||
| 4.5 DIGITAL TERRAIN DATA COLLECTION | 99 | ||
| 4.6 REMOTE SENSING | 106 | ||
| 4.7 TEMPORAL DATA COLLECTION | 109 | ||
| 4.7.1 Meteorological data | 111 | ||
| 4.7.2 Water supply, treatment and distribution | 114 | ||
| 4.7.3 Wastewater and storm water systems and treatment plants | 116 | ||
| 4.7.4 Receiving waters | 121 | ||
| 4.8 OTHER DATA | 122 | ||
| 4.9 MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY | 123 | ||
| 4.10 DATA VALIDATION, PROCESSING, HANDLING AND STORAGE | 124 | ||
| 4.11 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS | 125 | ||
| 4.12 TELEMETRY AND SCADA SYSTEMS | 129 | ||
| 4.13 KEYWORDS | 130 | ||
| 4.14 QUESTIONS | 130 | ||
| 4.15 REFERENCES | 130 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 132 | ||
| Modelling Paradigms | 132 | ||
| 5.1 BACKGROUND TO MODELLING | 132 | ||
| 5.1.1 Model categories | 133 | ||
| 5.1.2 What is a model? | 136 | ||
| 5.1.3 Calibration of a model | 137 | ||
| 5.1.4 Confi rming a model | 137 | ||
| 5.1.5 Modelling phases for urban water systems | 138 | ||
| 5.1.6 Some physical concepts associated with water | 140 | ||
| 5.2 MODELLING WATER QUANTITY | 141 | ||
| 5.2.1 Navier-Stokes equations | 141 | ||
| 5.2.2 Saint Venant equations | 143 | ||
| 5.2.3 1D Saint Venant equations | 145 | ||
| 5.2.4 Boundary conditions for pipe fl ow | 150 | ||
| 5.2.5 Pressurised fl ow | 152 | ||
| 5.2.6 Manhole storage | 157 | ||
| 5.2.7 Ancillary structures | 157 | ||
| 5.2.8 Incompressible pressurised fl ow in inelastic pipes | 159 | ||
| 5.3 MODELLING WATER QUALITY | 160 | ||
| 5.3.1 Sediment transport | 160 | ||
| 5.3.2 Chemical pollutants | 161 | ||
| 5.4 GROUNDWATER | 164 | ||
| 5.5 PIPE NETWORKS | 165 | ||
| 5.6 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE SAINT VENANT EQUATIONS | 166 | ||
| 5.6.1 6-point implicit scheme | 168 | ||
| 5.6.2 4-point implicit scheme | 169 | ||
| 5.6.3 Double sweep algorithm | 170 | ||
| 5.6.4 Network of pipes or channels | 171 | ||
| 5.6.5 SWMM | 171 | ||
| 5.6.6 Small depth problem | 173 | ||
| 5.6.7 Treatment of suband super-critical fl ows | 173 | ||
| 5.6.8 Generation of the initial condition | 173 | ||
| 5.6.9 Groundwater | 173 | ||
| 5.6.10 Solving the pollutant transport equations | 174 | ||
| 5.7 1D MODELLING OF NATURAL RIVERS | 174 | ||
| 5.8 2D ABOVE GROUND FLOW MODELLING | 175 | ||
| 5.8.1 Numerical solution of the 2D equations | 175 | ||
| 5.8.2 Integrating 1D and 2D models | 177 | ||
| 5.8.3 Wetting and drying | 177 | ||
| 5.9 SOLVING THE WATER DISTRIBUTION EQUATIONS | 179 | ||
| 5.9.1 Steady-state models | 181 | ||
| 5.9.2 Unsteady fl ow models | 182 | ||
| 5.9.3 Water quality models | 184 | ||
| 5.10 PHYSICALLY BASED MODELLING SOFTWARE | 185 | ||
| 5.11 MODEL INSTANTIATION | 185 | ||
| 5.12 COMPARTMENTALIZED MODELLING | 186 | ||
| 5.12.1 Reservoir concept | 187 | ||
| 5.12.2 Unit hydrograph | 188 | ||
| 5.12.3 Time-area diagram | 189 | ||
| 5.13 DATA DRIVEN MODELS | 189 | ||
| 5.13.1 Neural networks | 192 | ||
| 5.13.2 Choosing parameters of a NN model | 193 | ||
| 5.13.3 Support vector machines | 194 | ||
| 5.13.4 Chaos theory and nonlinear dynamics | 195 | ||
| 5.13.5 Genetic programming | 196 | ||
| 5.13.6 Bayesian learning | 197 | ||
| 5.13.7 Fuzzy logic models | 198 | ||
| 5.13.8 Nearest neighbour | 199 | ||
| 5.13.9 Model trees | 199 | ||
| 5.14 COMPARISON BETWEEN PHYSICALLY BASED AND DATA DRIVEN MODELLING | 201 | ||
| 5.15 AGENT BASED MODELLING | 201 | ||
| 5.16 KEYWORDS | 202 | ||
| 5.17 QUESTIONS | 203 | ||
| 5.18 REFERENCES | 203 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 206 | ||
| Decision Support Systems | 206 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 206 | ||
| 6.2 COMPONENTS OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS | 207 | ||
| 6.3 DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTY | 207 | ||
| 6.3.1 Monte Carlo simulation method | 208 | ||
| 6.3.2 First order second moment method | 209 | ||
| 6.3.3 Qualitative method: fuzzy set theory with expert judgment | 209 | ||
| 6.3.4 Qualitative uncertainty scale | 210 | ||
| 6.3.5 Improved uncertainty methods | 210 | ||
| 6.4 DECISION MAKING WITH OPTIMISATION | 212 | ||
| 6.4.1 Traditional optimisation methods | 212 | ||
| 6.4.2 General optimization methods | 212 | ||
| 6.4.3 Multi-objective optimization | 213 | ||
| 6.4.4 Traditional methods for MOP solution | 214 | ||
| 6.4.5 Evolutionary algorithms | 214 | ||
| 6.4.6 Performance and Pareto comparison | 215 | ||
| 6.5 PROCEDURES FOR DECISION SUPPORT | 215 | ||
| 6.5.1 Tasks and attributes | 217 | ||
| 6.5.2 Closed and open task structures | 217 | ||
| 6.5.3 Making decisions | 218 | ||
| 6.5.4 Examples of procedures | 219 | ||
| 6.5.5 Updating procedures | 219 | ||
| 6.5.6 Joint decision making | 219 | ||
| 6.5.7 Benefi ts of DSS | 220 | ||
| 6.6 INSTANTIATING MODELS | 220 | ||
| 6.6.1 Modelling as part of the knowledge management process | 220 | ||
| 6.6.2 Modelling within a project | 221 | ||
| 6.6.3 Planning phase | 222 | ||
| 6.6.4 Investigation phase | 235 | ||
| 6.6.5 Solution development | 254 | ||
| 6.7 INSTANTIATION OF DATA DRIVEN MODELS | 256 | ||
| 6.8 MODELLING AS A DYNAMIC PROCESS | 260 | ||
| 6.9 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT | 260 | ||
| 6.10 KEYWORDS | 261 | ||
| 6.11 QUESTIONS | 261 | ||
| 6.12 REFERENCES | 261 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 266 | ||
| Involving Society in Urban Water Management | 266 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 266 | ||
| 7.2 INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY NEEDS | 266 | ||
| 7.3 URBAN GOVERNANCE AND INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT | 267 | ||
| 7.4 INSTRUMENTS FOR URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT | 269 | ||
| 7.5 ETHICS OF URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT | 270 | ||
| 7.6 ROLE OF HYDROINFORMATICS IN SOCIETY | 273 | ||
| 7.7 CONCLUSIONS | 276 | ||
| 7.8 KEYWORDS | 276 | ||
| 7.9 QUESTIONS | 277 | ||
| 7.10 REFERENCES | 277 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 278 | ||
| Asset Management | 278 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 278 | ||
| 8.2 ASSET MANAGEMENT CYCLE | 279 | ||
| 8.3 EVOLUTION OF ASSET MANAGEMENT PRACTICE | 281 | ||
| 8.4 CONDITIONAND PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSET MANAGEMENT | 282 | ||
| 8.5 ASSET CONDITION ASSESSMENT | 282 | ||
| 8.6 ASSET PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT | 286 | ||
| 8.7 SERVICE LEVEL AND RISK-BASED ASSET MANAGEMENT | 286 | ||
| 8.8 PIPE DETERIORATION MODELLING | 288 | ||
| 8.9 ASSET REHABILITATION | 290 | ||
| 8.9.1 Optimised decision making | 290 | ||
| 8.9.2 Lifecycle costs | 290 | ||
| 8.9.3 Net present value | 292 | ||
| 8.9.4 Evaluation of alternatives and the use of optimisation techniques | 292 | ||
| 8.10 ASSET MANAGEMENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS | 293 | ||
| 8.11 CASE STUDY: PROACTIVE ASSET MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SEVERN TRENT WATER | 298 | ||
| 8.11.1 Introduction | 298 | ||
| 8.11.2 Background | 298 | ||
| 8.11.3 Changing the system | 298 | ||
| 8.11.4 OFWAT returns | 299 | ||
| 8.11.5 Severn Trent’s DAP programme | 299 | ||
| 8.11.6 Applications | 299 | ||
| 8.11.7 The future | 300 | ||
| 8.11.8 Adoption of private drains and sewers | 300 | ||
| 8.11.9 Acknowledgement | 301 | ||
| 8.12 KEYWORDS | 301 | ||
| 8.13 QUESTIONS | 301 | ||
| 8.14 REFERENCES | 301 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 304 | ||
| Water Distribution Systems | 304 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION | 304 | ||
| 9.1.1 Water sources | 305 | ||
| 9.1.2 Water treatment | 306 | ||
| 9.1.3 Water transmission | 307 | ||
| 9.1.4 Service reservoirs and water towers | 307 | ||
| 9.1.5 Distribution pipes, valves and pumps | 308 | ||
| 9.1.6 Complexity (or Water distribution labyrinth) | 308 | ||
| 9.2 MODELLING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS | 309 | ||
| 9.2.1 Model instantiation | 310 | ||
| 9.3 MODELLING APPLICATIONS | 310 | ||
| 9.3.1 Modelling for capital investment planning | 311 | ||
| 9.3.2 Modelling for operational planning | 315 | ||
| 9.4 CASE STUDY: APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC MODELLING FOR LEAKAGE MANAGEMENT IN THE BANGKOK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM | 325 | ||
| 9.4.1 Introduction | 325 | ||
| 9.4.2 Leakage management study in Bangkok | 325 | ||
| 9.4.3 Conclusion | 330 | ||
| 9.4.4 Acknowledgement | 330 | ||
| 9.5 KEYWORDS | 330 | ||
| 9.6 QUESTIONS | 330 | ||
| 9.7 REFERENCES | 330 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 332 | ||
| Collection Systems | 332 | ||
| 10.1 INTRODUCTION | 332 | ||
| 10.2 COMBINED VERSUS SEPARATE COLLECTION SYSTEMS | 334 | ||
| 10.3 WASTEWATER SYSTEMS | 335 | ||
| 10.4 STORMWATER SYSTEMS | 337 | ||
| 10.5 COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEMS | 339 | ||
| 10.6 SIMULATION MODELLING | 339 | ||
| 10.7 MODELLING RAINFALL | 342 | ||
| 10.7.1 Characterisation of rainfall | 343 | ||
| 10.7.2 Design rainfall | 347 | ||
| 10.7.3 Example of large amount of rainfall data (UK rainfall) | 351 | ||
| 10.7.4 UK synthetic design storms | 351 | ||
| 10.7.5 Selection of design storm | 353 | ||
| 10.7.6 Annual time series | 353 | ||
| 10.7.7 Synthetic time series | 354 | ||
| 10.8 DELINEATION OF CATCHMENTS AND SUB-CATCHMENTS | 354 | ||
| 10.9 MODELLING RAINFALL-RUNOFF FROM URBAN CATCHMENTS | 356 | ||
| 10.9.1 Runoff coeffi cient model | 357 | ||
| 10.9.2 The Horton infi ltration model | 357 | ||
| 10.9.3 Conceptual framework for rainfall-runoff models (UK) | 358 | ||
| 10.9.4 Rainfall-losses models (UK) | 358 | ||
| 10.9.5 The US soil conservation method SCS model | 361 | ||
| 10.10 RAINFALL-RUNOFF ROUTING MODELS | 362 | ||
| 10.10.1 Design unit hydrograph | 362 | ||
| 10.10.2 Time-area method | 363 | ||
| 10.10.3 Kinematic wave (Nonlinear reservoir) | 365 | ||
| 10.10.4 Runoff routing models (UK) | 365 | ||
| 10.10.5 Extension for large sub-catchments | 366 | ||
| 10.11 DRY WEATHER FLOWS | 366 | ||
| 10.12 POLLUTANT LOADING AND WASHOFF | 367 | ||
| 10.12.1 Attached pollutants | 369 | ||
| 10.12.2 Dissolved pollutants | 370 | ||
| 10.13 MODELLING FLOW IN NETWORKS OF CHANNELS AND/OR PIPES | 370 | ||
| 10.14 1D MODELLING APPROACH | 371 | ||
| 10.15 SIMPLIFICATION OF 1D MODELS | 371 | ||
| 10.16 1D/1D MODELLING APPROACH | 373 | ||
| 10.17 1D/2D MODELLING APPROACH | 373 | ||
| 10.18 DETERMINING PEAK FLOWS IN A DENDRITIC NETWORK | 374 | ||
| 10.19 USING EVENT-BASED AND TIME SERIES RAINFALL WITH PIPE NETWORKS | 375 | ||
| 10.20 MODELLING TREATMENT WORKS | 376 | ||
| 10.21 MODELLING RECEIVING WATERS | 376 | ||
| 10.22 INSTANTIATING AN URBAN DRAINAGE SIMULATION MODEL | 376 | ||
| 10.23 MODEL APPLICATION | 377 | ||
| 10.23.1 Design of systems | 377 | ||
| 10.23.2 Hydraulic analysis | 379 | ||
| 10.23.3 Infi ltration and infl ow analysis for wastewater systems | 384 | ||
| 10.23.4 CSO analysis | 384 | ||
| 10.23.5 Performance analysis of pipes and channels | 388 | ||
| 10.23.6 Storage facility analysis | 388 | ||
| 10.23.7 Real time control options | 391 | ||
| 10.23.8 Sewerage rehabilitation | 395 | ||
| 10.23.9 Urban pollution management | 398 | ||
| 10.24 KEYWORDS | 399 | ||
| 10.25 QUESTIONS | 399 | ||
| 10.26 REFERENCES | 400 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 402 | ||
| Wastewater Treatment | 402 | ||
| 11.1 INTRODUCTION | 402 | ||
| 11.1.1 Short history of wastewater treatment | 402 | ||
| 11.2 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISATION | 404 | ||
| 11.2.1 Wastewater quantity or fl ow | 404 | ||
| 11.2.2 Wastewater constituents | 406 | ||
| 11.2.3 Wastewater composition | 408 | ||
| 11.3 TREATMENT STEPS | 410 | ||
| 11.3.1 Primary treatment | 411 | ||
| 11.3.2 Secondary treatment | 411 | ||
| 11.3.3 Tertiary treatment | 424 | ||
| 11.4 MODELLING OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS | 424 | ||
| 11.4.1 Modelling hydraulics | 425 | ||
| 11.4.2 Modelling of mixing | 427 | ||
| 11.4.3 Biological process modelling | 431 | ||
| 11.4.4 Settler modelling | 437 | ||
| 11.4.5 Membrane fi ltration modelling | 444 | ||
| 11.5 SIMULATION SOFTWARE | 446 | ||
| 11.6 OUTLOOK | 446 | ||
| 11.7 CASE STUDY: UPGRADING LARGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS: USE OF MODELLING AS A DECISION-MAKING TOOL IN SARAJEVO (BOZNIA AN | 447 | ||
| 11.7.1 Introduction | 447 | ||
| 11.7.2 Modelling of Sarajevo sewage system | 448 | ||
| 11.7.3 Acknowledgement | 450 | ||
| 11.8 KEYWORDS | 450 | ||
| 11.9 QUESTIONS | 450 | ||
| 11.10 REFERENCES | 450 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 454 | ||
| Management of Water Quality in Integrated Drainage Systems | 454 | ||
| 12.1 INTRODUCTION | 454 | ||
| 12.2 IMPACT OF POLLUTANTS ON RECEIVING WATERS | 455 | ||
| 12.2.1 Oxygen demanding substances | 456 | ||
| 12.2.2 Pollution dilution and oxygen sag | 457 | ||
| 12.2.3 First foul fl ush | 458 | ||
| 12.2.4 Bacteriological and pathogenic factors | 459 | ||
| 12.2.5 Pollutants that hinder oxygenation at the surface | 459 | ||
| 12.2.6 Toxic contaminants | 460 | ||
| 12.2.7 Discharges high in suspended solids | 460 | ||
| 12.3 MODELLING EQUATIONS | 460 | ||
| 12.4 URBAN POLLUTION MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE | 462 | ||
| 12.4.1 Initial planning | 462 | ||
| 12.5 INTEGRATED MODELLING | 472 | ||
| 12.6 CASE STUDY 1: STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL MODELLING FOR MARINA RESERVOIR, SINGAPORE | 477 | ||
| 12.6.1 Introduction | 477 | ||
| 12.6.2 The conversion process | 479 | ||
| 12.6.3 Water quality modelling framework | 479 | ||
| 12.6.4 Operational Management System | 482 | ||
| 12.6.5 Organisational set-up and capacity building | 482 | ||
| 12.6.6 Conclusions | 483 | ||
| 12.6.7 Acknowledgement | 484 | ||
| 12.7 CASE STUDY 2: MODELLING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DRAINAGE SYSTEM, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND RECEIVER WATER AT PATTAYA BEACH | 484 | ||
| 12.7.1 Introduction | 484 | ||
| 12.7.2 Description of the study area | 485 | ||
| 12.7.3 Modelling the hydraulic process and pollutant transport in the drainage system | 486 | ||
| 12.7.4 Modelling of the receiving water along the Pattaya beach | 488 | ||
| 12.7.5 Conclusions | 488 | ||
| 12.7.6 Acknowledgement | 490 | ||
| 12.8 KEYWORDS | 491 | ||
| 12.9 QUESTIONS | 491 | ||
| 12.10 REFERENCES | 491 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 494 | ||
| Urban Flood Risk Management | 494 | ||
| 13.1 INTRODUCTION | 494 | ||
| 13.2 URBAN FLOODS AND THEIR IMPACTS | 495 | ||
| 13.3 URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT PROCESS | 496 | ||
| 13.4 DELINEATION OF FLOOD HAZARDS | 498 | ||
| 13.5 UNCERTAINTY | 498 | ||
| 13.6 EVALUATION OF IMPACTS OF URBAN FLOODS | 498 | ||
| 13.7 FLOOD MITIGATION MEASURES | 501 | ||
| 13.8 FLOOD FORECASTING AND WARNING SYSTEMS | 501 | ||
| 13.9 REAL-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS | 502 | ||
| 13.10 THE PRACTICE OF URBAN FLOOD DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT | 503 | ||
| 13.11 FLOOD RESILIENT COMMUNITIES | 505 | ||
| 13.12 CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT | 506 | ||
| 13.13 KEYWORDS | 508 | ||
| 13.14 QUESTIONS | 508 | ||
| 13.15 REFERENCES | 508 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 510 | ||
| Management of Urban Water in Developing Countries | 510 | ||
| 14.1 INTRODUCTION | 510 | ||
| 14.2 ASIA | 515 | ||
| 14.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN | 516 | ||
| 14.4 AFRICA | 522 | ||
| 14.5 TOWARDS BETTER PROVISION OF SERVICES | 525 | ||
| 14.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS | 526 | ||
| 14.7 KEYWORDS | 527 | ||
| 14.8 QUESTIONS | 527 | ||
| 14.9 REFERENCES | 527 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 528 | ||
| Future of Urban Water Management | 528 | ||
| 15. 1 INTRODUCTION | 528 | ||
| 15.2 DATA MANAGEMENT | 529 | ||
| 15.3 MODELLING | 530 | ||
| 15.4 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS | 532 | ||
| 15.5 INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES | 532 | ||
| 15.6 FUTURE OF URBAN HYDROINFORMATICS | 533 | ||
| 15.7 KEYWORDS | 533 | ||
| 15.8 QUESTIONS | 533 | ||
| 15.9 REFERENCES | 533 | ||
| Glossary | 536 | ||
| Index | 548 |