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Book Details
Abstract
Diatoms are single cell algae composed of silica. They represent one of the most outstanding natural materials with exceptional structural, mechanical, optical, photonic and chemical properties optimized through millions years of evolution. The unique nano and micro silica structures of the material combined with its availability as a low cost mineral from diatomaceous earth are attractive for solving many of today’s environmental, energy and health problems.
Diatom Nanotechnology provides a comprehensive overview of the material and its uses. The first part of the book looks at the distinctive porous silica structure of diatoms, the mechanism of their formation and their properties. Individual chapters then explore the broad range of their applications in nanotechnology including nanofabrication, optical biosensors, gas sensors, water purifications, photonics, drug delivery, batteries, solar cells, supercapacitors, new adsorbents and composite materials.
With contributions from leading international experts, the book represents an important resource for academics, researchers, industry professionals, postgraduate and advanced level undergraduate students providing them with the latest developments on this emerging and dynamic field.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Diatom Nanotechnology: Progress and Emerging Applications | i | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Chapter 1 - Whence Is the Diversity of Diatom Frustules Derived | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 The Frustule in Context | 2 | ||
| 1.2.1 The Chemical Milieu | 3 | ||
| 1.2.2 Why Are Diatom Frustules Only Now Being Appreciated | 4 | ||
| 1.2.3 Paradigm of Porosity: Why Frustule Detail Matters | 4 | ||
| 1.2.4 Resolving the Porosity | 6 | ||
| 1.2.5 Chemical versus Physical Balance | 6 | ||
| 1.2.6 Shrinking Diatoms | 6 | ||
| 1.3 Applying Diatom Frustule Information | 7 | ||
| 1.3.1 Linking Diatoms to Lab-on-a-chip Systems | 7 | ||
| 1.3.2 Particle Movement at the Nanoscale | 7 | ||
| 1.3.3 Ongoing Development | 8 | ||
| 1.3.4 Imaging Diatom Structures | 9 | ||
| 1.3.5 Exploring Diatom Diversity | 10 | ||
| 1.4 Conclusions | 11 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Interactions of Diatoms with Their Fluid Environment | 14 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 14 | ||
| 2.1.1 General Function and Form of the Frustule in Centric Diatoms | 15 | ||
| 2.2 Nutrient Transport | 17 | ||
| 2.2.1 Transport of Matter in the Ocean | 18 | ||
| 2.2.2 Transport of Matter Towards and Across an Osmotroph Cell Membrane | 20 | ||
| 2.2.2.1 Diffusive Mass Transport and Cell Uptake for Osmotrophs | 20 | ||
| 2.2.2.2 Cell Membrane Uptake | 22 | ||
| 2.2.2.3 Effect of Fluid Advection, Turbulence and Cell Shape on Mass Transport and Cell Uptake | 25 | ||
| 2.3 The Dynamic Fluid Environment of Diatoms | 27 | ||
| 2.3.1 Advection | 27 | ||
| 2.3.2 Sinking/Buoyancy | 31 | ||
| 2.3.3 Effect of Chain Formation | 32 | ||
| 2.4 Effect of the Frustule on Mass Transport | 33 | ||
| 2.4.1 Morphology of the Valve Structure of Coscinodiscus sp. and Thalassiosira sp | 34 | ||
| 2.4.2 Morphology of the Girdle Bands of Coscinodiscus sp | 35 | ||
| 2.4.3 Mass Transport Through the Valve Pores | 35 | ||
| 2.4.4 Influence of External Frustule Surface on Mass Transport | 41 | ||
| 2.4.5 Mass Transport Through the Girdle Band Pores | 43 | ||
| 2.5 Conclusion | 46 | ||
| Nomenclature | 46 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 47 | ||
| References | 48 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Nanoengineering of Diatom Surfaces for Emerging Applications | 55 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 55 | ||
| 3.2 Lithography: Biomimetic Architecture of Diatoms | 58 | ||
| 3.2.1 Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) | 59 | ||
| 3.2.2 Three-dimensional Laser Lithography (3DLL) | 60 | ||
| 3.3 Biological Templates: Protein-directed Template Formation | 62 | ||
| 3.3.1 Lab-on-a-chip Technologies | 62 | ||
| 3.3.2 Peptide and TiO2-mediated Deposition in Diatom Frustules | 64 | ||
| 3.4 Solar Cells for Energy (Heat/Electricity/Biofuel) | 66 | ||
| 3.5 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials | 68 | ||
| 3.6 Oxide-based Nanoparticles | 70 | ||
| 3.7 Conclusions | 71 | ||
| References | 72 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Functionalization of Frustules From Diatom Cell Culture for Optoelectronic Properties | 79 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 79 | ||
| 4.2 Metabolic Insertion of Metals into the Frustule of Living Diatom Cells | 82 | ||
| 4.2.1 Silica Biomineralization | 82 | ||
| 4.2.2 Strategy for Metabolic Insertion of Metals into Diatom Cells | 83 | ||
| 4.2.3 Post Processing of Diatom Cells | 85 | ||
| 4.2.4 Metabolic Insertion of Germanium | 87 | ||
| 4.2.5 Changes in Frustule Nanostructure After Metabolic Insertion of Ge Oxides | 87 | ||
| 4.2.6 Photoluminescence of Diatom Frustules Containing Metabolically-inserted Ge Oxides | 89 | ||
| 4.2.7 Electroluminescence of Diatom Frustules Containing Metabolically-inserted Ge Oxides | 91 | ||
| 4.2.8 Metabolic Insertion of Titanium | 92 | ||
| 4.2.9 Metabolic Insertion of Other Metals | 95 | ||
| 4.3 Deposition of Metals onto the Diatom Frustule Biosilica | 95 | ||
| 4.3.1 Solution-based Metal Deposition Processes | 96 | ||
| 4.3.2 Device Applications for Metal-coated Diatom Biosilica | 98 | ||
| 4.3.3 Bioclastic Replacement Processes | 98 | ||
| 4.4 Functionalization of Diatom Biosilica with Biomolecules | 98 | ||
| 4.4.1 Diatom-enabled Photoluminescence-based Biosensing | 100 | ||
| 4.4.2 Diatom-enabled SERS-based Biosensing | 104 | ||
| 4.5 Summary and Suggested Future Directions | 104 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 106 | ||
| References | 107 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Micro- and Nano-optical Devices from Diatom Nanostructures: Light Control by Mother Nature | 111 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 111 | ||
| 5.2 Characterization of Diatoms’ Ultrastructure by Digital Holography Combined Imaging | 112 | ||
| 5.3 Optical Properties of Diatoms | 117 | ||
| 5.3.1 Diatom Photoluminescence | 117 | ||
| 5.3.2 Lens-less Focusing | 118 | ||
| 5.4 Diatom-based Photonic Applications | 119 | ||
| 5.4.1 Gas Sensing | 119 | ||
| 5.4.2 Biosensing | 121 | ||
| 5.4.3 Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy | 122 | ||
| 5.5 Conclusions | 123 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 123 | ||
| References | 123 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Immobilization of Proteins on Diatom Biosilica | 126 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 126 | ||
| 6.2 Methods for Immobilizing Proteins on Diatom Biosilica | 128 | ||
| 6.2.1 In vitro Immobilization | 129 | ||
| 6.2.1.1 Adsorption | 129 | ||
| 6.2.1.2 Encapsulation | 131 | ||
| 6.2.1.3 Covalent Binding | 132 | ||
| 6.2.2 In vivo Immobilization | 134 | ||
| 6.3 Applications | 138 | ||
| 6.3.1 Catalysis | 139 | ||
| 6.3.2 Sensing | 142 | ||
| 6.3.3 Drug Delivery | 143 | ||
| 6.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects | 145 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 145 | ||
| References | 145 | ||
| Chapter 7 - The Potential of Modified Diatom Frustules for Solar Energy Conversion | 150 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 150 | ||
| 7.1.1 Dye-sensitised Solar Cells | 151 | ||
| 7.1.2 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production | 152 | ||
| 7.1.3 Diatom Frustules | 153 | ||
| 7.2 Shape Retention Modifications of Diatom Frustules for Solar Energy Conversion | 154 | ||
| 7.2.1 Thermo-chemical Conversion of Diatom Frustules to Semiconductors | 154 | ||
| 7.2.2 Biological Insertion of Semiconductors into Diatom Frustules | 157 | ||
| 7.2.3 Surface Modification of Diatom Frustules | 157 | ||
| 7.2.4 Microfabrication of Three-dimensional Scaffolds Using Diatom Frustules | 160 | ||
| 7.3 Modified Diatom Frustules for Dye-sensitised Solar Cell Applications | 162 | ||
| 7.4 Modified Diatom Frustules for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production Applications | 164 | ||
| 7.5 Conclusions and Outlook | 165 | ||
| References | 166 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Diatom Silica as an Emerging Biomaterial for Energy Conversion and Storage | 175 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 175 | ||
| 8.2 Diatom Silica: Structure and Properties | 178 | ||
| 8.3 Diatoms for Lithium Ion Battery Materials | 180 | ||
| 8.4 Diatoms for Energy Storage: Supercapacitors | 182 | ||
| 8.5 Diatoms for Solar Cells | 185 | ||
| 8.6 Diatoms for Hydrogen Storage | 191 | ||
| 8.7 Diatoms for Thermal Energy Storage | 192 | ||
| 8.8 Outlook | 194 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 194 | ||
| References | 195 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Diatoms: A Natural Source of Nanostructured Silica for Drug Delivery | 201 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 201 | ||
| 9.2 Natural Nanostructured Silica from Diatoms | 203 | ||
| 9.3 Diatom Frustule Processing for the Preparation of Non-toxic Drug Delivery Micro/nano Carriers | 204 | ||
| 9.4 Biochemical Modification Strategies of Diatom Surfaces | 207 | ||
| 9.5 Diatom Microparticles for Drug Delivery Applications | 208 | ||
| 9.6 Diatom Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Inside Cancer Cells | 209 | ||
| 9.7 Conclusions | 214 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 215 | ||
| References | 216 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Diatomaceous Earth, A Natural Insecticide for Stored Grain Protection: Recent Progress and Perspectives | 219 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 219 | ||
| 10.2 Diatomaceous Earth (DE): Sources and Physical and Chemical Properties | 222 | ||
| 10.3 Diatomaceous Earth (DE): A Natural Insecticide for Pest Control | 224 | ||
| 10.3.1 Early Use and Experimental Results | 224 | ||
| 10.3.2 The Insecticidal Modes of Action | 226 | ||
| 10.3.3 An Overview of Key Parameters That Influence the Insecticidal Performance of DE | 228 | ||
| 10.3.3.1 The Type and Origin of DE from Different Geographical Locations | 228 | ||
| 10.3.3.2 The Influence of the Structural and Physical Properties of DE | 229 | ||
| 10.3.3.3 Insects Species and Growth Stage Dependence | 231 | ||
| 10.3.3.4 The Influence of the Type of Grain | 232 | ||
| 10.3.3.5 Effect of Environmental Factors: Moisture and Temperature | 235 | ||
| 10.3.3.6 The Influence of the DE Application Method | 236 | ||
| 10.3.4 The Limitations of DE Insecticides for Grain Protection | 238 | ||
| 10.3.4.1 Impact on Grain Properties | 238 | ||
| 10.3.4.2 Health and Environmental Issues | 239 | ||
| 10.3.5 DE Formulation Development and Improvement | 239 | ||
| 10.3.5.1 Enhanced DE Formulations: Current Development and Future Prospects | 241 | ||
| 10.4 Conclusions | 243 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 243 | ||
| References | 243 | ||
| Subject Index | 248 |