BOOK
Membrane Engineering for the Treatment of Gases
Enrico Drioli | Giuseppe Barbieri | Adele Brunetti
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Elaborating on recent and future developments in the field of membrane engineering, Volume 1 focuses on new membrane materials which have recently emerged in gas separation. Covering graphene/graphene oxide based membranes, PIMs, thermally rearranged membranes, and new mixed matrix membranes, alongside membrane pilot plant trials of gas separation, such as CO2 from flue gas and biogas, as well as a cost analysis of competitive membrane and hybrid systems, this book provides a comprehensive account. Together with Volume 2, these books form an innovative reference work on membrane engineering and technology in the field of gas separation and gaseous phase membrane reactors.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Membrane Engineering for the Treatment of Gases Volume 1: Gas-separation Issues with Membranes | i | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| Chapter 1 - Modelling of Gas Separation in Thermally Rearranged Polymeric Membranes | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1.1 Thermally Rearranged (TR) Polymers | 2 | ||
| 1.1.2 Computational Approach to Polymeric Membranes: From Macro- to Atomistic Scale | 4 | ||
| 1.1.3 Micro- and Macroscopic Simulation Methods | 5 | ||
| 1.2 Thermodynamics and Transport in Polymeric Membranes | 6 | ||
| 1.2.1 Solubility | 6 | ||
| 1.2.2 IAST | 8 | ||
| 1.2.3 Monte Carlo Simulations | 8 | ||
| 1.2.4 Molecular Dynamics | 10 | ||
| 1.3 Separation of Gases by TR-PBO Polymeric Membranes | 11 | ||
| 1.3.1 Sorption | 11 | ||
| 1.3.2 Estimation of Diffusivity | 17 | ||
| 1.4 Conclusions | 21 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 22 | ||
| References | 22 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Materials by Design: Multiscale Molecular Modelling for the Design of Nanostructured Membranes | 28 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 28 | ||
| 2.2 Multiscale Molecular Modelling: General Concepts | 31 | ||
| 2.3 Multiscale Simulation Prediction and Experimental Validation of Gas Permeation Enhancement in Different Thermoplastic Polyure... | 37 | ||
| 2.3.1 Experimental and Computational Information | 38 | ||
| 2.3.2 Results | 39 | ||
| 2.4 Concluding Remarks | 46 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 47 | ||
| References | 47 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Thermally Rearranged Polymers: The Ultimate Solution for Membrane Gas Separation | 50 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 50 | ||
| 3.2 Theoretical Rationale Behind the Need for Chain Rigidity | 52 | ||
| 3.3 TR Polymer Fundamentals | 54 | ||
| 3.4 Structural Design of TR Polymers | 56 | ||
| 3.4.1 Rigid Backbone Structure with Low Rotational Freedom | 58 | ||
| 3.4.2 Monomers Containing Bulky Bridging and/or Pendant Groups | 58 | ||
| 3.4.3 Summary of TR Polymer Structural Design | 59 | ||
| 3.5 Synthesis Routes for TR Polymers | 59 | ||
| 3.5.1 Thermal Imidization | 62 | ||
| 3.5.2 Azeotropic Imidization | 62 | ||
| 3.5.3 Chemical Imidization | 63 | ||
| 3.5.4 Ester-acid Imidization | 65 | ||
| 3.5.5 Summary of Imidization Routes | 65 | ||
| 3.6 Types of TR Polymers | 67 | ||
| 3.6.1 TR-α Polymers | 67 | ||
| 3.6.2 TR-β-PBO Derived from Hydroxy-polyamides (HPAs) | 69 | ||
| 3.6.3 Cross-linked TR Polymers | 69 | ||
| 3.6.4 TR Co-polymers | 72 | ||
| 3.6.5 TR Polymers with Spiro-bisindane or Tröger’s Base Units (PIM-TR-PBO) | 72 | ||
| 3.6.6 Claisen TR Polymers | 73 | ||
| 3.6.7 TR Polymers Derived from Polyimide Precursors with Labile Units | 74 | ||
| 3.6.8 Summary of TR Polymer Types | 74 | ||
| 3.7 TR Polymer Membranes for Gas Separation | 74 | ||
| 3.7.1 Overview of the Gas Permeation Properties of TR Polymers | 74 | ||
| 3.7.2 Effect of TR Polymer Imidization Route on the Gas Permeation Properties | 77 | ||
| 3.7.3 Effect of TR Polymer Type on the Gas Permeation Properties | 77 | ||
| 3.8 Considerations for Industrial-scale Implementation | 85 | ||
| 3.9 Conclusions | 88 | ||
| References | 89 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Analysis of Gas and Vapor Sorption in Polymer Membranes of Interest for Gas Separation (Including Ionic Liquids) | 94 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 94 | ||
| 4.2 Transient and Equilibrium Sorption | 98 | ||
| 4.2.1 Sorption in Glassy Polymers | 100 | ||
| 4.2.1.1 Dual-mode Sorption Model | 100 | ||
| 4.2.1.2 BET and GAB Models | 101 | ||
| 4.2.2 Sorption in Rubbery Polymers | 101 | ||
| 4.2.2.1 Flory–Huggins Model | 101 | ||
| 4.2.2.2 Flory–Rehner Model | 103 | ||
| 4.2.2.3 ENSIC Model | 103 | ||
| 4.2.2.4 Koningsveld–Kleintjens Model | 104 | ||
| 4.2.2.5 Hildebrand Solubility Parameter | 104 | ||
| 4.2.2.6 UNIQUAC Model | 105 | ||
| 4.2.3 Equations of State | 105 | ||
| 4.3 Experimental Determination of Sorption | 106 | ||
| 4.3.1 Examples of Gas Sorption in Polymers | 109 | ||
| 4.3.2 Examples of Gas Sorption in Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid Membranes | 110 | ||
| 4.4 Conclusions | 112 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 112 | ||
| References | 113 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Highly Permeable Polymers for the Treatment of Gases (PIMs) | 117 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 117 | ||
| 5.2 PIM-1 and PIM-7 | 119 | ||
| 5.2.1 Effect of PIM-1 Membrane Treatment | 120 | ||
| 5.2.2 Effect of Membrane Thickness of PIM-1 Membranes | 121 | ||
| 5.2.3 Effect of Pressure and Feed Composition | 123 | ||
| 5.2.4 Modified PIM-1 | 125 | ||
| 5.2.5 Cross-linked PIM-1 | 126 | ||
| 5.2.6 Polymer Blends with PIM-1 | 129 | ||
| 5.2.7 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) with PIM-1 | 130 | ||
| 5.3 Other Ladder Polymers Prepared by Dibenzodioxane Formation | 134 | ||
| 5.4 Polyimides of Intrinsic Microporosity | 138 | ||
| 5.5 Tröger’s Base (TB) Polymers | 140 | ||
| 5.6 Conclusions | 143 | ||
| References | 144 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Graphene-based Membranes for Gas Separation | 149 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 149 | ||
| 6.2 Graphene Synthesis | 151 | ||
| 6.3 Nanoporous Graphene | 153 | ||
| 6.4 Gas Permeation Mechanisms Across Porous Graphene Membranes | 154 | ||
| 6.5 Experimental Approaches toward Porous Graphene Membranes | 161 | ||
| 6.6 Graphene Oxide: Synthesis and Structure | 165 | ||
| 6.7 Graphene Oxide Membranes | 170 | ||
| 6.8 Graphene or GO-embedded Mixed Matrix Membranes | 174 | ||
| 6.9 Conclusions | 176 | ||
| References | 177 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Mass Transport in Zeolite Membranes for Gas Treatment: A New Insight | 183 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 183 | ||
| 7.2 Adsorption | 185 | ||
| 7.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms and Related Langmuir Parameters | 185 | ||
| 7.3 Pore Geometry Correction | 189 | ||
| 7.4 Mass Transport Mechanisms Through Zeolite Pores | 191 | ||
| 7.4.1 Surface Diffusion | 193 | ||
| 7.4.2 Knudsen Diffusion | 196 | ||
| 7.5 Multicomponent Permeation Through Zeolite Membranes | 197 | ||
| 7.5.1 Permeation Through FAU NaY Membranes | 197 | ||
| 7.5.2 Permeation Through Silicalite Membranes | 205 | ||
| 7.6 Concluding Remarks | 211 | ||
| List of Symbols | 212 | ||
| Greek letters | 212 | ||
| Subscripts/Superscripts | 213 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 213 | ||
| References | 213 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Cost Competitive Membrane Processes for Carbon Capture | 216 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 216 | ||
| 8.2 Commercial Gas Separation Membranes | 218 | ||
| 8.3 Membrane Price | 219 | ||
| 8.4 Economics of Carbon Capture | 221 | ||
| 8.5 Post-combustion of Carbon Capture | 223 | ||
| 8.5.1 Single Stage Processes | 223 | ||
| 8.5.2 Multiple Membrane Stages in Cascade | 225 | ||
| 8.6 Hybrid Membrane Processes | 230 | ||
| 8.6.1 Membranes with Solvent Absorption | 230 | ||
| 8.6.2 Membranes with Cryogenic Separation | 231 | ||
| 8.6.3 Three Membrane Stages with Air Sweep | 234 | ||
| 8.7 Conclusions | 238 | ||
| References | 239 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Polymeric Membrane-based Plants for Biogas Upgrading | 242 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 242 | ||
| 9.2 Composition of Biogas | 243 | ||
| 9.3 Pre-treatment of Biogas | 245 | ||
| 9.3.1 Removal of Water | 245 | ||
| 9.3.2 Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide | 245 | ||
| 9.3.2.1 Adsorption | 246 | ||
| 9.3.2.2 Chemical Absorption | 246 | ||
| 9.3.3 Removal of Ammonia | 246 | ||
| 9.3.4 Removal of Siloxanes | 246 | ||
| 9.3.5 Removal of Particulates | 247 | ||
| 9.4 Overview of Commercial Technologies | 247 | ||
| 9.4.1 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) | 247 | ||
| 9.4.2 Absorption | 247 | ||
| 9.4.3 Organic Physical Scrubbing | 247 | ||
| 9.4.4 Chemical Scrubbing | 248 | ||
| 9.4.5 Membranes | 248 | ||
| 9.5 Membranes | 248 | ||
| 9.5.1 High Efficiency with Membrane Technology | 249 | ||
| 9.5.2 Rugged and Selective: Membranes Made from Polyimides | 250 | ||
| 9.5.3 New Evonik Polyimide Features Optimal Separation Efficiency | 250 | ||
| 9.5.4 Case Study | 252 | ||
| 9.5.5 Reasons for Choosing Membrane-based Processes | 252 | ||
| 9.6 Conclusions | 254 | ||
| References | 254 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Membrane Absorption | 256 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 256 | ||
| 10.2 Comparison of Membrane Absorption and Gas Absorption | 259 | ||
| 10.2.1 Advantages of Gas–Liquid Membrane Contactors | 259 | ||
| 10.2.2 Limitations of Gas–Liquid Membrane Contactors | 260 | ||
| 10.3 Membrane Materials for Gas–Liquid Membrane Contactors | 261 | ||
| 10.3.1 Polymeric Hollow-fiber Membranes | 262 | ||
| 10.3.2 Ceramic Membranes | 263 | ||
| 10.3.3 Membrane Surface Modification | 264 | ||
| 10.4 Membrane Gas Absorption for CO2 Capture | 264 | ||
| 10.4.1 Selection of Liquid Absorbents | 265 | ||
| 10.4.2 Wetting Characteristics of Membrane–Absorbent Combinations | 267 | ||
| 10.4.3 Effect of Membrane Structure on the Gas Absorption Performance | 269 | ||
| 10.4.4 Effect of Process Parameters on the Gas Absorption Performance | 270 | ||
| 10.4.5 Mass Transfer in Membrane Contactors | 271 | ||
| 10.4.6 Modules for Membrane Absorption | 273 | ||
| 10.5 Membrane Gas Absorption for SOx Removal | 274 | ||
| 10.5.1 Effect of Membrane Structure on the Gas Absorption Performance | 274 | ||
| 10.5.2 Effect of Process Parameters on the Mass Transfer Performance | 276 | ||
| 10.5.3 Long-term Stability of Gas–Liquid Membrane Contactors | 278 | ||
| 10.6 Final Remarks | 279 | ||
| Abbreviations | 280 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 281 | ||
| References | 281 | ||
| Subject Index | 285 |