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Book Details
Abstract
Ionic liquids are attractive because they offer versatility in the design of organic salts. As ion-rich media, ionic liquids can control the systems properties by tuning the size, charge, and shape of the composing ions. Whilst the focus has mainly been on the potential applications of ionic liquids as solvents, they also provide innovative opportunities for designing new systems and devices. Limitations from the high viscosity and expensive purification of the ionic liquids are also not a barrier for applications as devices.
Written by leading authors, Ionic Liquid Devices introduces the innovative applications of ionic liquids. Whilst the first chapters focus on their characterization, which can be difficult in some instances, the rest of the book demonstrates how ionic liquids can play substantial roles in quite different systems from sensors and actuators to biomedical applications.
The book provides a comprehensive resource aimed at researchers and students in materials science, polymer science, chemistry and physics interested in the materials and inspire the discovery of new applications of ionic liquids in smart devices.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Ionic Liquid Devices | i | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Chapter 1 - Novel Analytical Techniques for Smart Ionic Liquid Materials | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 SEM Observations with ILs | 2 | ||
| 1.2.1 ILs as Pre-treatment Reagents | 4 | ||
| 1.2.2 ILs as Reaction Media and Electrolytes for Microscale Reactions | 6 | ||
| 1.3 TEM Observations with ILs | 9 | ||
| 1.3.1 ILs Observed by TEM | 9 | ||
| 1.3.2 ILs as Pre-treatment Reagents | 10 | ||
| 1.3.3 ILs as Reaction Media and Electrolytes for Nanoscale Reactions | 12 | ||
| 1.4 XPS with ILs | 15 | ||
| 1.4.1 Bulk Composition, Interionic Interaction, and Surface Composition in ILs | 16 | ||
| 1.4.2 In situ XPS Monitoring of Chemical Reactions in ILs | 22 | ||
| 1.5 Conclusion | 24 | ||
| References | 25 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Electron Microscopy of Wet\rMaterials Using Ionic Liquids | 30 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 30 | ||
| 2.2 EM Observation of Wet Materials Using Sample Preparation Techniques with ILs | 31 | ||
| 2.2.1 Biological Materials | 31 | ||
| 2.2.1.1 Animal and Plant Cells and Chromosomes | 32 | ||
| 2.2.1.2 Microorganisms: Bacteria and Viruses | 34 | ||
| 2.2.1.3 Plant Cells, Petals, and Pollen | 35 | ||
| 2.2.1.4 Seaweed | 37 | ||
| 2.2.2 Hydrated or Insulated Materials | 38 | ||
| 2.2.2.1 Polymer | 38 | ||
| 2.2.2.2 Mineral | 40 | ||
| 2.2.2.3 Ceramic Green Body | 42 | ||
| 2.3 Direct EM Observations of the Reaction Behavior | 43 | ||
| 2.3.1 In situ SEM Observations of Electrochemical Reactions | 44 | ||
| 2.3.2 Direct EM Observation of the Interaction Between Drugs and Target Materials | 44 | ||
| 2.4 Optimization of IL-based EM Observation Techniques | 47 | ||
| 2.5 Conclusions | 50 | ||
| References | 50 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Ionic Liquid-based Surfactants: A Step Forward | 53 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 53 | ||
| 3.2 IL-based Surfactants: Synthesis and Classification | 55 | ||
| 3.2.1 Monocationic IL-based Surfactants | 59 | ||
| 3.2.2 Multicationic IL-based Surfactants | 60 | ||
| 3.2.3 Functionalized IL-based Surfactants | 61 | ||
| 3.3 Characterization of IL-based Surfactants Properties: Micellar Behaviour | 61 | ||
| 3.4 Applications of IL-based Surfactants | 68 | ||
| 3.5 Conclusions and Trends | 71 | ||
| Abbreviations | 71 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 72 | ||
| References | 72 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Surfactant Fluorinated Ionic\rLiquids | 79 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 79 | ||
| 4.2 Nanosegregation in Fluorinated Ionic Liquids | 81 | ||
| 4.3 Influence of Nanosegregation on the Surface, Phase and Aggregation Behaviour | 83 | ||
| 4.3.1 Surface Properties | 83 | ||
| 4.3.2 Phase Behaviour | 85 | ||
| 4.3.3 Aggregation Behaviour | 87 | ||
| 4.3.4 Binary Mixtures of Fluorinated Ionic Liquids | 89 | ||
| 4.4 Applications of Fluorinated Ionic Liquids | 93 | ||
| 4.4.1 Artificial Blood Substitutes | 93 | ||
| 4.4.2 Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs) | 94 | ||
| 4.4.3 Separation Processes | 96 | ||
| 4.5 Conclusion | 97 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 97 | ||
| References | 97 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Ion Solvation and Transport in Ionic Liquids and Ionogels | 103 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 103 | ||
| 5.2 Results and Discussion | 106 | ||
| 5.2.1 Solvation of Molecular Cosolvents and Inorganic Salts in Ionic Liquids | 107 | ||
| 5.2.2 Ionogels: Preparation and Phase Diagrams | 114 | ||
| 5.2.3 Optical Properties | 119 | ||
| 5.2.3.1 Thermochromism | 120 | ||
| 5.2.3.2 Electrochromism | 122 | ||
| 5.2.4 Magnetic Properties | 123 | ||
| 5.2.5 Ionic Liquids Doped with Nanoparticles | 124 | ||
| 5.3 Mass and Charge Transport in Mixtures of Ionic Liquids | 127 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusions | 129 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 129 | ||
| References | 130 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Laser Deposition of\rNano-ionic Liquids and Their\rProcess Applications in a\rVacuum | 136 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 136 | ||
| 6.2 Laser Deposition of Ionic Liquids | 139 | ||
| 6.2.1 Continuous-wave Infrared Laser Deposition Method | 139 | ||
| 6.2.2 Fabrication of Various Micro- and Nano-ILs | 143 | ||
| 6.2.2.1 Micro- and Nano-IL Droplets23,35 | 145 | ||
| 6.2.2.2 Nano-IL Thin Films | 148 | ||
| 6.2.3 Evaporation Process of IL in Vacuum | 150 | ||
| 6.2.4 Thermal Stability of Deposited ILs in Vacuum | 152 | ||
| 6.3 Process Applications of ILs in Vacuum | 152 | ||
| 6.3.1 A New Concept of IL-assisted Vapor Synthesis and Growth in a Vacuum | 153 | ||
| 6.3.2 Growth of Pentacene Single Crystals and Films via ILs50,75,76 | 154 | ||
| 6.3.2.1 Growth of Bulk Pentacene Single Crystals in an IL Macro-droplet75 | 155 | ||
| 6.3.2.2 Confined Growth of Pentacene within a Nano Thin Film-IL50 | 157 | ||
| 6.3.3 Epitaxial Growth of High-quality C60 Films via IL78 | 158 | ||
| 6.3.4 Stabilization of a Flat (111) Polar Surface of KBr Films Grown via IL33,54 | 159 | ||
| 6.3.5 Reactive Vapor Synthesis and Growth via IL | 160 | ||
| 6.3.5.1 DBTTF-TCNQ Complex Organic Crystals79 | 161 | ||
| 6.3.5.2 Direct Synthesis of Porous Polyurea Films80 | 161 | ||
| 6.4 Conclusions | 163 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 163 | ||
| References | 164 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Smart Design of Sustainable\rand Efficient ILs | 168 | ||
| 7.1 Investigating the ILs Chemical Space: A Complex Task | 168 | ||
| 7.2 The Multivariate Statistical Approach | 169 | ||
| 7.2.1 Data Collection and Data Analysis | 169 | ||
| 7.2.2 Comparison Between MRA and PLS | 169 | ||
| 7.3 ILs QSPR | 175 | ||
| 7.3.1 Theory-driven and Data-driven Approaches | 176 | ||
| 7.3.2 New VolSurf+ In silico Descriptors for ILs Cationic and Anionic Counterparts | 177 | ||
| 7.3.3 Multivariate Design in Principal Properties | 179 | ||
| 7.3.4 Balancing Simplicity and Complexity: A Real Challenge | 186 | ||
| 7.3.4.1 PLS Modelling with Few VolSurf+ PPs | 187 | ||
| 7.3.4.2 PLS Modelling with Nine VolSurf+ PPs | 188 | ||
| 7.3.4.3 PLS Modelling with the Full Set of VolSurf+ Descriptors | 189 | ||
| 7.3.4.4 OPLS Modelling with the Full Set of VolSurf+ Descriptors | 190 | ||
| 7.4 Further Extension of the Approach for Smart ILs and Materials Design | 191 | ||
| 7.5 Conclusions and Outlook | 191 | ||
| References | 192 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Applications of Ionic Liquids in\rOrganic Electronic Devices | 196 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 196 | ||
| 8.2 Applications of ILs in Organic Electronic Devices | 198 | ||
| 8.2.1 Light-emitting Devices | 198 | ||
| 8.2.1.1 OLEDs | 199 | ||
| 8.2.1.2 LECs | 207 | ||
| 8.2.2 Solar Cells | 212 | ||
| 8.2.2.1 OSCs | 212 | ||
| 8.2.2.2 DSSCs and PeSCs | 215 | ||
| 8.2.3 OFETs | 219 | ||
| 8.3 Outlook for the Future | 225 | ||
| References | 226 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Applications of Ionic Liquid\rMaterials in Microfluidic\rDevices | 234 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 234 | ||
| 9.2 Ionic Liquids Materials as Actuators | 237 | ||
| 9.2.1 Microvalves | 237 | ||
| 9.2.2 Passive Pumps | 244 | ||
| 9.3 Ionic Liquids for Sensing | 245 | ||
| 9.3.1 Chemical Sensing | 246 | ||
| 9.3.2 Physical Sensing | 250 | ||
| 9.4 Ionic Liquids for Reagent Storage | 252 | ||
| 9.5 Ionic Liquids in Segmented Flow Microfluidics | 253 | ||
| 9.5.1 Electrowetting on Dielectric (EWOD) Based Microfluidics | 254 | ||
| 9.5.2 Chemotactic Ionic Liquids | 256 | ||
| 9.5.3 Ionic Liquids as Microreactors | 258 | ||
| 9.6 Ionic Liquids for Separation in Microfluidics | 261 | ||
| 9.7 Other Applications in Microfluidics | 263 | ||
| 9.7.1 Ionic Liquids for Nanoparticle Synthesis in Microfluidics | 264 | ||
| 9.7.2 Ionic Liquids for Building Microfluidics-based Power Generators | 265 | ||
| 9.7.3 Ionic Liquids for Precise Temperature Control in Microfluidics | 265 | ||
| 9.8 Conclusions | 266 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 266 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Recognition-based Smart Ionic\rLiquids | 272 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 272 | ||
| 10.2 Bicyclic Imidazolium Ionic Liquid for Affinity Purification | 276 | ||
| 10.3 Crowned 1,2,3-Triazolium Ionic Liquid for Biomolecular Recognition | 281 | ||
| 10.4 Bicyclic 1,2,3-Triazolium Ionic Liquid for Chemoselective Extraction | 286 | ||
| 10.5 Conclusion | 292 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 294 | ||
| References | 294 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Ionic Liquid-based Physical\rSensors | 296 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 296 | ||
| 11.2 Ionic Liquid Capacitive Sensors | 297 | ||
| 11.2.1 Operation Principle | 297 | ||
| 11.2.2 Applications | 298 | ||
| 11.2.2.1 Pressure Sensor | 298 | ||
| 11.2.2.2 Tactile Sensor | 299 | ||
| 11.3 Ionic Liquid Resistive Sensors | 302 | ||
| 11.3.1 Operation Principle | 302 | ||
| 11.3.1.1 Constant Electrofluidic Resistor | 303 | ||
| 11.3.1.2 Pressure Regulated Electrofluidic Variable Resistor | 303 | ||
| 11.3.1.3 Pressure Controlled Electrofluidic Switch | 305 | ||
| 11.3.2 Applications | 305 | ||
| 11.3.2.1 Pressure Sensor | 305 | ||
| 11.3.2.2 Flexible Key Pad | 313 | ||
| 11.4 Conclusion | 318 | ||
| References | 318 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Aspects of Recent Advances\rin Smart Ionic Liquid Based\rSensors | 321 | ||
| 12.1 An Overview on Ionic Liquids | 321 | ||
| 12.1.1 Cations | 322 | ||
| 12.1.1.1 Five-membered Heterocyclic Cations | 322 | ||
| 12.1.1.2 Six-membered Heterocyclic Cations | 323 | ||
| 12.1.1.3 Ammonium, Phosphonium and Sulphonium Based Cations | 323 | ||
| 12.1.2 Anions | 324 | ||
| 12.1.3 General Properties of ILs | 325 | ||
| 12.2 Applications of ILs in the Sensory Field | 326 | ||
| 12.2.1 IL Mediated Enantio-specific Chiral Sensor for DOPA | 328 | ||
| 12.2.2 IL Based Strain Sensor for Tendon Measurements | 328 | ||
| 12.2.3 IL-based Actuator as a Humidity Sensor | 328 | ||
| 12.2.4 Biosensor for Bisphenol-A | 329 | ||
| 12.2.5 Simultaneous Determination of Bioactive Compounds | 331 | ||
| 12.2.6 Electrochemical Sensor for Metal Ion Detection | 331 | ||
| 12.2.7 Optoelectronic Sensor for Chemical Detection | 331 | ||
| 12.2.8 IL-based Ethylene Sensor for Fruit and Vegetable Monitoring | 333 | ||
| 12.2.9 IL-based Electrochemical Sensor for Ascorbic Acid in Foods and Pharmaceuticals | 334 | ||
| 12.3 Conclusions | 334 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 335 | ||
| References | 335 | ||
| 13 - Smart Ionic Liquids-based\rGas Sensors | 337 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 337 | ||
| 13.2 Electrochemical Gas Sensors | 339 | ||
| 13.2.1 Introduction | 339 | ||
| 13.2.2 IL-based Electrochemical Oxygen Sensors | 340 | ||
| 13.2.3 IL-based Electrochemical Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) Sensors | 342 | ||
| 13.2.4 IL-based Electrochemical Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Sensors | 346 | ||
| 13.3 Optical Gas Sensors | 346 | ||
| 13.3.1 Introduction | 346 | ||
| 13.3.2 IL-based Optical Oxygen Sensors | 348 | ||
| 13.3.3 IL-based Optical Carbon Dioxide Sensors | 349 | ||
| 13.3.4 IL-based Optical Ammonia Gas Sensors | 350 | ||
| 13.3.5 IL-based Optical Volatile Organic Compound Sensors | 351 | ||
| 13.4 Piezoelectric Gas Sensors | 353 | ||
| 13.4.1 IL-based Quartz-crystal Microbalance Sensors | 353 | ||
| 13.4.2 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors | 354 | ||
| 13.5 Trends and Future Directions | 355 | ||
| 13.5.1 Overview | 355 | ||
| 13.5.2 Extreme Environments and Environmental Sensitivity | 356 | ||
| 13.5.3 Designer Solvents and Task-specific Ionic Liquids | 357 | ||
| 13.5.4 ILs on Screen-printed (Disposable) Substrates | 357 | ||
| 13.5.5 Miniaturized Gas Sensors and Arrays of Gas Sensors | 357 | ||
| 13.6 Conclusions | 357 | ||
| References | 358 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Design and New Energy\rApplication of Ionic Liquids | 365 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 365 | ||
| 14.2 General Physical Properties of ILs | 366 | ||
| 14.2.1 Volume Property | 366 | ||
| 14.2.2 Refractive Index | 368 | ||
| 14.3 Special Physical Properties of ILs | 370 | ||
| 14.4 Electrochemical Properties of ILs | 372 | ||
| 14.4.1 Lithium Batteries | 372 | ||
| 14.4.2 Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors | 374 | ||
| 14.4.3 New Applications for Electrical Devices | 377 | ||
| 14.5 New ILs: Solvate ILs | 378 | ||
| 14.6 Conclusion | 385 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 385 | ||
| References | 385 | ||
| Chpater 15 - Ionic Liquid Based\rNanocarriers for Topical and\rTransdermal Drug Delivery | 390 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 390 | ||
| 15.2 Experimental | 392 | ||
| 15.2.1 Materials | 392 | ||
| 15.2.2 Preparation of IL/o MEs | 393 | ||
| 15.2.3 Determination of the Drug Solubility in the MEs | 393 | ||
| 15.2.4 Characterization of the ME Systems | 394 | ||
| 15.2.5 Physical Stability of the MEs | 394 | ||
| 15.2.6 Skin Permeation Studies | 394 | ||
| 15.2.7 Analysis Assay | 394 | ||
| 15.2.8 Data Analysis | 395 | ||
| 15.2.9 In vitro Cytotoxicity Studies | 395 | ||
| 15.3 Results and Discussion | 395 | ||
| 15.3.1 Selection of the Components for ME Formation | 395 | ||
| 15.3.2 Effect of the Surfactant on the Solubility of ACV in the IL/o ME | 396 | ||
| 15.3.3 Characterization of MEs Loaded with ACV | 397 | ||
| 15.3.4 Physical Stability of the MEs | 397 | ||
| 15.3.5 Skin Permeation Studies | 398 | ||
| 15.3.6 In vitro Cytotoxicity Studies | 401 | ||
| 15.4 Conclusion | 401 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 402 | ||
| References | 402 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Bioactivity of Ionic Liquids | 404 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 404 | ||
| 16.2 Ionic Liquids as Antimicrobial Agents | 406 | ||
| 16.2.1 Anti-biofilm Ionic Liquids | 408 | ||
| 16.3 Ionic Liquids as Anti-tumor Agents | 409 | ||
| 16.4 Modes of Action and Structure–Activity Relationships of Bioactive Ionic Liquids | 412 | ||
| 16.4.1 Modes of Antimicrobial Action | 412 | ||
| 16.4.2 Structure–Activity Relationships | 413 | ||
| 16.4.2.1 Effect of Cation Side-chain Length and Functionalization | 413 | ||
| 16.4.2.2 Effects of Specific Cations or Anions | 414 | ||
| 16.5 Ionic Liquids as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) | 414 | ||
| 16.6 Conclusions and Challenges | 416 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 417 | ||
| References | 418 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Functional DNA in Ionic Liquids | 423 | ||
| 17.1 Functional DNA | 423 | ||
| 17.1.1 Introduction | 423 | ||
| 17.1.2 Aptamers | 425 | ||
| 17.1.3 DNAzymes | 426 | ||
| 17.1.4 Other Functional Nucleic Acids | 428 | ||
| 17.2 DNA Stability and Function in Non-conventional Environments | 429 | ||
| 17.2.1 Aqueous Buffer Solutions | 429 | ||
| 17.2.2 Effect of Ions | 429 | ||
| 17.2.3 Organic Solvents as Non-conventional Environment | 430 | ||
| 17.2.4 Polymers as Non-conventional Environment | 432 | ||
| 17.2.5 Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents as Non-conventional Environment | 433 | ||
| 17.3 Functional DNA in Ionic Liquids | 434 | ||
| 17.3.1 Understanding the Molecular Interactions Between DNA and Ionic Liquids | 434 | ||
| 17.3.2 Potential Application and Sustainability of Choline Based Ionic Liquids | 435 | ||
| 17.3.3 Molecular DNA-aptamer Beacons as Molecular Recognition Sensors in Ionic Liquids | 436 | ||
| 17.4 Conclusions | 440 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 440 | ||
| References | 440 | ||
| Subject Index | 445 |