BOOK
Typhoid Fever: Strategies For The 90's - Selected Papers From First Asia-pacific Symposium On Typhoid Fever
Pang T | Puthucheary S D | Koh Chong Lek
(1992)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This volume contains papers on typhoid fever by a diverse group of people. Clinicians, epidemiologists, laboratory technologists and research scientists discuss and share their work, techniques and developments on the understanding and control of this disease. The papers of the invited speakers are included.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | ix | ||
| Epidemiology and Public Health | ix | ||
| Genetic Variation and Molecular Biology | ix | ||
| Clinical Features and Therapy | x | ||
| Pathogenesis and Virulence | xi | ||
| Immunology | xii | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | xii | ||
| Vaccines | xiii | ||
| Overview and Concluding Session | xiv | ||
| List of Regisered Participants | xiv | ||
| Preface: Typhoid Fever - A Contiuning Problem | 1 | ||
| Epidemiology and Control of Typhoid in Malaysia | 3 | ||
| I . Introduction | 4 | ||
| II. Epidemiology | 4 | ||
| Distribution by time | 4 | ||
| Distribution by place | 5 | ||
| Distrihltion by persons affected | 5 | ||
| III. Summary Reports of Recent Typhoid Outbreaks in Malaysia | 5 | ||
| 1. Typhoid outbreak in penang state, 1987 | 5 | ||
| 2. Typhoid outbreak in johore, 1990 | 6 | ||
| 3. Typhoid outreak in kedah, 1990 | 6 | ||
| IV. Discussion of Epidemiological Factors | 6 | ||
| Features of Typhoid Fever in Indonesia | 11 | ||
| Abstract | 11 | ||
| The Disease | 11 | ||
| The Epidemiology | 12 | ||
| Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis | 13 | ||
| Treatment | 14 | ||
| Prevention | 14 | ||
| References | 15 | ||
| Phage Types of Salmonella Typhi Isolated in Malaysia Over the Last 10 - Year Period 1980 - 1989 | 17 | ||
| Abstract | 17 | ||
| Introduction | 18 | ||
| Methods and Materials | 18 | ||
| Results | 18 | ||
| Discussion | 20 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 21 | ||
| References | 22 | ||
| An Epidemiological Study of Chloramphenicol Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infection in Selangor Darul Ehsan (March - July 1991) | 23 | ||
| Molecular Biology of Salmonella Typhi Outer Membrane Porins | 24 | ||
| Abstract | 24 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 24 | ||
| 2. Experimental Strategy | 25 | ||
| 3. The ompC Gene | 26 | ||
| 4. The PhoE Gene | 26 | ||
| 5. The OmpF Gene | 27 | ||
| 6. Conclusion | 28 | ||
| 7. Acknowledgements | 28 | ||
| 8. References | 28 | ||
| Approaches for Typing Salmonella Typhi Strains | 30 | ||
| Abstract | 30 | ||
| 1. Phage Typing | 31 | ||
| 2. Antibiotic Susceptibility and Plasmid Analysis | 31 | ||
| 3. Lipopolysaccharides and Outer Membrane Proteins | 32 | ||
| 4. Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis | 32 | ||
| 5. DNA Analysis | 33 | ||
| 6. Future Applications | 35 | ||
| 7. References | 36 | ||
| Molecular Cloning and Characterization of ViaB Regionof Salmonella Typhi | 38 | ||
| Abstract | 38 | ||
| Introduction | 38 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 39 | ||
| Results and Discussion | 39 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 41 | ||
| References | 42 | ||
| Molecular Cloning of a 52 Kda Specific Protein Antigen of Salmonella Typhi | 43 | ||
| Abstract | 43 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 44 | ||
| 1. Preparation of Total Chromosonal DNA. | 44 | ||
| 2. Construction of Genonic Libraries | 45 | ||
| 2.1 Preparation of s.typhi inserted DNA | 45 | ||
| 2. 2 Preparation of dephospborylated plasmid vector | 45 | ||
| 2.3 Ligation of s.typhi genonic DNA into dephosphorylated pic-20r vector | 46 | ||
| 2.4 Preparation of competent E coli cells | 46 | ||
| 2. 5 Transformation procedure | 46 | ||
| 3. Screening of Recombinant Clones Expressing the Antigenic Genes | 46 | ||
| 4. Characterization of the Specific or Purified Proteins | 47 | ||
| 5. Double Stranded DNA Template Sequencing Method | 47 | ||
| Results | 48 | ||
| Discussion | 49 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 50 | ||
| References | 51 | ||
| Chromosomal Fingerprints of Salmonella Typhi Isolates as Revealed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) | 52 | ||
| Abstract | 52 | ||
| Introduction | 52 | ||
| Methods and Materials | 53 | ||
| Bacterial strains | 53 | ||
| Chromosomal DNA preparation and restriction digests for PFGE | 53 | ||
| Pulsed field gel electrophoresis | 53 | ||
| Results and Discussion | 53 | ||
| Conclusions | 56 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 56 | ||
| References | 56 | ||
| Genetic Variation of the Salmonella OmpC Gene a Study on OmpC Topology | 59 | ||
| Abstract | 59 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 59 | ||
| 2. Genetic variability of the Salmonella ompC Gene | 60 | ||
| 3. A study on S. Typhi OmpC Topology | 61 | ||
| 4. Conclusion | 61 | ||
| S. Acknowledgements | 63 | ||
| 6. References | 63 | ||
| Regulation of Salmonella Typhi Porins | 64 | ||
| Porins as Protective Immunogens Against Typhoid Fever | 65 | ||
| Abstract | 65 | ||
| Introduction | 65 | ||
| Major Findings | 66 | ||
| Perspective | 68 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 69 | ||
| References | 69 | ||
| Plasmid Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics in Salmonella Typhi Isolated in Malaysia | 71 | ||
| Abstract | 71 | ||
| Introduction | 71 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 72 | ||
| Results | 73 | ||
| Discussion | 76 | ||
| References | 77 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in the Detection of Salmonella Typhi DNA | 78 | ||
| Introduction | 78 | ||
| Materials & Methods | 79 | ||
| Results | 80 | ||
| Discussion | 81 | ||
| References | 81 | ||
| Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Treatment of Typhoid Fever in Malaysia | 84 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 86 | ||
| Pathology of Typhoid Fever | 86 | ||
| Clinical Features | 86 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 89 | ||
| Complications | 90 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 90 | ||
| Respiratory system | 90 | ||
| Myocarditis | 90 | ||
| Pathoegenesis of Symptomalogy in Typhoid Fever | 91 | ||
| Severe Disease | 91 | ||
| Laboratory Investigations | 91 | ||
| Treatment of Typhoid Fever | 91 | ||
| Antibiotics | 92 | ||
| Treatment schedules of antibiotics against salmonella typhi | 92 | ||
| Short Term Treatment of Typhoid Fever | 93 | ||
| High Dose Dexamethsone in Severe Typhoid Fever | 94 | ||
| Abstract | 94 | ||
| Introduction | 95 | ||
| Methods | 95 | ||
| Prospective and retrospective studies 1982-1984 | 95 | ||
| Retrospective study 1988-1989 | 95 | ||
| Results | 96 | ||
| Prospective study 1981-1982 | 96 | ||
| Retrospective study 1982-1984 | 96 | ||
| Retrospective study 1988-1989 | 97 | ||
| Discussion | 99 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 101 | ||
| References | 101 | ||
| Comparison of Clinical Manifestation of Typhoid in Adults and Children During an Outbreak in Penang. | 102 | ||
| Introduction | 102 | ||
| Material and Methods | 103 | ||
| Results | 103 | ||
| Clincial Features | 104 | ||
| Investigations | 105 | ||
| Treatment | 105 | ||
| Discussion | 106 | ||
| Disease in Neonates | 106 | ||
| Disease in Infants | 106 | ||
| Disease in Older Children | 107 | ||
| Typhoid Fever in Hospitalised Children in Kelantan, Malaysia | 108 | ||
| Summary | 109 | ||
| Introduction | 109 | ||
| Materials and Method | 109 | ||
| Results | 110 | ||
| References | 113 | ||
| Typhoid Fever Associated With Pancreatic Disturbances | 114 | ||
| Abstract | 114 | ||
| Introduction | 114 | ||
| Case no.1 | 115 | ||
| Case no.2 | 115 | ||
| Case no.3 | 116 | ||
| Case no.4 | 117 | ||
| Discussion | 118 | ||
| References | 119 | ||
| The Monitoring of Serum Chloramphenicol Level in Adult Typhoid Patients | 120 | ||
| Aztreonam Treatment Failures in Typhoid | 121 | ||
| Summary | 122 | ||
| Introduction | 122 | ||
| Material and Method | 122 | ||
| Results | 123 | ||
| Discussion | 126 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| Ciproflaxin in Enteric Fever: an Open Clinical Trail | 128 | ||
| Objective | 128 | ||
| Method | 128 | ||
| Results | 128 | ||
| Conclusion | 128 | ||
| Randomized Controlled Safety and Efficacy Study Comparing Ofloxacin With Chloramphenicol in the Treatment of Salmonella Entric Fever: Preliminary Report | 129 | ||
| Ofloxacin Short Pulse Dose Treatment of Typhoid Related Diarrhea | 130 | ||
| Abstract | 130 | ||
| Introduction | 131 | ||
| Patients and Method | 131 | ||
| Results | 132 | ||
| Discussion | 132 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 133 | ||
| References | 134 | ||
| Salmonella Interactions With Host Cells | 135 | ||
| Abstract | 135 | ||
| 1.0 Introduction | 135 | ||
| 2.0 Interactions With Epithelial Cells | 136 | ||
| 2.0.1 Adhesion and invasion | 136 | ||
| 2.0.2 Internalization and signal exchange | 136 | ||
| 2.0.3 Intracellular parasite vacuolar micro-environment | 137 | ||
| 2.0.4 Intracellular replication | 138 | ||
| 3.0 Summary | 138 | ||
| 4.0 Acknowledgements | 138 | ||
| 5.0 References | 139 | ||
| Mechanism of Selective Pathogenesis of Salmonella Serovars and Suggestions for Chemotheraphy and Development of Safe Vaccines for Typhoid Fever | 140 | ||
| Abstract | 140 | ||
| Introduction | 140 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 141 | ||
| Results and Discussion | 142 | ||
| Serovar-specific resistance against intracelluar killing in me | 142 | ||
| Recognition crucial for intracellular killing | 142 | ||
| Plasmid-Mediated Virulence | 144 | ||
| IFN-r activation of Murine Me | 144 | ||
| Virulence Functions | 146 | ||
| Drug sensitivities of clinical strains of s.typhi and their r plasmids | 146 | ||
| Immunogenic potential of porins | 146 | ||
| Vaccines to be Dereloped | 147 | ||
| References | 147 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Typhoid Fever: an Experimental Model | 148 | ||
| Abstract | 148 | ||
| Dissemination and Proliferation of Salmonellae in vivo1 | 149 | ||
| Histopathology in Liver and Spleen2 | 149 | ||
| Fate of Salmonellae in Vivo as Demonstrated by Electron Microscopyl..s | 150 | ||
| Pathogenic Process in Mouse Typhoid | 152 | ||
| Concluding Remarks | 152 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 153 | ||
| References | 153 | ||
| A Major Mechanism on the Serovar-Specific Virulence of Salmonellae | 154 | ||
| Abstract | 154 | ||
| Introduction | 154 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 155 | ||
| Results | 156 | ||
| Discussion | 158 | ||
| References | 159 | ||
| Arachidonic Acid Metabolites Released by Macrophages-Monocytes Following Exposure to Salmonella Typhi | 160 | ||
| Introduction | 160 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 161 | ||
| Results | 162 | ||
| Discussion | 165 | ||
| References | 167 | ||
| Immune Responses in Typhoid Fever | 168 | ||
| Abstract | 168 | ||
| Introduction | 169 | ||
| Antigenic Components of S. Typhi | 169 | ||
| Immune Responses after Natural Typhoid Infection | 171 | ||
| Immune Responses After Different Typhoid Vaccinations | 172 | ||
| Protective Immune Responses | 172 | ||
| Specific and Protective Epitopes of S. Typhi | 173 | ||
| References | 174 | ||
| An Antigen to Induce Serovar-Specific Cellular Immunity for Experimental Salmonellosis | 176 | ||
| Abstract | 176 | ||
| Introduction | 176 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 176 | ||
| Results | 178 | ||
| Discussion | 181 | ||
| References | 181 | ||
| Immune Reactivity of Typhoid Sera With Outer Membrane Proteins Extracted From Salmonella Typhi | 182 | ||
| Introduction | 182 | ||
| Method | 183 | ||
| Experiment 1 | 184 | ||
| Experiment 2 | 184 | ||
| Experiment 3 | 185 | ||
| Results and Discussion | 185 | ||
| References | 187 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever | 188 | ||
| Abstract | 188 | ||
| Isolation of s.typhi | 189 | ||
| Detection of antibodies | 189 | ||
| Detection of s. typhi antigens | 191 | ||
| Detection of s. typhi-specific DNA sequences | 193 | ||
| References | 193 | ||
| Evaluation of Culture Positive and Negative Typhoid | 195 | ||
| Abstract | 195 | ||
| Introduction | 195 | ||
| Material and Methods | 196 | ||
| Results and Discussion | 196 | ||
| Conclusion | 199 | ||
| Reference | 199 | ||
| Usefulness of the Widal Test in Childhood Typhiod Fever | 200 | ||
| Development of a Dot Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay (EIA) for the Rapid Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever | 201 | ||
| Abstract | 201 | ||
| Introduction | 201 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 202 | ||
| Bacterial strain | 202 | ||
| Isolation of OMPs | 202 | ||
| Sds-page and western | 202 | ||
| Antigen preparation | 202 | ||
| Sera samples | 202 | ||
| Dot EIA | 202 | ||
| Results | 203 | ||
| OMP preparation | 203 | ||
| Identification of the specific antigen | 204 | ||
| Analysis of dot EIA | 205 | ||
| Discussion | 205 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 206 | ||
| References | 206 | ||
| Clinical Field Trials on the Dot Enzyme lmmunosorbent Assay(EIA) for the Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever | 207 | ||
| Abstract | 207 | ||
| Introduction | 207 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 207 | ||
| lpoh study | 208 | ||
| Kuala trengganu study | 208 | ||
| Kota bharu study | 208 | ||
| Results | 209 | ||
| Ipoh study | 209 | ||
| Kuala trengganu study | 209 | ||
| Kota bharu study | 210 | ||
| Discussions | 212 | ||
| Conclusions | 213 | ||
| References | 213 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 214 | ||
| Diagnosis of Typhoid: A Clinician's Dilemma | 215 | ||
| Salmonella Typhi Outer Membrane Proteins in the Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever | 216 | ||
| Abstract | 216 | ||
| Introduction | 216 | ||
| Results | 217 | ||
| OMP preparations | 217 | ||
| Tf-elisa | 217 | ||
| Inhibition omp-elisa | 218 | ||
| Discussion | 218 | ||
| Aknowledgements | 219 | ||
| References | 219 | ||
| Latex Agglutination as a Possible AID to the Rapid Identification of Salmonella Group D Organisms From Clinical Specimens | 221 | ||
| Abstract | 221 | ||
| Introduction | 222 | ||
| Materials and Method | 222 | ||
| Results | 223 | ||
| Discussion | 225 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 226 | ||
| References | 226 | ||
| Prospects for Effective Vaccines Against Typhoid | 227 | ||
| Vaccine Trials for Control of Typhoid Fever in Indonesia | 235 | ||
| Abstract | 235 | ||
| Introduction | 235 | ||
| Methods | 236 | ||
| 1. The oral vaccine, ty21a. | 236 | ||
| 2. The parenteral vaccine vi-cps | 237 | ||
| Results | 237 | ||
| 1. The oml vaccine, ty2la | 237 | ||
| Side effects | 237 | ||
| Vaccine efficacy. | 238 | ||
| Protective efficacy against s. paratyphi A. | 239 | ||
| 2. The parenteral vaccine, vi-cps | 239 | ||
| Side effects | 239 | ||
| lmmunogenicity | 239 | ||
| Discussion | 239 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 240 | ||
| References | 241 | ||
| Possible Component and Live Vaccines to Induce Cellular Immunity for Experiment Salmonellosis | 242 | ||
| Abstract | 242 | ||
| Introduction | 242 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 243 | ||
| Results | 244 | ||
| Discussion | 247 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| Panel Discussion of Overview and Prospects | 248 | ||
| List of Registered Participants | 250 |